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PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DYNAMICS OF
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN LARGE FAMILIES
Yangibaeva Dildorakhon Rakhmon kizi
Teacher of the Department of “Psychology and pedagogy” of the ISFT institute
e-mail: dildorichkayangiboyeva98@gmail.com
ORCID identification number: 0009-0006-1413-6031
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15687496
Abstract:
The modern family is called not only to solve many problems
related to the daily life of its members, the birth and upbringing of a child,
interpersonal relationships in the family, but also to be a kind of psychological
«shelter» for a person. At the current stage of development, there are views that
a large family is in a state of crisis caused by changes in socio-economic and
social conditions, values and priorities in relation to the family as a social
institution.
Key words:
large family, interpersonal relations, parenting, modernization,
systematic approach, structural analysis, methodological problems.
At present, more attention is being paid not only theoretically, but also
practically to the problems of family - marriage - parenthood. Yu.I.Aleshina,
V.N.Druzhinin, S.V.Kovaleva, A.S. Pivakovskaya, E.G.Eidemiller and other
scientists emphasize that although the family has relative independence and
stability, it directly or indirectly reflects all the changes taking place in society.
According to the main methodological principle of family structure, family
relations represent a structural unity, its elements are interrelated, such as
marriage, parent-child, child-father, child-child, grandparent-grandparent
relations. An important methodological principle of family relations research -
synergistic - allows considering the dynamics of family relations from the point
of view of non-linearity, imbalance [4].
Local and foreign researchers have long been interested in the phenomenon
of large families and its impact on the quality of life of families. In the conditions
of traditional society, the economic motives for the birth of children prevailed,
because children were economically useful to the family as workers and were a
guarantee of the well-being of the parents in their old age. Children are a special
economic asset because they are not only the source of family needs, but also its
long-term investment. By making this investment process, the family hopes to
cover future expenses by increasing the income stream for the family as a whole
or for the child himself. It should also be taken into account that the quality of
the child's human capital formation depends on the number of children in the
family, and the contribution of parents in this process is perceived differently.
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The 1970s saw the emergence of several popular publications that examined the
individual factors influencing these determinants, demonstrating the important
relationship between the number and quality of children in the family. G.Becker
singled out the level of financial well-being of parents as the main factor
affecting the level of education of children in the family. Based on this
interpretation, the family acts as the main channel for the distribution of
financial resources with the possibility of investing in human capital. Income
received by family members fully forms the conditions for the production,
development and reproduction of human capital [5].
For psychology, it is of particular interest due to the uniqueness of
relationships within a large family, as well as the existence of psychological
characteristics of its members. These characteristics largely determine the
emergence of a large family, as well as its further existence and life
characteristics. Currently, a family with three or more children under the age of
eighteen (including adopted children, as well as stepchildren) is considered a
large family. According to the classification of E.F.Achildiyeva, the following
types of families with many children are distinguished:
- Families where parents love their children and consciously want to have
them. In such families, the child acts as one of the values in life, and parents do
everything they can for their children to live a good life.
- Families where parents do not consciously try to have many children.
Third and subsequent children can occur mainly due to lack of family planning.
As a result of the birth of such seven twins or triplets, fear of termination of
pregnancy, a doctor's prohibition of abortion due to the mother's health,
religious beliefs, and rejection of abortion and contraception may arise.
- Families formed as a result of the union of two incomplete families, where
each of them already has a child.
- Families where having a large number of children can be considered a
manifestation of a problem. Here, children are often a means of obtaining
various privileges and allowances. In addition, in most cases, children in such
families are born as a result of promiscuous sex, alcohol or drug addiction, and
the typical psychological attitude of parents is to believe that their main task is
to raise a child [11].
Families with many children have become an object of psychological
research since the beginning of the 90s of the last century. The study of the
psychological characteristics of parents and the characteristics of relations
within the family in large families was carried out only in a few foreign studies.
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These phenomena are practically not studied in psychology abroad, especially in
the CIS countries. This creates a contradiction between the important social role
of a large family in modern society and the lack of psychological research on this
phenomenon.
As noted by I.S.Demina, it works as a special model that allows studying the
role of various factors (economic, biological, psychological) in the development
of the child's individuality in families with many children. Among the factors
described in psychological studies of large families, the following are
distinguished:
- configuration parameters (family size, birth order, intervals between
births of children);
- characteristics of environmental conditions of development (social and
economic status of the family, intelligence, education of parents, cultural
differences, interpersonal relations);
- individual characteristics of family members (age, gender of children and
parents) [2].
The famous Russian psychologist N.N.Obozov identifies family orientation,
striving for unity and family harmony as the main characteristics of a large
family. According to the author, as the family grows, the relations between its
members change, the composition of roles expands due to «child-child»
relationships of different ages.
Based on the correlations between the direction of the meaning of life and
the institution of couples in families with many children, attitude and purpose of
divorce (r=-0,237, p<0,05), attitude and result of divorce (r=-0,248, p<0,05),
attitude to sexual life and ban locus of control (r=-0.247, p<0.05), attitude and
goal to egalitarian family (r=-0.256, p<0.05), process (r=-0.273, p<0.05), inverse,
negative correlations were noted in the result (r=-0.281, p<0.05) scales. From
the obtained empirical results, the reaction to divorce is lower in families with
many children, and if such an idea is born in couples, it is known that this
decision can have a negative impact on the effectiveness of their life goals and
lifestyle results. Therefore, the phenomenon of divorce can be observed less
often in families with many children. Also, the fact that the relationship to sex
life takes precedence in the hierarchy of needs of husbands and wives in a family
with many children creates the ground for their self-control and serious impact
on their reproductive health.
It was found that the observation of installation in families with many
children can have an adverse effect on the quality of family goals, plans, and the
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quality of the processes that take place during their lifestyle, compared to being
an egalitarian type of family, characterized as families with equal rights, where
there are no clearly defined family heads and the distribution of power between
father and mother prevails depending on the situation. In this case, family roles
change according to the requirements of the situation, and household chores
also take place depending on the dynamic state of the situation. It is clearly
stated that an equal family is a blessing and a miracle in improving family
relations. Spouses rarely achieve full equality. In such a marriage, nothing
«restricts the breath» of the second half, but it is one of the characteristic aspects
that such a comfortable home world should be created only on the basis of
mutual agreement, without breaking the partner or forcing him to dance under
«revolutionary» ideas.
According to the analysis obtained by the methodology of the couple's
establishment, it can be seen that the minimum indicators in the scales of
attitude to the child, sense of duty and pleasure, and attitude to sexual life are
less than other value indicators (min=2; min=3). It can be concluded that as a
result of the large number of children, parents have a low level of attitude
towards time and space speed in terms of individual approach to children. This
is also important because it can increase the possibility of dysfunctional
relations with father and mother in children. Also, due to the minimum scores,
lower results were recorded in the indicators of the sense of duty and pleasure
and attitude to sexual life, in terms of responsibility and diversity of views in
families with many children, family duty and enjoyment of family life and family
traditions are not stable. can be explained by, the attitude to sexual life, the level
of evaluation of it indicates that it serves less in the way of spiritual and
psychological satisfaction of couples in terms of intimate relationships.
The wide range of value orientations of modern families complicates the process
of their legalization, which leads to the existence of different family trajectories.
From the point of view of structural-functional analysis, the traditional family
model remains normatively recognized, and the rest are considered outside the
framework of this norm. On the other hand, knowing that there are many family
models that do not meet the standards leads to attempts to institutionalize them.
Institution of foster family, institution of maternal family, institution of
incomplete family, etc. will be established. Without going beyond the
methodology based on the scientific tradition, researchers return the right to
exist to families that differ in their normative, functional and structural
foundations.
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