ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
12
MONUMENTAL BEZAK SAN’ATI
Bekhzod Jurabayev
Teacher of the Department of
"Puppet Theater Art"
of the UzSIAC
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15796234
Anotatsiya:
Mazkur maqolada Oʻzbekiston monumental bezak san’ati
tarixiy taraqqiyoti, uning uslubiy va texnologik xususiyatlari, xalq madaniyati va
turmush tarzi bilan bogʻliqligi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Monumental san’at
turlaridan biri sifatida monumental rangtasvir, freska, mozaika, vitraj hamda
panno kabi yo‘nalishlarning o‘ziga xos texnikasi, ularning tarixiy va madaniy
kontekstdagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Shu bilan birga, bu san’at turlarining
zamonaviy me’moriy obyektlardagi ifodasi va ularni yaratuvchi ijodkorlarning –
xususan, Ozad Xabibulin kabi rassomlarning ijodiy faoliyati ham tahlil qilinadi.
Maqola san’atshunoslik sohasi talabalari, izlanish olib boruvchi mutaxassislar
hamda mahobatli san’atga qiziquvchilar uchun nazariy va amaliy jihatdan
muhim manba hisoblanadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
monumental bezak san’ati, monumental rangtasvir, freska,
mozaika, vitraj, panno, Oʻzbekiston san’ati, arxitektura, tasviriy san’at, milliy
madaniyat, Ozad Xabibulin, zamonaviy rassomlik, bezak uslubi, texnologik
jarayon, san’atshunoslik.
Монументально-декоративное искусство
Аннотация:
В статье научно проанализировано историческое
развитие монументально-декоративного искусства Узбекистана, его
стилистические и технологические особенности, связь с народной
культурой и бытом. Как одного из видов монументального искусства,
выделены
специфические
приемы
таких
направлений,
как
монументальная живопись, фреска, мозаика, витраж, панно, а также их
значение в историко-культурном контексте. В то же время анализируется
выражение этих форм искусства в современных архитектурных объектах и
творчество их создателей, в частности, таких художников, как Озад
Хабибулин. Статья является важным теоретическим и практическим
ресурсом для студентов-искусствоведов, исследователей и всех, кто
интересуется монументальным искусством.
Ключевые
слова:
монументально-декоративное
искусство,
монументальная живопись, фреска, мозаика, витраж, панно, искусство
Узбекистана, архитектура, изобразительное искусство, национальная
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
13
культура, Озад Хабибулин, современная живопись, декоративный стиль,
технологический процесс, искусствоведение
Monumental and decorative art
Abstract:
The article provides a scientific analysis of the historical
development of monumental and decorative art in Uzbekistan, its stylistic and
technological features, and its connection with folk culture and everyday life. As
one of the types of monumental art, specific techniques of such areas as
monumental painting, fresco, mosaic, stained glass, panel painting, as well as
their significance in the historical and cultural context are highlighted. . At the
same time, the expression of these art forms in contemporary architectural
objects and the work of their creators, such as artists such as Ozad Khabibulin, is
analyzed. The article is a conceptual and practical resource for art students,
researchers, and anyone interested in monumental art
Keywords:
monumental and decorative art, monumental painting, fresco,
mosaic, stained glass, panel, art of Uzbekistan, architecture, fine art, national
culture, Ozad Khabibulin, modern painting, decorative style, technological
process, art criticism
The works of Uzbek masters in monumental decorative and applied art
reflect the culture and way of life of the people. This type of art has been
improving over the centuries and is still improving today. The fame of the
magnificent works of monumental decorative art of Uzbekistan has spread
throughout the world. However, the world-famous examples of this art are
mainly limited to the wall inscriptions and patterns in the palaces of Varakhsha,
Tuproqka, Bolaliktepa, Afrosiyob, as well as the patterns and flowers on recently
discovered household items of the 19th-20th centuries, which are exhibited in
the museums of Uzbekistan.
However, the colorful decorations in many residential buildings, in average
local mosques, in structures built in recent centuries, in buildings where modern
architectural styles are harmoniously combined, the masterpieces of elegance
that have emerged over the centuries, the decorations executed with the highest
taste in bright and cheerful colors, have almost been preserved. Each era has
contributed its due share to the fine arts. The development of monumental art in
architecture was strongly influenced by natural and climatic conditions.
Monumental decorative art is a type of art related to architecture, images
painted on the interior, ceilings, and partly on the exterior walls of buildings.
Monumental painting reflects important events and phenomena from the life of
society, deep philosophical concepts. Since it is intended for viewing from a
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
14
distance, an attempt is made to depict images in a generalized manner, using
fewer small parts. Colors can also be taken somewhat conditionally.
Monumental painting is an ancient art form, the paintings of primitive
people on cave walls (Zarautsoy paintings, etc.) are its first examples. In the
Antiquity and Middle Ages, it developed rapidly and became one of the leading
art forms. It was widely developed in Antiquity Egypt and Greece, and later rare
examples of monumental painting were created in Byzantium and others. It
reached its peak of development especially during the Renaissance.
Michelangelo's murals for the Vatican Palace and Veronese's compositions are
rare monuments of this period.
In Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, this art developed in ancient and
medieval times. During this period, the houses of kings, nobles, palaces and
temples were decorated with multi-form, dynamic works of art (Tuproqqala,
Varakhsha, Bolaliktepa, Afrosiyob, etc.), and during the reign of Timur and the
Timurids, magnificent examples of monumental painting were created.
There are several specific types of monumental decorative art, which are:
Monumental painting - the term means monumental (majestic), that is,
large-scale painting, and these types of works are often painted with tempera
paints on the interior and exterior walls of buildings.
Monumental painter Ozad Khabibulin Garifovich was born on July 26, 1949
in Gijduvan. In 1973 he graduated from the Tashkent Institute of Theater and
Art. Since 1974 he has been an artist at the Tashkent Association of Sculpture
and Monumental Art. In Khabibulin's work, figurative images have acquired a
unique new interpretation in the harmony of form and national painting art:
"Planet Life" (at the Press Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan), "Scholars of the
East" (at the Center for Science and Technology of the Republic of Uzbekistan),
"Amir Temur's Sultanate" (at the International Cultural Center of Uzbekistan),
"Ilhom Parisi", "Mysterious World" (at the Conservatory of Uzbekistan), "House
of Happiness" (Navoi city), the Historical Museum of the Armed Forces of
Uzbekistan, ceramic and mosaic decorations at the "Tashkent" and "Oybek"
metro stations, etc. He has been participating in Republican and International
exhibitions since 1977. In 2004, he was awarded the title of People's Artist of
Uzbekistan.
Fresco - is mainly applied to the walls of buildings themselves. These works
are applied to fresh, wet plaster with water-based or lime-based paints that
form a thin, transparent layer of calcium carbonate when dried. This strengthens
the paints and ensures the long-term preservation of the fresco. A painting
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
15
created in this way is also called a fresco. Fresco, which allows you to create
monumental compositions in connection with architecture, is one of the main
methods of mural painting. The plaster base for a fresco consists of several
layers - 1 part slaked lime and 2 parts mineral fillers (sand, lime, brick or
ceramic powder), sometimes organic substances are added to protect the plaster
from cracking (straw, cork, hemp, etc.). Usually, paints that do not chemically
react with lime are used. Fresco reveals all the possibilities of color shades, but it
should be borne in mind that the paints become very pale when dried. Vegetable
paints are applied to dry plaster with the help of glue. In fresco, glaze plays an
important role, but with many layers of paint, the color becomes dull and pale. In
addition to fresco, the technique of painting on dry plaster (a secco) has also
been known since ancient times.
Mosaic - a variety of natural and secondary materials - colored glass
fragments, stones, synthetic materials, applied to the walls of buildings or flat
materials. An image, pattern made of pieces of the same or different raw
materials (tiles, stone, wood, marble, metal, etc.). One of the main types of
monumental decorative art. Mainly used in decorating buildings, works of
applied art, and in creating works of art. There are 2 different methods of
assembling a mosaic: the pattern (image) is created by applying a reinforcing
substance (lime, cement, wax, etc.) and assembling it directly from small pieces
onto the surface being decorated; in reverse assembling, the pieces are glued to
the right side of the patterned paper or fabric, then a reinforcing substance is
applied to the back side and attached to the surface being decorated (wall or
ceiling). A separate type of mosaic is incrustation. The oldest mosaic, consisting
of circles painted in different colors, dates back to 3 thousand years BC. Mosaic
developed in the countries of the East, in antiquity and the Middle Ages in
Byzantium, Italy, Georgia, and Old Russia. Western European art is widely used
as an ornament. In Islamic countries, in the 13th-14th centuries, tiled mosaics
developed, and intricate patterns (images) were created by assembling pieces
made on the basis of molds. Mosaics made on the facades of buildings in
Samarkand and Bukhara in the 14th-15th centuries attract attention with their
attractiveness.
Panel (French: panneau - piece of cloth) - 1) an image, a relief image, a piece
of wall with a patterned border or relief; 2) a painting or relief image (relief)
made for a special place. For example, the landscape depicting the nature of
Uzbekistan in the lobby of the Navoi Theater, which was jointly worked on by O.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
16
Tansykbayev, M. Arinin, and Cheprakov, and the murals created by Ch.
Akhmarov based on Navoi's epics, are among them.
Stained glass - is applied to windows, doors, and windows of buildings
using paints. Stained glass looks the same from inside and outside the house.
Stained glass (French: vitrage, Latin: vitrum - glass) is the art of creating
patterns and images in various colors on windows and doors using pieces of
colored glass (glass) or other materials that transmit light; as well as the
appearance of glass (fully or partially processed) in place of windows and
barriers. Colored stained glass in place of windows creates a reflection of light,
increases the expressive effect of the interior. The first simple examples of
stained glass were found in Ancient Egypt (2nd millennium BC) and Rome (1st
century AD).
Stained glass was widely used in Romanesque churches (Chartres
Cathedral in France, Augsburg Cathedral in Germany, early 12th century) and
Gothic cathedrals, the light passing through the stained glass made the interior
of the building look attractive. Later, the technique of painting with silicate
paints on colorless or colored glass was used. By the 20th century, the skill of
working with stained glass increased, and glass began to be processed in a
special way for stained glass. In recent years, the method of reinforcing it with
glass or plastic, cement, and reinforced concrete became widespread, expanding
the scope of stained glass. In Uzbekistan, stained glass has developed since the
1960s, and a number of magnificent works have been created. These include the
stained glass windows of the Zarafshon restaurant, the Uzbekistan hotel, and the
Museum of the History of the Timurid State.
In conclusion, as the art of monumental decoration develops, new
techniques and technologies, types, and requirements change. In particular, the
invention of new building materials, paints and technologies, as well as the
emergence of new views and styles in the work of artists, have led to the further
development of the art of monumental painting. The textbook attempts to
provide information about the main types, techniques and technologies of
monumental painting. Those interested in the synthesis of monumental painting
and architecture can achieve great results and successes if they conduct
research to study them more widely. If students study other types as a result of
independent research, they can diversify their work and create creative
innovations.
List of used literature:
1.
OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
2.
Taktash R.X., Izobrazitelnoye iskusstvo Uzbekistana, T., 1972; Iskusstvo
Sovetskogo Uzbekistana, M., 1976.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
17
3.
Tolipov N., Abdirasilov S. , Oripova N. Rangtasvir (1-qism). Toshkent.,
2002. TDPU
4.
www. ziyonet. Uz
5.
УзНЭ. Первая к. Ташкент, 2000 год.
6.
Такташ Р.Х., Изобразительного исскуство Узбукистана, Т., 1972;
Исскуство Советского Узбекистана, M., 1976.
7.
Талипов Н., Абдирасилов С., Арипова Н. Живопись (1 часть).
Ташкент., 2002. ТДПУ
8.
www. ziyonet. Uz
