Том 4 № 40 (2025)

This article is devoted to the concept of painting, which is one of the main elements of fine arts. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the history of the origin of painting, stages of development and its significance in modern art. The initial forms of painting in ancient times, its evolution in medieval and modern art, as well as its aesthetic and functional aspects today are considered.

This article provides an analysis of the performance "Musical Teahouse" by the Fergana Regional Puppet Theater. It covers the content, ideological direction, stage design, international recognition, directorial achievements, and the skill of the cast. It also analyzes the artistic level of the performance based on its relevance today, social significance, and participation in international festivals.

Mazkur maqolada Oʻzbekiston monumental bezak san’ati tarixiy taraqqiyoti, uning uslubiy va texnologik xususiyatlari, xalq madaniyati va turmush tarzi bilan bogʻliqligi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Monumental san’at turlaridan biri sifatida monumental rangtasvir, freska, mozaika, vitraj hamda panno kabi yo‘nalishlarning o‘ziga xos texnikasi, ularning tarixiy va madaniy kontekstdagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Shu bilan birga, bu san’at turlarining zamonaviy me’moriy obyektlardagi ifodasi va ularni yaratuvchi ijodkorlarning – xususan, Ozad Xabibulin kabi rassomlarning ijodiy faoliyati ham tahlil qilinadi. Maqola san’atshunoslik sohasi talabalari, izlanish olib boruvchi mutaxassislar hamda mahobatli san’atga qiziquvchilar uchun nazariy va amaliy jihatdan muhim manba hisoblanadi.

Mazkur maqolada tilshunoslikdagi ilmiy paradigma tushunchasi, uning tarixiy ildizlari va asosiy turlari - qiyosiy-tarixiy, sistem-struktur va antropotsentrik paradigmalar haqida batafsil so‘z yuritiladi. Paradigmalar orasidagi farqlar, ularning tadqiqot usullariga ta’siri va zamonaviy tilshunoslikdagi ahamiyati izohlanadi. Ayniqsa, antropotsentrik paradigma til va inson o‘rtasidagi uzviy aloqani ochib beruvchi nazariy asos sifatida taqdim etiladi.

Ushbu maqolada hissiy intellekt tushunchasi, uning asosiy komponentlari va kasbiy faoliyatdagi o‘rni hamda ahamiyati batafsil tahlil qilinadi. Hissiy intellekt shaxsning o‘z va boshqalarning his-tuyg‘ularini anglash, boshqarish hamda ijtimoiy munosabatlarni samarali tashkil etish qobiliyatidir. Maqolada hissiy intellektning stressni boshqarish, jamoaviy ish, rahbarlik va qaror qabul qilishdagi roli yoritiladi. Shuningdek, hissiy intellektni rivojlantirish yo‘llari va u kasbiy samaradorlikni oshirishdagi ahamiyati ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi. Hissiy intellekt nafaqat ish samaradorligini, balki xodimlarning ruhiy sog‘lig‘ini ham yaxshilashda muhim omil hisoblanadi.

Абрамис Брама – (Abramis Brama) – проходная рыба, относящаяся к типу Хордовые, подтипу Головоногие, классу Костные рыбы, отряду Карповые, считается основным объектом аквакультуры в нашей республике и разводится во всех рыбоводных хозяйствах. Абрамис – рыба, обитающая в тепловодных реках и озерах. Имеет большое хозяйственное значение благодаря своей приспособляемости и высокой продуктивности.

In this paper, Luzin’s properties are proved. Logarithmic potential in the space , i.e. it is proved that outside some open set with small Lebesgue measure, the logarithmic potential is times continuously differentiable.

Zamonaviy tibbiyotda antibiotiklar bacterial infeksiyalarni davolashda muhim o’rin tutadi . Ammo ularning noto’g’ri yoki haddan ortiq qo’llanishi oqibatida antibiotiklarga chidamli (resiztent ) bakteriyalar paydo bo’lmoqda . Bu holat global sog’liqni saqlash tizimi uchun dolzarb muammoga aylangan .

So‘nggi yillarda koordinatsion kimyo sohasida organik ligandlar ishtirokida yangi metal kompleks birikmalarini sintez qilish va ularning kristallik tuzilmasini chuqur tadqiq etish dolzarb ilmiy yo‘nalishlardan biriga aylandi. Xususan, 3d-metallarning (masalan, Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II)) kristal gidrat komplekslari o‘zlarining biologik faolligi, katalitik xossalari hamda qattiq jism kimyosidagi qo‘llanilishi bilan ajralib turadi [1–3].

Цеолиты естественный соответственно появление будет или искусственный соответственно синтез возможный . Естественный цеолиты обычно заметный чистый не было к составу , один добрый не было поры структуры и относительно низкий катион обмен способность имеет . Из этого другой синтетический цеолиты высокий чистота , поры размеры последовательный распределение и замечательный термический стабильность с разделенный это стоит , это их потенциал приложение вместе расширяется . Есть был синтез методы между щелочной синтез и гидротермальный методы самый много применяется . В частности , гидротермальные метод Y -типа цеолиты подготовка для широкий используется , поскольку он стабилен при низких температурах синтез делать возможность дает , реагентов реактивность улучшает окружающую среду эмиссия уменьшает , реакция среда прозрачный контроль делать возможность дает и метастабильный и только сгущенный фаз к формированию помощь дает [1-10].

Over the past decade, kaolin-based nanotubes have once again become the focus of numerous studies and patents, even though their nanoscale structure was identified several decades ago [1]. This renewed interest is associated with the rapid development of nanoparticles and nanotechnology over the last twenty years, which has led to growing attention to naturally occurring nanostructures [2]. Kaolin nanotubes possess several advantages over synthetic nanotubes such as carbon nanotubes [3]. Although the purification of kaolin may increase the cost of secondary raw materials, kaolin remains a low-cost material with a global supply exceeding several thousand tons annually [4].

This thesis analyzes the issues of developing small businesses and private entrepreneurship in the digital economy. Factors such as increasing the efficiency of business entities through the introduction of digital technologies, expanding their access to markets, and improving the quality of interactive services are considered. Also, problems such as the existing infrastructure, the level of digital literacy, information security, and regional differences are identified, and scientific and practical proposals are developed to eliminate them. Based on the results of the research, the need for a comprehensive and phased approach to the digitization of small businesses is substantiated.

This thesis explores the evolving role of central banks in promoting green finance, a key pillar in the transition toward a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy. As the risks associated with climate change increasingly threaten macroeconomic and financial stability, central banks are adopting proactive measures to integrate environmental sustainability into their monetary, supervisory, and regulatory frameworks. Through comparative case studies of the European Central Bank (ECB), the People’s Bank of China (PBoC), and the Bank of England (BoE), the research highlights diverse approaches and policy instruments-ranging from climate-related stress testing and green asset purchases to concessional refinancing and ESG disclosure mandates.

This study analyzes the clinical and angiographic outcomes of various interventional strategies used in the treatment of total coronary artery thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 120 patients were included and divided into groups based on the method of intervention: standard PCI, thrombus aspiration, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and intravascular imaging (IVUS/OCT). Key outcomes included TIMI flow, myocardial blush grade, and 30-day MACE (major adverse cardiac events). Results revealed that combined approaches showed superior reperfusion outcomes and reduced complications. The findings suggest that personalized, multimodal interventional strategies are more effective in managing total thrombotic occlusions.

A small intestine motility abnormality brought on by cirrhosis increases the risk of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and translocation. Furthermore, the fact that these patients use proton pump inhibitors often may make this problem worse by decreasing stomach acidity and increasing intestinal permeability, which encourages bacterial translocation and colonization of mesenteric lymph nodes. The deterioration of the body's defensive mechanisms also contributes to the subsequent infection of the fluid in the peritoneal cavity.  Additionally, bacteria that cause SBP can enter the peritoneal cavity through the lymphatic or circulatory systems from extra-gastrointestinal foci such the lungs, the urinary tract, dermatitis and subcutaneous tissue, pharyngitis, and frequently disregarded odontogenic foci.

The Ferghana Valley has long been considered one of the most geopolitically sensitive and structurally complex regions in Central Asia. Despite its shared historical, cultural, and economic interdependencies, the valley—divided among Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan—has developed into a zone of recurring tensions. At the core of its instability lies not only the contested nature of borders and competition over natural resources but also a deeper, often underexplored issue: the structural institutional fragmentation across the three states.

Ushbu maqolada shaxsning jamiyatga moslashuv jarayoni psixologik nuqtai nazardan tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, ijtimoiy-psixologik moslashuv tushunchasi, uning bosqichlari, ichki va tashqi omillari, shuningdek, turli olimlar – I.G. Zaynyshev, A.N. Zhmyrikov, I.K. Kryajeva, K. Rodjers va V.M. Karimova kabi olimlar tomonidan ilgari surilgan ilmiy yondashuvlar yoritiladi. Maqolada shuningdek, moslashuvning individual psixologik xususiyatlar, shaxs salohiyati va ijtimoiy rollarni egallashdagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ijtimoiy moslashuv shaxsning ruhiy barqarorligi, o‘zini anglash darajasi va jamiyatdagi muvaffaqiyatli integratsiyasi bilan bevosita bog‘liqdir.

Qon orqali yuqadigan infektsiyalar muammosi zamonaviy transfuziologiyaning muhim muammolaridan biridir. Qon orqali yuqadigan infektsiyalarga stafilokokklar guruhining infektsiyalari ham kiradi (Ottomar Ernst Felix Rosenbach, 1884 yilda tug'ilgan). Immunokimyoviy tadqiqot usullariga asoslangan yuqumli patologiyani tashxislashning zamonaviy laboratoriya texnologiyalari maʼlum antitanachalarning mavjudligi va darajasini baholashga imkon beradi, bu esa yuqumli jarayon kechishini  va epidemiyalogiyasining borishini, ularning dinamikasini baholanishini va oqibatlarini bashorat qilishga imkon beradi (Adieva A. A. va boshq., 2009; Roberts S. va boshq., 2011).

Ushbu maqolada notiqlik san’atining qadimiy ildizlari, tarixiy rivojlanish bosqichlari hamda davlat, jamiyat va shaxs kamolotidagi o‘rni tahlil etiladi. Yunoniston va Rimdagi klassik notiqlik asoslari bilan bir qatorda, Sharq mutafakkirlarining notiqlikka oid qarashlari yoritilgan. Asarda voizlik san’ati, chiroyli nutq so‘zlash, til madaniyati va so‘zning ijtimoiy ta’siri muhim o‘rin egallaydi.

Maqolada maqomlarning nazariy va tarixiy jixatlari “Rost” maqomi misolida tahlil qilingan. Bunda ushbu maqomning yuzaga kelishidagi turli qarashlar, allomalar hamda musiqashunos olimlar tomonidan qoldirilgan manbalar asosida fikrlar muxtasar qilingan.

Ушбу мақолада ўрик ва олхўри мевасини замонавий усулда қуритиш технологияси ўрганилган. Сублимацион (вакуумли) қуритиш усули таҳлил қилинган. Бу усулнинг технологик жараёнлари, афзалликлари ва камчиликлари, шунингдек, маҳсулот сифат кўрсаткичларига таъсири ўрганилган. Шунингдек, Сублимацион усулда қуритилган ўрик ва олхўри маҳсулотларининг биокимёвий таркибининг таҳлили алоҳида келтирилган.

Традиционных факторов риска недостаточно для объяснения растущих темпов артериальной гипертензии, кроме того, попытки контролировать проблему показывают, что традиционные меры еще не могут быть достаточными или решающими[1,6]. В современной литературе выдвигаются теории, обосновывающие влияние патогенетики воспалительных механизмов на развитие гипертензии. Существует множество экспериментальных и клинических доказательств того, что артериальная гипертензия связана с воспалением и активацией иммунных клеток, которые являются двумя основными процессами, вызванными окислительным стрессом[3].

This article explores the concept of personal happiness in Theodore Dreiser’s novel Sister Carrie, focusing on the protagonist’s journey through loneliness and fame. The narrative illustrates how the pursuit of material success and social recognition often leads to emotional isolation. Through Carrie’s transformation from a naive country girl to a celebrated actress, Dreiser reveals the complex interplay between external success and internal fulfillment. The analysis also touches on the socio-economic factors influencing individual desires and the illusion of the American Dream.

Ushbu maqola zamonaviy arab tilining rivojlanish tarixini o’rganishga  qaratilgan bo’lib, ayniqsa,zamonaviy arab tilini o’rganishda xatotlik ilmining ahamiyati,uning til o’rganishda qo’shadigan hissasi, shuningdek, zamonaviy texnologiyalar yordamida xattotlikni o’rganish usullari haqida so’z yuritiladi.

После лазерной рефракционной хирургии у части пациентов развиваются стойкие жалобы на дискомфорт и боль в глазу при отсутствии выраженных изменений глазной поверхности. Эти состояния всё чаще рассматриваются как нейропатическая корнеальная боль (НКБ) - форма хронической боли, связанная с повреждением и нарушением регенерации роговичных нервов. В отличие от классического синдрома сухого глаза (ССГ), НКБ характеризуется слабой корреляцией между симптомами и офтальмологической картиной, а также низкой чувствительностью к стандартной терапии.

The growing demand for innovation in education requires the implementation of creative pedagogical mechanisms, especially in foreign language teaching. This paper explores strategies for improving students' preparedness for innovative pedagogical activities through creative approaches, focusing on the case of German language instruction. The study analyzes current teaching practices, highlights challenges, and proposes mechanisms to enhance creativity in the teacher-training process.

Mazkur ilmiy maqolada zamonaviy global iqtisodiy sharoitda kasbiy ta’lim tashkilotlarining moliyaviy va tashkiliy barqarorligini ta’minlashda diversifikatsiya strategiyalarining tutgan o‘rni chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Jahon tajribasiga tayangan holda, Germaniya, Xitoy, Janubiy Koreya va AQSh kabi ilg‘or mamlakatlarda kasbiy ta’lim tashkilotlari tomonidan ishlab chiqarish faoliyati, konsalting xizmatlari, qisqa muddatli va raqamli ta’lim kurslari orqali daromad manbalarini kengaytirish hamda yangi xizmat turlarini joriy etish orqali qanday moliyaviy mustaqillikka erishilganligi ochib berilgan [1; 2; 3].

XXI asr insoniyat tarixida misli ko‘rilmagan ekologik inqiroz davri sifatida xarakterlanmoqda. Global iqlim o‘zgarishi, biologik xilma-xillikning keskin kamayishi, okeanlarning ifloslanishi va o‘rmonlarning yo‘q qilinishi kabi muammolar an’anaviy huquqiy mexanizmlarning cheklovlarini ochiq namoyon qilmoqda. Aynan shu sharoitda ekotsid konseptsiyasi zamonaviy xalqaro huquqning eng muhim innovatsiyalaridan biri sifatida paydo bo‘ldi va rivojlanmoqda.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda neft va gaz sohasida davlat-xususiy sherikchilik (DXSh) modelining amaldagi holati, muammolari va uni takomillashtirish zaruriyati tahlil qilinadi. Mamlakat energetika infratuzilmasini modernizatsiya qilish, investitsiyalarni jalb etish va innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etishda DXShning imkoniyatlari ochib beriladi. Xalqaro tajribalar bilan solishtirma tahlil o‘tkazilib, O‘zbekistonga mos keluvchi ilg‘or yondashuvlar asosida amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqiladi. Maqola soha rivojiga ilmiy-nazariy va amaliy hissa qo‘shishni maqsad qiladi.

This study examines how literary authors employ wordplay as a sophisticated mechanism for generating conversational implicature, creating layers of meaning that extend beyond explicit textual content. Drawing from Paul Grice's cooperative principle and focusing on Uzbek and English literary traditions, the research explores how writers strategically violate conversational maxims through linguistic play to communicate implicit meanings. The analysis reveals that wordplay-generated implicatures serve multiple functions: establishing author-reader complicity, encoding cultural critique, developing character psychology, and creating interpretive hierarchies that reward linguistic competence. Through examination of translated works and cross-cultural literary examples, the study demonstrates that successful implicature preservation requires translators to understand not merely linguistic structures but the pragmatic contexts that give wordplay its communicative force. The findings contribute to understanding how implicit meaning travels across cultural boundaries and highlight the sophisticated interpretive demands that literary wordplay places on readers.

This study examines the diverse methodological approaches translators employ when reconstructing slang and jargon in literary translation, focusing on the creative strategies that preserve both semantic content and sociolinguistic function across cultural boundaries. Drawing from translation practices between Uzbek and English literary traditions, the research analyzes how translators navigate the complex terrain of socially-marked language that carries identity markers, group membership signals, and cultural authenticity. The analysis reveals that successful slang translation requires a sophisticated toolkit of compensation strategies, including functional substitution, cultural adaptation, explanatory expansion, and creative neologism. Through examination of specific translation cases from contemporary Uzbek literature and their English renderings, the study demonstrates that effective jargon reconstruction depends not merely on linguistic equivalence but on the translator's ability to recreate the social effects and reader responses that the original language varieties generate. The findings contribute to understanding how informal language varieties travel across cultures while maintaining their essential communicative and social functions.

This article examines the main problems of linguistic interference between Uzbek and English. It highlights how differences in phonology, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pragmatics lead to common learner errors. Examples and case studies illustrate these issues, and practical strategies are suggested to reduce negative transfer and improve language learning.

The fact that in recent years, Uzbek sports, with its high results, have glorified our country before the world community, thousands of sports complexes meeting international standards are being built, and the most prestigious competitions are being held in various regions of our country, is a practical result of this work. As an example, we can cite the achievements of our athletes at the XXXI Summer Olympic and XV Paralympic Games held in 2016 in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. Physical education and sports should serve not only to train talented athletes, but also to ensure a healthy gene pool and raise a harmoniously developed generation.

Техника бросков занимает центральное место в системе подготовки гандболистов, поскольку эффективность атакующих действий напрямую зависит от качества её выполнения. В начальном этапе спортивной подготовки особенно важно формировать правильные двигательные навыки, исключая развитие ошибочных стереотипов. В представленном исследовании разработана и апробирована поэтапная методика обучения броскам у детей 10–13 лет, включающая элементы игровой деятельности, имитационные упражнения, визуализацию движений (видеосъёмка), а также индивидуальный подход к корректировке техники. Экспериментальное внедрение методики в учебно-тренировочный процесс показало повышение точности бросков, улучшение координации движений и рост мотивации у обучающихся. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о высокой эффективности методики, её педагогической целесообразности и возможности широкого применения в образовательной и спортивной практике.

The today’s world is characterized by rapid development of machinery and technologies, as well as a sharp increase in the volume of information and the speed of its transferring and processing. Under these circumstances, the system of professional education faces complex tasks, which require new fundamental approaches to tackle them. Professional activity of modern university teachers carried out in the information and educational environment calls for flexible productive thinking, creativity, highly developed innovative competence to work out and implement effective educational technologies that, in turn, contribute to the formation of innovative competencies in students.

This paper explores the challenges and potential solutions in optimizing the storage and transportation systems for fruit and vegetable products. Due to the high perishability of such products, ensuring adequate conditions throughout the supply chain is vital. The study highlights the issues of product spoilage, logistical inefficiencies, infrastructure deficits, and high operational costs. To address these, the paper suggests implementing modern storage technologies, smart packaging.

This paper explores the challenges and potential solutions in optimizing the storage and transportation systems for fruit and vegetable products. Due to the high perishability of such products, ensuring adequate conditions throughout the supply chain is vital. The study highlights the issues of product spoilage, logistical inefficiencies, infrastructure deficits, and high operational costs. To address these, the paper suggests implementing modern storage technologies, smart packaging.

Данный тезис рассматривает существующие ограничения доступа иностранных адвокатов к адвокатской деятельности в Узбекистане: закреплённое в законодательстве требование о наличии гражданства Республики Узбекистан, которое способствует прямое исключение иностранцев из числа адвокатов на территории Республики Узбекистан, обязательная сдача национального экзамена и языковые барьеры. В качестве рекомендаций предложено внедрение предоставление языковой поддержки.