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INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE
USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIELD OF LEGAL
SERVICES
Yoqubjonov Ma’rufjon Odiljon o’g’li
Lecturer at the Training Institute for lawyers
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16880021
Annotation:
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the international and national
legal frameworks regulating the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of
legal services. It explores various governance models adopted by leading
countries, including the European Union, the United States, China, and others,
showing how their approaches are shaped by legal traditions, political priorities,
and cultural values. The paper also examines Uzbekistan’s legal and institutional
efforts to develop AI technologies, particularly through special regimes aimed at
fostering innovation within the technology sector. Furthermore, it emphasizes
the necessity of aligning national AI governance with global best practices to
ensure technological sovereignty, safeguard personal data, uphold human rights,
and maintain economic stability. The study highlights that the responsible use of
AI in legal services requires a well-balanced regulatory environment that fosters
innovation while preventing risks, ultimately contributing to building public
trust and strengthening the country’s position in the international technological
arena.
Keywords:
Artificial intelligence, legal regulation, AI governance,
international experience, Uzbekistan AI policy, data protection, innovation law,
technological sovereignty, legal services.
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada yuridik xizmatlar sohasida sun’iy intellektdan
foydalanishni tartibga soluvchi xalqaro va milliy huquqiy asoslar keng yoritiladi.
Dunyoning yetakchi mamlakatlari — Yevropa Ittifoqi, AQSh, Xitoy va boshqa
davlatlarning sun’iy intellektni boshqarishdagi modellariga tahliliy yondashilgan
bo‘lib, ularning huquqiy an’analari, siyosiy ustuvor yo‘nalishlari va madaniy
qadriyatlari boshqaruvga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatishi ochib beriladi. Maqolada,
shuningdek, O‘zbekistonning sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalarini rivojlantirish
borasidagi tashabbuslari, innovatsiyalarni rag‘batlantiruvchi maxsus huquqiy
tartiblar va ular orqali texnologiya sohasida erkin hamda xavfsiz muhit yaratish
borasidagi amaliy choralar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda milliy siyosatni jahon
tajribasi bilan uyg‘unlashtirishning texnologik jarayonlarni mustahkamlash,
shaxsiy ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish, inson huquqlarini kafolatlash va iqtisodiy
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barqarorlikni ta’minlashdagi o‘rni alohida ta’kidlanadi. Sun’iy intellektdan
yuridik sohada mas’uliyatli foydalanish innovatsiyani rag‘batlantirish bilan
birga, yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan xatarlarni kamaytiruvchi muvozanatli
huquqiy mexanizmlarni talab etishi ta’kidlanadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Sun’iy intellekt, huquqiy tartibga solish, AI boshqaruvi,
xalqaro tajriba, O‘zbekiston AI siyosati, ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish, innovatsiya
huquqi, texnologik suverenitet, yuridik xizmatlar.
Аннотация:
В статье всесторонне рассматриваются международные и
национальные
правовые
основы
регулирования
использования
искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) в сфере юридических услуг.
Проанализированы различные модели управления ИИ, применяемые в
ведущих странах мира, включая Европейский Союз, США, Китай и другие, с
учетом их правовых традиций, политических приоритетов и культурных
особенностей. Особое внимание уделяется усилиям Узбекистана по
развитию технологий ИИ, включая создание специальных правовых
режимов, направленных на стимулирование инноваций и обеспечение
безопасной технологической среды. Подчеркивается, что гармонизация
национальной политики с передовым мировым опытом является важным
условием для укрепления технологического суверенитета, защиты
персональных данных, обеспечения прав человека и экономической
стабильности. Ответственное использование ИИ в юридической сфере
требует сбалансированной нормативной базы, которая одновременно
стимулирует
инновации
и
предотвращает
риски,
способствуя
формированию
общественного
доверия
и
повышению
конкурентоспособности страны на международной арене.
Ключевые
слова:
Искусственный
интеллект,
правовое
регулирование, управление ИИ, международный опыт, политика
Узбекистана в сфере ИИ, защита данных, право инноваций,
технологический суверенитет, юридические услуги.
"Artificial intelligence is an important element of the fourth industrial
revolution. Its rapid development and expansion of practical application require
the inclusion of this phenomenon in the field of law. Regulating public relations
in one way or another, associated with the development and application of
artificial intelligence, is a complex task, specialists have different views on which
areas and activities should be regulated, and the proposed approaches to
regulation differ significantly in different countries[1].
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It is known that different countries of the world use different models for
managing artificial intelligence, taking into account their legal traditions,
political goals, and cultural characteristics. Some countries prefer strict legal
control, while others focus on flexible, innovative approaches. Analysis of these
models shows how different systems balance technological progress with public
safety and ethical standards. In addition to national efforts, international
organizations plays an important role in the formation of management. For
example, international organizations such as the European Union, the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, the
United Nations (UN), the G7, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are
working on creating common recommendations and developing cross-border
cooperation. These collective efforts will contribute to the creation of a common
approach to the responsible use of artificial intelligence and solving emerging
global problems.
As for advanced international experience in the field of artificial
intelligence management leading models have different approaches. Each is
shaped by national interests, legal systems, and strategic goals. Below, the
approaches of the European Union, the USA, China, Great Britain, Canada, Japan,
and other leading countries are considered, and various paths leading to safe,
ethical, and innovative development are highlighted.
The European Union was one of the first to regulate artificial intelligence,
actively and based on a systematic approach. In particular, on April 21, 2021, the
European Commission adopted the "Act on Artificial Intelligence." This
innovative normative document uses a risk-based approach, that is, it divides
artificial intelligence systems into four levels: (2) unacceptable risk, (3) high
risk, (4) limited risk, and (5) minimal risk. Classifying these systems based on
their potential threats to security and fundamental rights is aimed at reducing
the problems associated with rapidly developing artificial intelligence
technologies and encourages innovation and helps maintain trust among EU
member states.
In addition, it was adopted on April 27, 2016, and came into force on May
25, 2018. "General Data Protection Regulation" of the European Union Data
Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Combating Corruption." As a result,
the European Union's approach to AI management, developed by the European
Commission in cooperation with the European Parliaments and the Council of
the European Union, is one of the first models in the world. Strict control of high-
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risk systems and a flexible and balanced approach to low-risk systems form the
basis of this management model.
The United States, in turn, applies a more decentralized, industry-oriented
approach to AI management. Instead of implementing a unified regulatory
framework, the US relies on guidelines and oversight developed by various
federal agencies. This model is adapted for each industry and program, aimed at
the country's desire to stimulate innovation, as well as targeted and flexible
management of related risks. By granting each agency independence in
implementing artificial intelligence management in its respective field, the US
can quickly respond to new technological advancements while solving specific
problems in each field.
The governing bodies of China are guided by the Law of the People's
Republic of China on Cybersecurity, adopted by the country's Parliament on
November 7, 2016, and entered into force on June 1, 2017. This law provides
comprehensive recommendations that define data management and security
requirements throughout the country. In addition to the Law on Cybersecurity,
the Law on Data Security, adopted on June 10, 2021, and entered into force on
September 1, 2021, is aimed at protecting national data and ensuring the state
integrity of artificial intelligence systems.
According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
dated August 26, 2021 No. PP-5234 "On Measures to Introduce a Special Regime
for the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technologies," a special regime for
the development of innovative projects in the field of artificial intelligence
technologies is established in Uzbekistan[6]. This regime operates as a separate
link within the Information Technology Park (IT Park), and its participants have
the right to benefit from the benefits and preferences established for IT Park
residents.
In order to ensure the implementation of the Resolution of the Cabinet of
Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 717 dated November 29, 2021, the
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-5234 approved
the Regulation on the procedure for organizing and operating a special regime to
support artificial intelligence technologies. This Regulation defines the
procedure for using the special regime and organizing the activities of its
participants, the functions of the working div, the registration of applicants,
exemption from the norms of current legislation during the period of pilot
projects, as well as comprehensive support for participants, the application of
benefits and preferences to them. According to the decree, the Ministries for the
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Development of Information Technologies and Communications, Economic
Development and Poverty Reduction, and Innovative Development are required
to establish a special regime within one month and conduct explanatory work in
the media about its essence. According to this decree, the REGULATION on the
procedure for establishing and operating a special regime to support artificial
intelligence technologies has been approved.
Conclusion
At the same time, the main problems in international practice arise due to
several important factors that make it difficult to create coordinated global
structures for managing artificial intelligence. These problems include legal and
cultural differences, the speed of technological development, overtaking
regulatory processes, and difficulties in ensuring coordination between regions.
The issue of regulating artificial intelligence in Uzbekistan is of strategic
importance at the present stage, which is important not only for strengthening
technological development with a legal basis, but also for ensuring human rights,
security of personal data, and economic stability. Improving the legal framework
guarantees the safe, transparent, and responsible application of AI technologies,
and also contributes to the development of an innovative ecosystem by
stimulating local producers.
The country's technological sovereignty, international competitiveness,
and protection of citizens' digital rights can only be ensured through a unified,
systematic, and well-thought-out legal approach. Therefore, every future
regulatory and legal initiative must be developed in harmony with national
interests, global experience, and advanced technological standards. As President
Shavkat Mirziyoyev noted, "It is necessary to rationally and effectively use
artificial intelligence for the benefit of all mankind," which should serve as the
main guideline in Uzbekistan's policy in the field of artificial intelligence.
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