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MORPHEME ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Ma’murova Diyora Alisherovna
student of the Faculty of foreign language and literature of Tashkent State
Pedagogical University named after Nizami
Astanova Dilafruz
teacher of the Department of foreign language and literature of Tashkent State
Pedagogical University named after Nizami
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024401
Abstract
. Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are the minimal
units of words that have a meaning and can not be subdivided further.
There are two main types: free and bound. Morpheme is article includes a
listof references, but its sources remain unclear because it has
insufficient.Therefore the researchers conducted the research about
morpheme. The research methode that was used is decriptive qualitative
method. To gain the data the researchers used literature review in which the
data gained from dictionary.Every morpheme can be classified as either free
or bound. Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or
inflectional. These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given
morpheme will belong to exactly one of them. Free morphemes can function
independently as words. Bound morphemes appear only as part us of
words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound
morphemes.
Keywords:
linguistic, classification of morpheme, derivational, inflectional,
free and bound.
1. INTRODUCTION
There are many definitions of morphology given by experts. Aronoff
(1994: 12) quotes the opinion of Bloomfield (1993: 207): "Morphologically
a language we mean is a construction in which forms or words are bound,
but never phrases. Thus, we can say that morphology includes the
construction of words and parts of words, "Notions of morphology written
earlier, morphology is the science or research that results in the formation or
internal structure of words. This formation will produce formations or
morpheme, but not phrase.Thusmorphology which discusses the structure /
construction / part of morpheme in the end'tells us wetype of types of mm or
Tomori (1982: 21) defines morphology as: ". ..the study of word structure - the
study of the rules governing the formation of words in language. "Articles on
morpheme and morpheme formation, while in a broad sense the focus of the
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research is the problem of morphology. Morphology of morphological visitors.
Morpheme is a priority unit in the analysis
From the description above, it can be seen the complexity in the
morphology of the English language, especially in termsof the formation of
the adjective word class. The sethings are of interest to the author todiscuss
them further. The things in question are the difficulty of formation of
morphemes in derivation, especially in the formation of the adjective word
class. The choice of on a djective word class and not a noun or verb or
adverbial is because the adjective has a very important role in changing the
meaning of nouns and indirectly changing or differentiating sentence meanings.
Burling (1992: 38) divides morphemes into two namely free
morphemes and bound morphemes. The understanding of free morpheme
and bound morpheme according toBurling (1992: 38) as follows:
”Morphemes that can stand alone as words are called free morphemes.
Those that must be attached tosomething else are called bound morphemes.
In the examples just given, go, walk, boy, mean, flap, andfresh are free
morphemes. –ing, -ed, -s, -ful, un-, -abil-, -ity, re-, and –ly are bound morphemes.”
a. Bound Morphem
According to Richards (1985: 31), bound morpheme is a linguistic form (a
morpheme) which is never used alone but must be used with another
morpheme, for example as an affix or combining form. Example: -al, -ful, -less, -
ed, -able, -al. So, from Richards's opinion the writer concludes thatbound
morpheme is the smallest element or the most basic unit in grammar that
cannot be subdivided into grammar that cannot be subdivided into even the
smallest sense that cannot stand alone.
b. Free Morpheme
According to Richards (1985: 31), a form which can be used in its own is
called a free form. Example: Betty, horse, red, write, love, drive. So, from
Richards' opinion, the writer concludes that free morpheme is the smallest
element or the most basic unit in grammar that cannot be divided into even
the smallest sense that can stand alone
2. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
In a study required appropriate steps so that there search objectives that
have been determined can be agreed. The methodis a method needed by
researchers to arrive at there search objectives (Alwasilah, 2009: 85). The
research method gives what direction and how the research iscarried out, the
procedures that are taken, the data sourcesused, and how this data is collected
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and analyzed. The method used in this research is descriptive method.
Descriptive research is research conducted to evaluate, describe a
phenomenon that is happening today by using scientific procedures to
answer problems in general.
Actual (Sutedi, 2009: 58). This research uses descriptive method using
qualitative. The author tries to describe, contrast, analyze, and interpret the
changes that occur in the morphological process of the two languages based
on thetheory, data, and literature collected. The purpose of this research
istofind similarities and differences in phoneme changes in Japanese and
Indonesian in morphological processes (affixation, reduplication,
composition) in terms of morphophonemic aspects. Therefore, this study is
a qualitative study with descriptive contrastive analysis. Bogdan and Taylor
in Moleong (2001) revealed that it was qualitative descriptive data in the
form of written words or lists of people and observable behavior.
In addition to descriptive methods, this research also uses the method
of library (libraryresearch), which his the study of literature or the
collection of data and information sourced from library books that are related
tochanges in vocal phonemes and consonants in language.
A. Classification of Morphemes
a) Free and bound morphemes
Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. These categories
are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to
exactly one of them. Free morphemes can function independently as words
(e .g. town, dog) and can appear within lexemes (e.g. townhall, doghouse).
Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with
a root and sometimes with other bound morpheme.
For example, unappears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a
word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes
and suffixes. Examples of suffixes are -tion, -ation, -ible, -ing, etc. Bound
morphemes that are not affixed are called cranberry morphemes.
Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy.
Bound morphemes are meaning-bearing unit sof language, such as
prefixes and suffixes, that are attached to unbound morphemes. They can
not stand alone. "Their attachment modifies the unbound morphemes in
such things as number or syntacticcategory. For example:Adding the bound
morpheme (s) to the unbound morpheme (cat) changes the noun's number
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the addition of the (ed) to (augh) changestense. Similarly, the addition of
(er) to (run) changes the verb to a noun."
Linguistics recognizes two classes of bound morphemes.
a. The first classis called inflectional morphemes and their influenceon
a base word is predictable. Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical
class of words by signalling a change in number, person, gender, tense,
and soon, but they do not shift the base form into an other word class.
When 'house' becomes 'houses,' it is still a noun even though you have
added the plural morphemes.
b. The second class of morphemes is derivational morphemes. They
modify a word according to its lexical and grammatical class. They result
in more pro found changes on base words. The word 'style' is a noun,
butif I makeit 'stylish,' then it is an adjective. In English, derivational
morphemes include suffixes (e.g., 'ish,' 'ous,' 'er,' 'y,' 'ate,' and 'able') and
prefixes (e.g., 'un,' 'im,''re,' and 'ex')."
B. Classification of bound morphemes
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
a. Derivational morphemes
Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either .The
semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in
the word happiness,the addition of the bound morpheme-ness to the root
happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In
the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the
meaning of the word for med by the root kind. Generally, the affixes used
with a root word are bound morphemes. However, other morphemes such as
affixes can be attached to it.
Types of Declines
The various derivations in the speech section are as follows.
Derivation of nouns, for example: legitimacy, kindness, and development.
Adjective derivation, for example: silk, life, and fragility. Derivation of verbs,
example: streng then and blink.
Adverb derivation, for example: along, close, and slow. Examples of
Decreases between Talk Parts Word "Inform" (verb)
Information (noun), by giving the suffix -> -ation
Informative (Adjective), by giving suffix -> –ative
Informative (Adverb), by giving suffix -> –ativeand –ly
The word "active" (adjective)
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Activate (Verb), by giving the suffix -> -ate
Activation (noun), by giving suffix -> -action
Active (Adverb), by giving the suffix -> –ly
verb to verb: appoint → disappoint
noun to noun: brother → brotherhood
adjective to adjective: practical → impractical
verb to noun: preserve → preservation
verb to adjective: bore → boring
noun to verb: code → codify
noun to adjective: nature → natural
adjective to noun: ugly → ugliness
adjective to verb: soft → soften
adjective to adverb: slow → slowly
b. Inflectional morphemes
Inflectional morphemes modify a verb'stense, aspect, mood, person, or
number, or a noun's, pronoun's or adjective's number, gender orcase, without
affecting the word's meaning orclass (partofspeech). Examples of applying
inflectional morphemes to words are adding–stotheroot dog to form dog
sandadding-ed to wait to form waited. An inflectional morpheme changes
the for mof a word.
DISCUSSION
A. Inflectional in to noun
Most countable nouns in English have two word forms; a singular and
plural. A singular from cat, consisting of just one morpheme and a plural
from cats, consisting of a root cat and the suffix –s.
There are also so mecountable nouns that express their plural with no
suffix a tall. Example ( teeth, men, feet, mice) where there is a change in the
vowel of the root. However, there are also some whose plurals display not
even a vowel change. For example, sheep, fish, deer, those. The conclusion is
addition inflectional suffix –s/-es to noun cause nouns meaning plural.
2. Possessions
Example : that man’s bicycle
John’sbook
John and mary’shouse
- Inflectional into verb
Consider the following examples:
· Read + s (third person singular present tense).
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· Load + ed (past tense).
· See + en (perfect or passive participle).
· Drink + ing (progressive participle).
a. Inflectional suffixes include :
· -ed/-d pasttense
· -ing progressive/continuous
· -en/-t past participle
· -s plural
· ‘s generative
· -ercomparative
· -estsuperlative
b. Inflectional affixes of verb -Third Singular verb marker
Example : I am sleeping.
She is studying.
The old man walks in the road side.
The cat looks atthe mouse.
B. Zero morphemes/null morphemes Generally, these types of
morphemes have novisible changes. For instance, the singular form of
sheepis "sheep" andits plural isalso "sheep". The intended meaning is thus
derived from theco-occurring determiner (e.g. in this case "some-" or "a-").
There are several kind of zeros :
A zero morph, consisting of nophonetic form, is anallo morphof a
morpheme that is other wise realized in speech. In the phrase twosheep-
∅
,
the plural markeris a zero morph, which is anallo morphof -s as in twocows.
In the phrase I like-
∅
it, the verb conjugation has a zero affix, as opposed to the
thirdperson singular present -s in he likes it.
A zero pronoun occurs in some languages. In the English sentence
nodiv knows the zero pronoun plays the role of the objec to the verb,
and in makes no difference it plays the role of the subject. Like wise,the
zero pronoun in the book
∅
Iam reading plays the role of the relative
pronoun that in the book that I am reading.
This is also referred to as PRO. In pronoun-dropping languages, including
null subject languages such as most Romance languages, the zero pronounis a
prominent feature.
A zero subordinate conjunction occurs in English in sentences like I
know
∅
he likes me, in which the zero conjunction plays the role of the
subordinate conjunction that in I know that he likes me.
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A zero article is an unrealized indefinite or definite article in some
languages.
A zero copula, in which a copula such as the verb to be is implied but
absent. For example, in Russian the copulais usually omitted in the present
tense, as in "Онакрасивая" (literally: Shebeautiful), the same happening with
colloquial Brazilian Portuguese, as in "irônicos, aqueles" (literally: ironic,
those [guys]), though never witht head jective coming after the subject as usual
in Romance languages. In English the copulais sometimes omitted in somen
on standard dialects.
examples
cat = cat + -Ø = ROOT ("cat") + SINGULAR
cats = cat + -s = ROOT ("cat") + PLURAL
In addition, there are some cases in English where a null morpheme
indicates plurality in nouns that take on irregular plurals.
sheep = sheep + -Ø = ROOT ("sheep") + SINGULAR
Also, a null morpheme marks the present tense of verbs in all forms but the
third person singular:
(I) run = run + -Ø = ROOT ("run") + PRESENT: Non-3rd-SINGULAR
4.CONCLUSION
Morpheme is article includes a listof references, but its sources remain
unclear because it has insufficient .When a morpheme stands by it self, it is
considered as a root because it has a meaning of it sown (e.g. the morpheme cat)
and when it depends on another rmorpheme to expressan idea, it is an affix
because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the–s in cats to indicate that it is
plural).
Every morpheme can beclassified as either free orbound. These
categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong
to exactly one of them. Free morphemes can function independently as
words. Bound morphemes appearonly as parts of words, always in
conjunction with a root and sometimes without her bound
morphemes.Inflection (inflectional) is the process of forming new words by
adding affixes to a word that does not change the class of words. In other words,
Derivation is the process of affixing a syllable which results in changing the
class of words, for example the affix on theword "sing" to "singer"..
However, the meaning sof the two words differgreatly in contrastfrom "good"
to "not good". So that the process enters in to the process of derivation, not
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inflection even though the word class changes are still the same, namely
adjectives in to adjectives.
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1.Introduction to Language and Linguistics (11th ed.). Ohio State University
Press.
2.Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Handoko
M. Dini,
3.English Morphology. Lampung, 2019 Leany Nani Harsa, Modul 1:
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4.Word and Morphemes: morphosyntax. Katamba, Francis. 2006.
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5.Modern Linguistik Series, Virginia: Macmillan Education Australia.
MorphemeMorphology (2015). Identification of Morpheme(2010). Makalah
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6.Inflactional Morphemes (2016). Types and example morpheme (2015).
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