ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
70
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF
COMPOUND WORDS IN UZBEK
Orziqulova Gulnoza Maxmudjon qizi
gulnozaorzikulova@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13920049
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural semantic
peculiarities of Uzbek compound words. In addition, it is very important to study
endocentricity and exocentricity of compounding in Uzbek. Its primary
objective is to analyse with the brief examples of unknown components of the
topic.
Keywords:
compound words, endocentricity and exocentricity, compound
nouns, compound verbs , compound adjectives.
When Uzbek compound words are analysed, it has not been investigated
the exocentric features of compounding yet. The main reason is that, most
compound words are endocentric due to its meaning. All Uzbek compound
words have got the same meanings: both subordinating and the governor. As a
clear example, mehmonxona – when it is separated into mehmon refers to guest
and xona expresses a room. Based on Madaliyev’s book entitled “The dictionary
of modern Uzbek compound words”, the semantic features of compounds have
clearly represented. As he noted, he collected 30 thousand compounds on this
book. In most productive source, most compounds have been met in biology and
their phonetic versions have been outlined. Almost all Uzbek compound words
are endocentric:
koʻzoynak,
bilaguzuk, uchburchak, atirgul,boʻtakoʻz, nomoz-
shomgul, mehmondoʻst, balandparvoz, erksevar.
According to the structural point of compounding in Uzbek, compound
words are mostly appeared in three parts of compound nouns, compound verbs
and compound adjectives.
1-
Compound nouns
a.
belbog’
( girdle- eng, gaine- fr)
consists of two lexemes,
bel- noun +
bog’-noun= belbog
’. It is a national Uzbek cloth. Both words are used
independently as a word.
b.
bolaxona
( balcony – eng, jardin d’enfant- fr)
includes two free
morphemes:
bola- noun + xona- noun= bolaxona.
It is an extra place for young
children. Both of them stand alone as aword.
c.
molqo’ra
(cowshed- eng, ètable – fr)
contains two lexemes:
mol-
noun+ qo’ra –noun= molqo’ra.
It is a place like barn which cows, horses and
sheep keep. These words are free morphemes.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
71
d.
qirqog’ayni
( millet- eng, mille- fr)
consists of two free morphemes:
qirq- numeral + og’ayni= qirqog’ayni.
It is an insect. The words presented express
the meaning alone.
e.
qo’lyozma
( handwriting – eng, l’écriture- fr)-
includes two free
morphemes:
qo’l- noun + yozma- noun= qo’lyozma.
It is a written sentence or
work by hand.
f.
kuldon
( ashtray- eng, cendrier- fr)-
contains two lexemes:
kul – noun
+ don +suffix= kuldon.
The noun kul is a free morpheme while suffix don is a
bound morpheme.
2-
Compound adjective
a.
balandbo’yli
( tall- eng, haut- fr)-
is a compound adjective that
includes two free morphemes and a suffix :
baland- adjective + bo’y- noun + li-
suffix= balandbo’yli.
b.
balandposhnali
( high heel- eng, talons hauts- fr)-
consists of two
free morphemes and a suffix:
baland- adjective + poshna- noun + li- suffix=
balandposhnali.
c.
kitobsevar
(bibliophile in both English and French)
contains two
independent morphemes that stand alone as a word but a suffix does not
express the meaning. Its morphological process is
kitob- noun + sev- verb+ ar-
suffix= kitobsevar
3-
Compound verbs
1.
olib kelmoq
( bring in eng, prendre – fr)
is a compound verb that
contains two free morphemes. These words stand alone and its morphological
structure is
olib- verb+ kel + verb= olib kel.
2.
yozib qo’ymoq
- ( put in eng, exprimer- fr)
consists of two free
morphemes that express the meaning and its morphological process
is yoz- verb
and qo’y- verb.
3.
ushlab turmoq
( hold in eng, tenir-fr)
is a compound verb and its
morphological process is
ushla- verb, tur-verb= ushlab tur.
Both of them are free
morphemes that represent the meaning.
In Uzbek, compound words are additionally divided into:
1) compatibility of ingredients:
wedding, book-loving, worldview.
2) as a result of adaptation and connection of the owner and the cut:
the
bride, the bridesmaids, the bridesmaids (ceremonies).
When it comes to endocentric features of compound words are identified
and used on the target language. In Uzbek the endocentric compound words
almost consist of compounding process.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
72
1.
Yaqinda u “Jonatan Livingston laqabli
baliqchi qush
” asarini o’qidi.
In the context,
baliqchi qush ( seagull)
is a compound noun that
has two
words with similar grammatical categories as their components. Baliqchi is a
fisherman and qush is a bird. In the sentence, both words are understood the
meaning easily so, it is a endocentric compound word.
2.
Uzumlar qiyg’os pishibdi, uning bargini kesish uchun
tokqaychi
ni olib
kel.
The compound noun
tokqaychi
(scissors for grape leaves)
is the same
grammatical categories that tok is another name of grape in Uzbek, qaychi is a
tool for cutting. Thus, it is an endocentric compound that express the meaning.
3.
Temiryo’l
lar uzoq manzilga boshlaydi.
In the sentence,
temiryo’l( railway)
is a compound noun that express the
meaning separately. Therefore, it is an endocentric noun.
Temir
is a comparision
of railand
yo’l
is directly understood way
.
In some cases, a number of Uzbek linguists considered that exocentricity is
not a phenomenon for Turkish languages, however, there are some words that
does not represent the meaning separately. The followings are the examples of
our description:
a.
Beshiktebratar
shunday hashorotki, biz uni beozor hisoblasakda
ularning inson sog’ligi uchun xavfli tomonlari bor.
The compound noun
beshiktebratar(European mantis )
has two words with
different grammatical categories: noun and verb. The noun
beshik
in this
context is a furniture for babies while the verb
tebratmoq
means shaking or
moving. beshiktebratar, however, does not mean shaking the cradle but it refers
an insect mostly live in Europe. So, beshiktebratar is grouped to the exocentric
compounds as the meaning cannot be predicted from the words.
b.
Xonqizi
lar ko’pincha gul va daraxtlar shoxiga qo’nadi.
The compound noun
xonqizi(ladybird )
contains two words with different
grammatical categories: noun and noun. The noun
xon
in this context is a king in
Asia
qiz
means a daughter or a girl. Xonqizi
,
however, does not mean a daughter
of a king or a princess but it refers an insect that has a red surface and black
spots on the div.. So, xonqizi is grouped to the exocentric compounds as the
meaning cannot be predicted from the words xon and qizi.
c.
Tunda
boyo’g’li
ning mungli tovush yangrab turar edi.
The compound noun
boyo’g’li(owl )
consists of two words with different
grammatical categories: adjective and noun. The adjective boy in this context
means rich or wealthy while the noun
o’g’li
is a son. Nevertheless, boyo’g’li does
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
73
not mean the son of rich person but it refers a bird that sings at night. So,
boyo’g’li is regarded as the exocentric compounds as the meaning cannot be
predicted.
References:
1.
Akhmanоva О.S. Lexicоlоgy: Theоry and Methоd. – M.: Prоsvescheniye,
1999 – 216 p.
2.
KhajievA. Uzbek Language Development, - Tashkent: Teacher, 1989. 110
pages.
3.
Madaliev B. Compound words in modern Uzbek language // Uzbek
language and literature. - T., 2016. - P. 104.37
4.
Mamatov N. On the nature and definition of compound words // Uzbek
language and literature. - T., 2015. - № 1. - P. 33–37.Matthews, P. H. (1991).
Morphology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
SapaevQ. Modern Uzbek language (morphemics, vocabulary and
morphology) textbook - Tashkent: Nizami Pedagogical University, 2009. 326
pages
