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PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL BASIS OF MICROELEMENT DEFICIENCY
Mirakhmedova Nargisa Rizoevna
Bukhara State Medical Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13919612
Normal functioning of the div is ensured within a narrow range of
concentrations of chemical elements, especially those that belong to the group of
essential microelements: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, Se, I. Both their deficiency
and excess lead to metabolic disorders and the occurrence of various diseases.
According to literature, only 3% of the world's population does not have mineral
metabolism disorders, which are the root cause or indicator of approximately
95% of all known diseases. In our country, the most common deficiencies are Zn,
Se, Cu, Mn and Cr. Deficiency of essential microelements affects all vital
processes at different stages of ontogenesis - from embryonic development to
old age, accompanies all pathological conditions in which they were determined.
A number of EMEs control metabolic processes, functions of the neuroendocrine,
immune and reproductive systems. The pluripotent effect of Zn is due to the fact
that it is a component of more than 300 metalloenzymes involved in the
metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and is necessary
for the functioning of DNA and RNA polymerases that control protein
biosynthesis.
Zinc is also a part of the key antioxidant enzyme (Zn, Cu)-superoxide
dismutase and enhances the effect of other antioxidants.
As part of bone alkaline phosphatase, it participates in the maturation of
bone tissue, and in addition, in the division and differentiation of various cell
populations, ensuring reparative processes, in the development and functioning
of the neuroendocrine and immune systems, in the regulation of skin
permeability. Its participation in the regulation of adaptive mechanisms in
hypoxemia has been shown, while the capacity/transport capacity of
hemoglobin in relation to O2 increases. Zinc ions participate in the processes of
neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and pathogenesis of psychoneurological
diseases. Zn deficiency in critical periods of brain development (8-12 weeks of
gestation and the third trimester of pregnancy) is accompanied by a decrease in
its volume, the total number of neurons, and a slowdown in the formation of
psychomotor and behavioral reactions in the infancy and early postnatal
periods. Zinc is necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system. It
prevents the development of immunodeficiencies and stimulates antidiv
formation. Its deficiency leads to disturbances in the structure and metabolism
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of lymphocytes, changes in the ratio of T-helper lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-
lymphocytes, and, as a consequence, to the suppression of cellular immunity.
With Zn deficiency, the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the expression of
antigens of the major histocompatibility complex on them are also reduced,
control over the release of histamine by basophils and mast cells is impaired,
which leads to the development of allergic reactions.
Copper affects the activity of a number of hormones of the pituitary gland
and peripheral endocrine glands. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the Cu content
decreases by 30-50% of the average norm. Copper inactivates insulinase,
increasing the overall effect of insulin, and Cu ions activate the glycolysis
process. The effect of Cu on carbohydrate metabolism is manifested by the
acceleration of the oxidation of glucose and the inhibition of glycogen
breakdown in the liver. Cu deficiency is accompanied by hypercholesterolemia,
which can cause the early development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart
disease. When its deficiency is replenished, hyperglycemia decreases in patients,
glucosuria disappears, and the general condition improves. Cu salts are able to
suppress the development of adrenaline hyperglycemia.
Copper has a significant effect on the thyroid gland. In patients with both
hypothyroidism and euthyroidism, the content of five microelements at once
decreases: Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, while in thyrotoxicosis, the content of Cu in the
blood increases. Cu deficiency leads to disturbances in the immune system:
suppression of myelopoiesis in the bone marrow, migration of macrophages and
their functional activity, decreased synthesis of interleukin (IL)-2 by T-
lymphocytes, as well as suppression of the activity of the complement system.
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