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TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR PLANTING OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN
BUKHARA REGION
Aminjonova Charoskhan Akmalovna
Doctoral student of Bukhara State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13903475
Abstract:
the article describes the technologies used to grow high-quality
soybean varieties (Zamin, Zara, Chara, Olmos, Bars, Arisoy, CK Optima Ru2) in
our country, their role and importance in human life.
Key words:
legume, protein, oil, carbonated water, tillering, flowering
period, early varieties, stem, leaf, dry weight.
Soybean is a group of annual herbaceous plants belonging to leguminous
family, leguminous grain and oilseed. Homeland - China. It was first planted in
Uzbekistan in 1975. The stem is rough and grows upright. Its height is from 15
cm to 2 m, it branches, it has 2-8 side branches. The fruit is a pod, yellow, black,
brown, hard. Each pod contains 2-6 grains, contains 24-45% protein, 13-37%
fat, 20-32% carbohydrates, and vitamins.
The growing season is 75-100 days. Soya is a heat-loving and moisture-
loving plant, a light-loving short-day plant. It develops well at 21-23°С. The seed
germinates at 6-10°С. The shade is self-pollinating. The flowering period lasts
15-55 days. During the growing season, it is necessary to water every 10-12
days. Oil belonging to the olein-linole group, soybeans rich in protein are
extracted from the grain. Grain, unripe (dumbul) pods are used for food.
Soybean flour is used in the preparation of sausage products, milk, cottage
cheese, confectionery, and other products. Straw, hay, hay, silage are fed to
livestock.
Dietary foods for diabetes patients are prepared from soy beans. The main
protein of soy - glycine is easily digested, dissolves well in water, turns into curd,
and the protein is rich in irreplaceable amino acids.
Soybeans have four main functions in agriculture. These include meeting
the population's need for vegetable protein, increasing grain production,
increasing soil fertility, and providing livestock with fodder. This plant is one of
the most important crops for increasing soil fertility.
Soybean contains 30-52% protein, 17-27% oil and 20% carbon water. The
widespread distribution of soybeans on the earth is related to the quality of
grain and protein. The amount and ratio of protein, oil and other important
organic and mineral substances in the grain allows it to be used in various
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sectors. Oil, margarine, cheese, milk, flour, confectionery products, and
preserves are produced from soybeans.
Soybean oil makes up 40% of the vegetable oil produced on earth.
It is necessary to provide the population with nutritious food products, to
solve the protein deficit, to increase the production of vegetable oil, to increase
the quality of seeds and soil fertility. To solve these problems, it is necessary to
create and improve new soybean varieties and cultivation technology.
At present, soybeans are planted as a secondary crop on 62 million
hectares of land around the world. The decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of
April 6, 2017 on soybean cultivation and measures to fully meet the population's
need for soybean oil was adopted on the portal for discussion of regulatory legal
documents in Uzbekistan this year. It is planned to gradually increase the areas
where soybeans are planted in 2016, during this period, 92,266 hectares will be
planted as a main crop, and 40,557 hectares will be planted as a secondary crop.
Among the leguminous crops grown in our country, soybean is the most
valuable plant, after wheat, rice and corn. More than four hundred different
products are made from soybean grain and protein. Its grain contains up to 45%
protein and up to 25% vegetable oil, amino acids that are rare in livestock
protein. Soybean protein produces environmentally friendly oil, egg powder
containing lecithin, blood plasma, and high-quality lenses for glasses. In
addition, woolen gauzes are produced. It is difficult to distinguish them from
real woolen fabrics.
In animal husbandry, soy products are considered the most nutritious and
high-quality feed, according to its protein content, 100 kg of soybean grain
contains 134.8 nutritional units. This indicator is not found in any other cereal
or leguminous crop. Its dry stem is also more nutritious than alfalfa hay.
Soybean meal, which remains after oil extraction in factories, contains 14
different amino acids, and these substances are widely used in poultry farming.
Chicken eggs are rich in protein, high quality, and large in size. Soy protein is
also a unique food for silkworms. In Japan, where silkworms are fed five times a
year, diluted soy protein pastes are used. Initial work in this regard is also being
carried out in our country. This plant is very important for increasing soil
fertility. Soybeans absorb pure nitrogen from the air through their roots and
enrich the soil. That is, it improves the composition of the soil and increases the
activity of biological processes. In the fields where this plant is planted, the
microflora of the soil is improved, a biological and ecological system is created in
the soil.
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Regular production of soy products in farms will create an opportunity to meet
current food requirements and, at the same time, to meet the needs of future
generations: new ecological technologies will be introduced, productivity will
increase, human health will increase, and rural areas will be provided with safe,
nutritious food. the social and economic condition of the farm will improve.
As a leguminous plant, soybean absorbs pure nitrogen from the air through its
roots and enriches the soil with nitrogen. During the growth period, the plant
leaves a certain amount of nitrogen both for itself and for the next plant. So, soy
is a crop that improves the soil structure and renews the course of biological
processes. The analysis showed that the soil humus was 0.65-0.72% before
planting soybeans, and it was proved by the data of scientists that the amount of
humus reaches 0.95-1.03% in autumn when soybeans are planted. Soybean is
the most important crop in today's agriculture, it increases the biological fertility
of the soil, after it 55-60 kg per soil. leaves pure nitrogen.
Also, the amount of total nitrogen and mobile phosphorus increases
significantly. Total nitrogen increases from 0.051 to 0.119 by fall. The microflora
of the soil is improved in the soybean fields, and a biological and ecological
system is created in the soil. A favorable environment is created for worms,
rhizobium bacteria and other beneficial organisms to live.
In 2021, soybeans were cultivated on an area of 1,800 hectares as the
main crop in Bukhara province. According to the results of the observations, the
yield of soybeans was 25-30 centners per hectare in the farms that followed the
planting period and norms and agrotechnology of cultivation. But at the same
time, many farms did not achieve sufficient productivity due to the fact that they
planted this crop for the first time and did not follow the established
agrotechnical rules.
Soy (Glicine hispida maxim.) is a heat-loving plant. The minimum
temperature for grain germination is +8 C, and alternative conditions are 18-25
C. This plant can be planted in two periods. It is sown for the first time in spring,
when the soil temperature is 12-14 C, or at the same time as corn, and for the
second time, as a repeat crop, after cereal crops. The growing period of early
varieties is 70-75 days, medium-ripening varieties ripen in 100-110 days, and
late-ripening varieties in 135-140 days. Varieties are selected depending on
when they are planted. Late ripening varieties yield 30-40 centners per hectare.
Soybean varieties imported from the Krasnodar Territory and the USA are
producing high yields in our conditions. Soybeans are grown as a repeat crop.
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Early varieties require 120-150 C, and mid-ripening varieties require 180-
210 C. The plant can reach a temperature of 140-150 C during repeated planting.
It is possible to use the varieties "Olmos", "Zamin", "Oltintoj" for its repeated
planting. 60-70 kg of seeds are used per hectare. Also, the number of bushes per
hectare is 400-450 thousand for early-ripening varieties, 350-400 thousand for
medium-ripening varieties, and 300-350 thousand for late-ripening varieties.
Among leguminous grain crops, soy occupies the first place in the world in
terms of gross yield and cultivated area, and currently the area under soybean
cultivation in the world is 120 million hectares.
When planting soybean as the main crop, it is necessary to know how to
choose its varieties correctly. The growing period of early varieties is 70-75
days, medium-ripening varieties ripen in 100-110 days, and late-ripening
varieties ripen in 135-140 days. Today, Shadow's Blessing (2015), Victoria
(2015), Genetic-1 (2008), Gratsia (2015), Friendship (1984), Nafis (2012),
Dream (2005) y.), such varieties as Altin 175, Zamin, Zara, Chara, Olmos, Bars,
Arisoy, CK Optima Ru2 are being grown a lot.
In our experiment, the field for planting soybeans was irrigated, and when
the soil was ripe, it was plowed to a depth of 22-25 cm, chiseled, harrowed, and
prepared for planting with a trowel.
Soybeans absorb an average of 8.8 kg of nitrogen, 2.8 kg of phosphorus,
and 3.6 kg of potassium to produce 1 centner of grain and corresponding stems
and leaves. Based on this, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied at
the rate of 90 and 60 kg per hectare before plowing, nitrogen fertilizers at the
rate of 170 kg per hectare were given as feeding during the tillering and
flowering phases.
In early soybean varieties, the bud was formed in 3-4 joints from the bottom,
and later with the growth of the plant, the buds were also formed in the upper
part of the stem. Flowering began with the formation of 5-6 leaves in early
ripening varieties. Flowering lasted 15-40 days, depending on the variety.
Flowering accompanied the rapid growth of the plant. This means that it is
necessary to provide the plant with water and nutrients during this period. After
flowering, the shade grew rapidly. The growth rate depended on the growing
conditions and the characteristics of the variety.
During the growing season, the row spacing is worked 2-3 times, when
organic and mineral fertilizers are given, the plant's demand for nutrients
improves.
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Another advantage of the soybean plant is that if it is planted as a repeated
crop, it is possible to get two crops from the same land and enrich the soil with
organic matter. At this time, 400-450 kg of nitrogen and 300-350 kg of vegetable
oil are obtained from each additional hectare of land.
In oil factories of our republic, oil is extracted directly from soybeans.
After extracting the oil, it can be isolated in the confectionery industry, to make
chocolate candies, or directly used in the preparation of various cookies, bread
and bakery products. It is also used in the preparation of sausage products.
Soybean oil can compete with protein and fat in meat. Since it contains a lot of
protein, soy flour added to bread and pastries will be 2-3 times more nutritious.
10-15 days after the beginning of flowering, pods begin to form in the lower
tiers and begin to move upwards in the order of flowering. It is a critical period
of soybean development during flowering and grain filling. During this period,
water is required a lot. During the formation of seeds, they contain up to 40%
water. During grain filling, the amount of water decreases sharply to 10-15%.
Dry weight of seeds reaches maximum values after yellowing and 50% leaf
shedding.
During the period of grain filling, growth of vegetative weight stops and
the lower leaves begin to dry. It takes 40-60 days from flowering to pod
maturity, and 11-20 days for seeds to mature. The vegetation period of soybean
varieties lasted 80-95 days.
In conclusion, soybean cultivation solves a number of important issues, firstly,
we enrich the soil with biological nitrogen, secondly, we provide the population
with high-quality, ecologically clean vegetable oil, prepare various products, and
create new jobs. Measures are being taken to organize the primary sowing of
oilseeds and to use them as repeated crops. Our main goal is to provide the
population with quality food products, to understand their usefulness, to
organize the availability of fruits and vegetables throughout the year.
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4. Ergashovich, K. A., & Akmalovna, A. C. (2022). Soybean Cultivation Technology
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