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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WOMEN'S DOMESTIC SERVICE
MIGRATION.
Rabiyev Bobomurad Bahadirovich
Teacher of Andijan state university " Family and
gender" research institute independent researcher
rabiev2022@adu.uz
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13378705
Changes related to the transition to a market economy in Uzbekistan
primarily affected labor relations. As a result, in the course of economic reforms,
unemployment, which is an integral part of the economic system based on
market relations, occurred. As a result of objective processes in the economy,
thousands and millions of people lost their jobs and lost their source of income.
In the newly independent young Republic, the system of professional education
has not yet adapted to the system of training and retraining of qualified
specialists based on the demands of the emerging market in the country. As a
result, there was an imbalance between labor supply and demand in the labor
market, which led to the formation of labor migration. The advantages of
migration include finding a well-paid job, improving the quality of life, access to
quality education and medical services, and broadening one's outlook on the
spiritual side. However, migration is not without its negative aspects, such as the
breakdown of families and the absence of family heads in the upbringing of
children, the negative attitude of the local population to migrants, the lack of
understanding of their customs, and the lack of stable living conditions are the
disadvantages of migration. There can also be a lot of competition for jobs, and
again, women who migrate will accept lower-paid jobs (albeit with higher
education) to maintain their standard of living.
In addition, migration causes economic and political conflicts, and can
affect the demographic situation in the countries where migrants go. According
to sociologists, the biggest difficulty in migration is the local language and one of
the biggest obstacles to migration.
Beneficial aspects fill vacancies, create competition among the labor force,
increase business efficiency and accelerate economic growth. Migrant workers,
regardless of their qualifications, also play a role in disseminating different
cultures.
Women in domestic service have a high proportion of the elderly in the
population, and in developed countries they are making cocktails. As young
people are economically active in the population and move to large cities, care
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for the elderly in the home service migration network is developing and
benefiting society.
One of the positive aspects of migration is that in applying new ideas and
skills, they bring knowledge and skills that are lacking in the local population,
and are an additional source of tax for the receiving countries. Currently, some
countries are faced with a demographic crisis, the native population is
decreasing, the number of people capable of working is decreasing, and migrants
are helping to fill their place.
According to the results of the survey, many companies prefer to hire
foreign workers, because among the indigenous population, women who work
in domestic service have families, are socially active and have daily tasks, which
affects their work. Migrant women, on the other hand, are considered cheap
laborers who can be away from their families and work full-time. According to
demographer M.V Kurman, migration is a good option for filling the positions of
workers.
Positive and negative aspects of women's domestic service cocktail
migration
Table 1
Migration subject
Positive aspects
The downsides
Migrant women working
in domestic service
increase in income;
- improve the quality of
life
- possibility to buy items
- knowledge and skills
(language learning)
- gain experience
-having a child abroad
using advanced
techniques.
- human rights and
freedoms.
- psychological
pressures;
- women's distance from
their children
-socio-psychological
consequences for
families.
- personal risks
associated with
movement
- human traffickers or
Victimization of
exploiters
the threat of being chi.
Increasing family
differences.
Host countries
- increase in supply in
the labor market.
- the growth of
unemployment;
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-competition among
manufactured products
due to cheap labor
-expansion of different
culture
- formation of scientific
and technical potential
- improvement of the
demographic situation
in the country
- Discriminatory actions
or
racism;
- social instability
- the risk of spreading
dangerous diseases
- culture and traditions
national decline
- the occurrence of
conflicts between
nations.
migrant exporting
countries.
- money transfers
- study effective ways of
using labor
- imported technologies
- investment growth;
- ensuring stability in
the labor market
short scientific staff
sh
a negative impact on
qualified specialists and
production
- emergence of
demographic problems
- loss of social status in
families.
As can be seen in the table, the positive and negative aspects of migrant
women and the country where they came to work were studied, but these
factors may change depending on the country and the social background of the
worker.
In order to regulate the labor migration of women's domestic service,
under the direct leadership of the Ministry of "Employment and Labor
Relations" of Uzbekistan, it is necessary to create a mechanism for hiring,
training qualified workers and specialists in accordance with the orders of labor
importing countries and large companies. In this, talented young people with
professional qualifications and skills are selected on the basis of a competition,
they are taught the language, history, customs, and traditions of the country
where they have to work for a certain period of time, according to the chosen
work, profession, craft. the necessary qualifications and skills are formed so that
the migrant has the training to perform tasks at the level of the requirements of
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the country or enterprise he is visiting. The establishment of labor force export
on a scientific basis will greatly benefit the republic and:
The amount of income from labor force export will increase sharply;
Young people are more interested in becoming a qualified worker
or a qualified specialist, that is, in studying well;
The tendency and experience of young people to learn foreign
languages increases;
Our young people, who have completed skilled work abroad, will
have the opportunity to make a worthy contribution to the development of
the national economy when they return to their country.
A number of data were analysed in the process of studying economic and
social aspects of women's domestic service labor migration. According to the
information of the Samarkand city justice court, in 2021, 1,680 applications for
divorce were received. As evidence for divorce in court, families cited the
following reasons: constant quarrels and disagreements in the family,
differences in character, misunderstanding each other, infidelity, childlessness,
and labor migration. This leads to an incomplete family life
1
.
Reasons for divorce. Table 2
Today, many families in Uzbekistan participate in the migration. Also,
divorces due to migration of women make up 13.2% of the total in the city of
Samarkand alone, family betrayal due to women's migration occurs (8.3%), after
family disagreements (38.7%) divorces due to migration are in the second place.
According to the data collected by the Institute of Macroeconomic and
Territorial Studies, migration remains the main reason for divorce in some
regions of our republic. There is a problem of disintegration and destruction of
1
https://oxussociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Domestic-Violence-Report-Oxus-Society-WC-Final.pdf .
Causes
of divorce in Uzbekistan and domestic violence as a factor family troubles .
Disagreements in the family
38.7%
Differences in character
13.7%
Labor migration
13.2%
Violence
11.3%
Betrayal
8.3%
Childlessness
4.4%
Other reasons
10.3
%
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families due to labor migration. The loss of harmonious and effective
relationships between parents and children causes a decrease in the quality of
social and spiritual life. In the process of women's domestic service labor
migration, various ailments may arise among migrants due to separation from
their families and loved ones, missing their children, mental and physical stress.
This situation harms their health.
Women are home
The labor migration process is not always safe or
fair. Women rely on jobs found through social media or by friends and relatives.
Domestic service recruitment agencies have not yet been fully established in
Uzbekistan. Therefore, they face the following problems:
The legal status, functions, and liability measures of the active recruitment
firms have not yet been fully defined. This causes problems in ensuring the
rights and interests of workers .
One of the urgent problems is the informal and uncontrolled nature of
work in the field of domestic service. This leads to the weakness of
mechanisms for protecting the rights and interests of workers.
There are problems such as the fact that domestic service is one of the
types of hard work, and the rights such as payment of wages, rest and
movement are limited.
false promises regarding employment, falsification of documents, terms
and conditions of employment.
There are various types of violence and harassment at the workplace,
workers are not provided with legal assistance.
wages and salaries. Or pay less than the agreed amount.
Women working abroad are forced to work under any circumstances,
otherwise they face visa problems.
benefits of domestic workers .
Non-availability of treatment, pregnancy and cocktail holidays.
Remittances coming to Uzbekistan due to migration, as targeted sources of
household income, greatly contribute to family well-being and increase in living
standards. They are a source of financing for basic human and real estate needs,
which meet the educational, health and other needs of family members, while
also providing economic growth.
Literature:
1.Исакулов Ш. Н. Проблемы выработки идеологического иммунитета
трудовых мигрантов Республики Узбекистан / Ш. Н. Исакулов //
Общественное мнение и права человека. –2018. –No 1. –С. 59.
2.Варшавер, Рочева, 2015;Рочева 2020.
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3.Key global migration figures, 2019-2022. IOM UN migration 2022, October 13.
4.Freeman G. Immigrant labour and racial conflict in industrial societies: the
french and british experiences. Princeton, 1979.
5. Kaxarova Nilufar, Shaxar megopolisidagi ayollar mehnat migratsiyasining
muammolari va imkoniyatlari http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10800156
