ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
55
PATHOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF CARDIO SYSTEM IN CHILDREN
WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
B.R.Abdumuminov
Assistant of Pathology department of Ferghana medical
institute of public health
Tel: (90) 274 70 02
Mohammed Sajid Arshad
Assistant of Physiology department of Ferghana
medical institute of public health
Tel: (91) 122 37 54
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14292448
Abstract.
Congenital (meaning present at birth) heart disease is a term
used to describe a number of different conditions that affect the heart. These
heart abnormalities are problems that occur as the baby's heart is developing
during pregnancy, before the baby is born. Congenital heart disease (CHD)
affects 1 in 120 babies born in the United States, making heart defects the most
common birth defects.
Specific steps must take place in order for the heart to form correctly.
Often, congenital heart disease is a result of one of these crucial steps not
happening at the right time.
Key words.
Patent ductus arteriosus, Atrial septal defect, Ventricular
septal defect, Atrioventricular canal, Tricuspid atresia, Pulmonary atresia,
Transposition of the great arteries, Tetralogy of Fallot, Double outlet right
ventricle, Truncus arteriosus.
Types of congenital heart disease.
The different types of congenital
heart disease into several categories in order to better understand the problems
your baby may experience. They include:
Problems that cause too much blood to pass through the lungs.
These defects allow oxygen-rich blood that should be traveling to the div
to re-circulate through the lungs, causing increased pressure and stress in the
lungs. They include:
(PDA): This defect short circuits the normal
pulmonary vascular system and allows blood to mix between the pulmonary
artery and the aorta. Prior to birth, there is an open passageway between the
two blood vessels. This opening closes soon after birth. When it does not close,
some blood returns to the lungs. Patent ductus arteriosus is often seen in
premature infants.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
56
(ASD): In this condition, there is an abnormal
opening between the two upper chambers of the heart — the right and left atria
— causing an abnormal blood flow through the heart.
(VSD): In this condition, a hole in the
ventricular septum (a dividing wall between the two lower chambers of the
heart — the right and left ventricles) occurs. Because of this opening, blood from
the left ventricle flows back into the right ventricle, due to higher pressure in the
left ventricle. This causes an extra volume of blood to be pumped into the lungs
by the right ventricle, often creating congestion in the lungs.
(AVC or AV canal): AVC is a complex heart
problem that involves several abnormalities of structures inside the heart,
including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and improperly formed
mitral and/or tricuspid valves.
Problems that cause too little blood to pass through the lungs.
These conditions allow blood that has not been to the lungs to pick up
oxygen to travel to the div. The div does not receive enough oxygen with
these heart problems. Babies with these forms of CHD may be cyanotic, which
means they look blue. These conditions include:
: In this condition, there is no tricuspid valve, which
means no blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
: This is a complicated CHD in which there is
abnormal development of the pulmonary valve.
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA): With this condition, the
positions of the pulmonary artery and the aorta are reversed.
(TOF): This condition is characterized by four
defects, including an abnormal opening, or ventricular septal defect; a narrowing
(stenosis) at or just beneath the pulmonary valve that partially blocks the flow
of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs; a right ventricle that is
more muscular than normal and often enlarged; and an aorta that lies directly
over the ventricular septal defect.
(DORV): In this condition, both the aorta
and the pulmonary artery are connected to the right ventricle.
: In this condition, the aorta and pulmonary artery
start as a single blood vessel, which eventually divides and becomes two
separate arteries. Truncus arteriosus occurs when the single great vessel fails to
separate completely, leaving a connection between the aorta and pulmonary
artery.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
57
Problems that cause too little blood to travel to the div.
These defects are a result of underdeveloped chambers of the heart or
blockages in blood vessels that prevent the proper amount of blood from
traveling to the div to meet its needs. They include:
(CoA): In this condition, the aorta is narrowed
or constricted, obstructing blood flow to the lower part of the div and
increasing blood pressure above the constriction.
(AS): In this condition, the aortic valve between the left
ventricle and the aorta did not form properly and is narrowed, making it difficult
for the heart to pump blood to the div.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
(HLHS): A combination of several
abnormalities of the heart and the great blood vessels.
In some cases, there will be a combination of several heart defects, making for a
more complex problem that can fall into several of these categories.
Causes of congenital heart disease.
Most forms of congenital heart disease have no known cause. Mothers will
often wonder if something they did during the pregnancy caused the heart
problem. In most cases, nothing can be attributed to the heart defect.
Some heart problems do occur more often in families, so there may be a genetic
link to some heart conditions. Other CHDs are likely to occur if the mother had a
disease while pregnant and was taking medications, such as anti-seizure
medicines. However, most of the time there is no identifiable reason as to why
the heart condition occurred.
Testing and diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
Many serious congenital heart diseases are detected during pregnancy,
during a routine ultrasound exam. Others may be diagnosed shortly after birth.
Less serious heart conditions may go undiagnosed until children are older and
begin to show certain signs or symptoms of congenital heart disease.
During pregnancy, if your physician believes your baby may have CHD, you will
likely be referred to a pediatric cardiologist for further testing. The type of
diagnostic tests performed will depend on the form of CHD your child may have.
Examples of the tests used include
, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cardiac catheterization. If
you are referred to The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, you will be seen
through the Cardiac Center's
Treatments for congenital heart disease.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
58
Congenital heart problems range from simple to complex. Some heart
problems can be watched by your child's cardiologist and managed with
medicines, while others will require heart surgery or
sometimes as soon as in the first few hours after birth.
A child may even "grow out" of some of the simpler heart problems, such
as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or atrial septal defect (ASD). These conditions
may simply resolve on their own as the child grows. Other children will have
more complex forms of congenital heart disease, or a combination of different
types, and require several operations or catheter interventions and ongoing care
throughout their lives.
Outlook and follow-up care for congenital heart disease.
Babies with congenital heart disease are followed by specialists called
pediatric cardiologists. These physicians diagnose heart conditions and help
manage the health of children before and after surgical repair of the heart
problem. Specialists who correct heart problems in the operating room are
known as pediatric cardiovascular or cardiothoracic surgeons.
It is imperative that individuals born with congenital heart disease who have
reached adulthood transition to the appropriate type of cardiac care. The type of
care required is based on the type of CHD a person has. People with simple types
of CHD can generally be cared for by a community adult cardiologist.
References:
1.
Infundibular sparing versus transinfundibular approach to the repair of
tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Mary K. Olive MD, Charles D. Fraser MD, Shelby Kutty MD, Emmett D.
McKenzie MD, James M. Hammel MD, Rajesh Krishnamurthy MD, Nicolas A. Dodd
BM, Shiraz A. Maskatia MD
3.
The incidence of arrhythmias during exercise stress tests among children
with Kawasaki disease: A single‐center case series
4.
Varun Aggarwal MD, Kristen Sexson-Tejtal MD, Wilson Lam MD, Santiago
O. Valdes MD, Caridad M. de la Uz MD, Jeffrey J. Kim MD, Christina Y. Miyake MD,
5.
Echocardiography vs cardiac magnetic resonance imaging assessment of
the systemic right ventricle for patients with d‐transposition of the great
arteries status post atrial switch
6.
Margaret M. Samyn MD, Ke Yan PhD, Conor Masterson MD, Benjamin H.
Goot MD, David Saudek MD, Julie Lavoie MS, RD, Aaron Kinney DBA, Mary
Krolikowski MSN, RN, Kan Hor MD, Scott Cohen MD
