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MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF NANOPARTICLES
ON LUNG TISSUE
Z.S.Azimova
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after
Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14507101
Annotation.
Analyzing the impact of nanomaterials on cells is critical to
assessing their potential risks. One key aspect is studying the ability of
aluminum oxide nanoparticles to accumulate in cellular structures such as
organelles and cytoplasm, and their effects on cellular morphology and viability,
including induction of cytotoxicity and changes in metabolomic and proteomic
profiles.
Keywords:
nanoparticle, titanium dioxide,TiO₂, Al₂O₃, alveolus, cytoplasm
Aim of the study.
To study morphological and functional changes in lung
tissue in normal and pathological conditions.
Introduction.
Studies of the specific and delayed toxic effects of aluminum
oxide nanoparticles indicate their possible carcinogenic and immunotoxic
effects. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, people
working in aluminum production have an increased risk of developing lung and
bladder cancer. The nanoparticles were also found to suppress the immune
response in human lung lymphoblast cells and human alveolar basal cell
adenocarcinoma cells, as shown by in vitro studies.
Studies aimed at studying the permeability of the intestinal mucosa for
TiO
2
nano- and microparticles remain rather limited. Some studies have used in
vitro models of intestinal epithelium using monolayers of cells morphologically
and functionally similar to enterocytes, as in the case of Caco-2 cells. In a study
by Z.M. Song et al., it was shown that TiO
2
nanoparticles at concentrations of 10–
100 μg/ml (equivalent to 1–10 mg/kg human div weight) penetrate the
epithelial cell layer using both transcytosis and paracellular pathways, thereby
disrupting the structure of γ-catenin.
Materials and methods
. The animals were divided into control and
experimental groups. In the control group, consisting of 10 individuals, the
morphology and morphometry of the lungs were studied before any damage
was inflicted. For this purpose, a humane method of euthanasia was used -
decapitation under anesthesia using ether at a dosage of 3-4 ml/kg. During the
study, one lung tissue sample was extracted from each individual for
micromorphological and immunohistochemical analysis.
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The first experimental group (n=50) included 50 rats, which were
administered intragastrically every day at the same time for 90 days a
dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO
2
, which is part of the dye E171,
at doses of 1 and 100 mg/kg of div weight. The second experimental group
(n=50) also included 50 individuals, which were administered a solution of the
dispersion of aluminum oxide nanoparticles Al
2
O
3
, contained in the dye E173, in
similar dosages. The third experimental group (n=50) of 50 rats received a
combination of both dispersions in the same dosages. On the 90th day of the
experiment, 35 animals from each group were decapitated under anesthesia to
assess the effect of the administered substances on the lung tissue. These
animals were designated as group 1A, group 2A, group 3A. The remaining 15
rats from each group underwent phytocorrection using spirulina for 30 days,
after which they were killed by the same method for subsequent analysis of lung
tissue. These animals were designated as group 1B, group 2B, group 3B. During
the experiment, the rats' weight was monitored using electronic scales with an
accuracy of ±0.5 g, which allowed tracking the dynamics of div weight gain.
The total duration of the experiment was 90 days.
Results of the study
. At the beginning of the experiment, the average weight of
the rats was 180.6±3.7 grams. During the 90-day experiment, the div weight of
the rats increased to 241.7±6.2 grams, indicating normal development of the
animals under control conditions. At the same time, there was an increase in
lung weight: from 1.4±0.03 g to 2.4±0.05 g. If we consider the proportion of lung
mass to div mass, then at the beginning of the experiment it was from 0.66% to
0.78%, and by the end it increased to 0.66%–0.95%. The increase in div mass
is accompanied by a corresponding increase in lung mass, which is necessary to
maintain an adequate level of gas exchange in the div. In this case, lung tissue
developed proportionally to the growth of div weight, which indicates the
absence of pathological changes and the normal functional state of the
respiratory system.
The fact that the increase in lung weight was proportional to the increase
in div weight confirms the absence of toxic effects and the maintenance of
normal physiological conditions in the control group rats. The data obtained
indicate normal adaptation of the div, where the lungs retain their ability to
provide adequate gas exchange under conditions of increased metabolism.
The results of the study showed that titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide
nanoparticles cause significant inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the lung
tissue of experimental animals. The combined effect of these nanoparticles leads
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to a more pronounced inflammatory response, which indicates the high toxicity
of these substances for lung tissue. Morphometric parameters of the lung tissue
of the rat from the control group: Average alveolar diameter - 148.3±3.4 μm,
average interalveolar septum thickness - 1.9±0.2 μm, alveolar duct diameter -
36.8±1.9 μm. Morphometric parameters of arterioles and venules under the
combined effect of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃: arteriole diameter - 33.0±2.7 μm, arteriole
wall thickness - 4.8±0.5 μm, venule diameter - 39.4±3.1 μm
Conclusion.
As part of the study, morphological and histological assessments
were carried out, the results of which confirm both the presence of
inflammatory processes and regenerative changes caused by the correction.
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