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DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL NUTRITIONALLY BALANCED
FOOD PRODUCTS FROM RECYCLED RAW MATERIALS OF ANIMAL
ORIGIN
Fatkhullaev Abdunabi
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor
Tashkent State Agrarian University
Mutalov Otabek Khakimjonovich
Doctoral student
Tashkent State Agrarian University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825245
Abstract.
In recent years, the research carried out has been aimed at
developing technologies that ensure the conditions for a more complete use of
food blood and its fractions in the development of products of new assortment
groups according to the technical standards of organizations. Therefore, the
goal of research is to create products with a high content of easily digestible
iron based on little-used raw materials, which are currently the blood and liver
of farm animals.
Keywords:
secondary raw materials, blood, protein, plasma, albumin,
hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes
The need for products for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes enriched
with iron, the presence of significant blood resources of slaughter animals, the
lack of a modern technological solution for the development of products for
therapeutic and prophylactic purposes with its use determine the development
of new scien- tific approaches to create a waste-free intensive technology for
processing this raw material for these purposes.
Blood is the internal environment and the main communication system of
the div. It is a viscous opaque liquid, salty taste, continuously circulating in a
closed system of blood vessels and performing vital functions, maintaining the
integrity and functionality of living systems.
Morphologically, blood is one of the varieties of the div's connective
tissue, it consists of a liquid intercellular substance - plasma and cells-shaped
elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, which are rudimentary in nature
and perform specific functions in the life of organisms.
The ratio of plasma and blood cells fluctuates depending on the species of
animals (table 1.)
At the same time, the biosynthesis of formed elements is localized in
identical organs, and they perform the same functions, most of which are known.
Erythro- cytes are red blood cells, almost completely filled with hemoglobin, on
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average their content in 1 mm3 of animal blood is 6.5-9 million, in birds - 2.5-4
million additionally contain highly digestible carbohydrates.
Table 1.
Mass fraction of blood fractions (%) depending on the type of animals
Livestock
type
Plasma
Shaped
elements
Cattle
67,4
32,6
Pigs
56,5
43,5
Small cattle
72,0
28,0
Horses
60,2
39,8
The morphological composition of the blood of animals and birds is
influenced by a number of vital factors: genetic characteristics, maintenance and
feeding, productivity, speed of movement of animals, growth rate (table 2).
A detailed analysis of the fractional composition of the blood cells of cattle
and pigs indicates the variability of particle sizes in a wide range, with a
predominance of particles with a diameter of 7.9-11.56 μm (20.4%) in cattle, and
with a diameter of 5.968.72 in pigs. (15.52%).
Erythrocytes are specialized cells with a diameter of 7-9 microns, non-
nuclear in mammals and in the form of a biconcave disc. In poultry, erythrocytes
have nuclei, and differ in shape, representing a biconvex disc. Erythrocytes are
formed from precursors - reticulocytes, which subsequently lose cellular
organelles and synthesize a large amount of hemoglobin. Thus, erythrocytes are
rudimentary cells, in the aqueous cytosol of which hemoglobin is dissolved in
very high con- centrations (34%), due to which their main function is performed
- the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide, i.e. respiratory function. Every day,
hemoglobin of erythrocytes transfers from the lungs to the tissues about 0.6 m3
of oxygen. Eryth- rocytes are characterized by softness, flexibility and elasticity,
due to which they
are able to pass through narrow capillaries, while strongly
stretching in length, when entering a wide channel they turn into discs.
Erythrocytes are adapted to perform their main function - the transfer of
respi- ratory gases. Red blood cells are formed inside the vessels in the sinuses of
the red bone marrow. Ripe erythrocytes circulate in the blood of animals for 100-
120 days, the erythrocyte of chickens lives for 28 days, after which they are
phagocytized by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, spleen and
bone marrow. In adult and old animals, birds, they live longer than in young and
newborns. It takes longer for large animals than for small ones. On average, 0.8-
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1.0% of eryth- rocytes are renewed per day, however, the rate of erythropoiesis
(the formation of red blood cells) can sharply increase with blood loss, lack of
oxygen, pathological shortening of the life span of erythrocytes. Fluctuations in the
content of red blood cells in the blood also depend on feeding and productivity. The
presence of animal feed in the diet contributes to an increase in the number of red
blood cells.
Table 2.
The content of formed elements in the blood of farm animals and birds
Animals, birds
Quantity in 1 mm3
erythrocytes, mln.
leukocytes, thousand.
platelets, thous.
Cattle
,0-,0
5,0-
7,5
6,0-
8,0
6,0-
10,0
4,5-
12,0
7,0-
9,0
260,0-
710,0
260,0-
700,0
200,0-
600,0
Horses
,0-
0,0
6,0-
9,0
8,0-
10,0
7,0-
11,5
7,0-
12,0
8,0-
11,0
250,0-
600,0
180,0-
300,0
Small cattle
,0-
8,8
7, 0-
12, 0
6,0-
11,0
6,3-
14,7
6,0-
14,0
9,0-
16,0
270,0-
1000,0
270,0
—
500,0
Pigs
,3-,7
6,0-
7,5
6,0-
8,0
10,2-
21,2
8,0-
16,0
6,0-
10,0
180,0-
300,0
180,0-
300,8
Rabbits
,9-,1
4,5-
7,5
6,0-
7,0
4,6-
10,6
6,5-
9,5
-
125,0-
480,0
125,0-
250,01
Hen
,0-,0
2,5-
4,5
-
9,0-
51,0
20,0-
40,0
-
22,0-
41,0
32,0-
100,0
-
goose
,8-,0
-
-
16,0-
60,0
-
-
60,0-
70,0
-
-
Duck
2
,0-,7
-
-
20,0-
30,0
-
-
70,0-
120,0
-
-
Turkey
,7-,2
-
-
12,0-
83,5
-
-
19,0-
100,0
-
-
The generalized average data on the values of the size of the formed
elements in the blood of farm animals are presented in Table 3.
Table 3
The size of the particles of the formed elements of the blood of farm
animals
Cattle
Pigs
partic
le radius,
10-6 m
quantity
from
total
mass,%
particle
radius, 10-6
m
quantity
from
total
mass,%
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0,88
0,96
0,67
24,82
0,88-2,02
8,16
0,67-1,53
6,20
2,02-2,93
9,18
1,53-2,22
6,98
2,93-3,95
12,24
2,22-2,08
9,31
3,95-5,78
20,40
2,98-4,36
15,52
5,78-7,20
13,26
4,36-5,44
10,02
7,20-8,85
11,32
5,44-6,67
8,53
8,85-10,80
9,18
6,67-8,20
6,98
10,80-13,50
7,14
8,20-10,20
5,43
13,50-17,60
5,10
10,20-13,20
3,88
17,60-24,40
3,06
13,20-20,0
2,33
Thinning of blood after taking a large volume of water by a bird somewhat
reduces the number of erythrocytes, and, conversely, when the blood thickens
due to a lack of drinking water, their number increases. The reason for the
persistent decrease in blood erythrocytes and hemoglobin (in case of anemia)
may be a lack of iron and copper in feed.
The membrane of erythrocytes consists of proteins, lipo- and
glycoproteins, its thickness is about 10 nm. The membrane is a million times
more permeable to anions than to cations. The transfer of substances through
the membrane is carried out both by diffusion and by binding by carrier
molecules embedded in the mem- brane. The ATP required for these processes
is formed as a result of glycolysis. The content of proteins in erythrocytes is
higher, and low-molecular substances (glucose, salts, etc.) are lower than in
plasma. In general, the osmotic pressure in erythrocytes is slightly higher than
in plasma, which ensures their turgor. In a hy- potonic solution, erythrocytes
absorb water, swell, acquire a spherical shape and burst; hemoglobin comes out
on Wednesday. This is a process of osmotic hemolysis, which has found great
application in preparative and technological practice. Hemolysis can also occur
when exposed to chemicals that dissolve fats (ether, chloroform, saponins, snake
venom) and disrupt the structure or integrity of the membrane. In a hypertonic
solution, plasmolysis of erythrocytes is observed, while they lose water and
shrink.
Platelets are platelets that are formed from the cytoplasm of the bone
marrow megakaryotes. Each platelet is about three microns in size. All basic
biochemical processes take place in platelets: protein is synthesized,
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carbohydrates and lipids are exchanged, biological oxidation is carried out,
coupled with phosphorylation, etc. Platelets are involved in the process of blood
coagulation, performing a protective function.
Leukocytes or white blood cells are colorless full-fledged cells with a
nucleus and protoplasm of a specific structure with a high content of nucleic
acids, their average size is about fifteen microns. All blood glycogen is
concentrated in them, which serves as a source of energy when there is a lack of
oxygen. In terms of the composition of leukocytes, the blood of birds is subject to
significant individual fluctuations, but the average data can, to a certain extent,
characterize the order as a whole. The predominant cells in the blood of birds are
non-granular leukocytes, that is, the blood of birds has a pronounced
lymphocytic profile. Lymphocytes are formed in the lymphatic tissue, and their
main function is to participate in protective and repair processes. They are able
to produce various antibodies, in particular, immunoglobulins, destroy and
remove toxins of protein origin, and phagocytose microorganisms. The number
of leukocytes in the blood is in the thousands, they differ from each other both
morphologically and in the biological role performed in the div. Leukocytes are
represented by three types of cells: lymphocytes (26%), monocytes (7%) and
polymorphonuclear leukocytes or gran- ulocytes (67%).
Protein product as food blood of slaughter animals, in which, on average,
0.040% iron in the heme form in the hemoglobin protein. Since hemoglobin is
the main protein of the corpuscular elements, we subject the stabilized food
blood to separation for separation into plasma and corpuscular elements. The
latter in the dry residue contain 0.15% iron, which is concentrated in the
prostatic group of this complex protein - heme.
Conclusion
For the introduction into production, the development of new types of anti-
anemic food products based on the blood of slaughtered animals, it is necessary
to convincingly and skillfully demonstrate its harmlessness, high digestibility
and effectiveness of use in daily diets for the prevention and treatment of
anemic diseases.
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