Том 4 № 5 (2025)

This article presents an overview of the main medications and natural remedies used in hepatobiliary system pathology. Classification of hepatoprotectors by mechanisms of their action is reflected, and indications for the use of the main groups of these drugs. Special attention paid to a large group of plant hepatoprotective agents, the mechanism of their action in accordance with their chemical composition. In accordance with their chemical composition. Tables of medicinal plants, dietary supplements, on hepatoprotective and choleretic action, because of clinical and experimental studies.

Ushbu maqolada matematik modellashtirish va optimallashtirish jarayonlari, ularning bosqichlari va amaliy qo‘llanilishi haqida so‘z yuritiladi. Matematik modellashtirish muammoni aniqlash, model yaratish, tahlil qilish va takomillashtirish jarayonlarini o‘z ichiga oladi. Optimallashtirish esa maqsad funksiyasini aniqlash, cheklovlarni belgilash va yechimni baholashdan iborat. Ushbu jarayonlar iqtisodiyot, logistika va sanoat kabi sohalarda keng qo‘llanilib, murakkab tizimlarni tushunishga va samarali yechimlar ishlab chiqishga yordam beradi. Maqola matematik modellashtirish va optimallashtirishning zamonaviy ilm-fandagi ahamiyatini ta'kidlaydi.

The aim of this research is to highlight that although the term "artificial intelligence" is widely used today, many users are unaware of its inventors and the time of its creation. However, it is very important for every user to know who the creator of any product is and what the purpose of its creation is. This article presents the discoveries in the history of artificial intelligence creation, the obstacles that emerged in the development of artificial intelligence, and the research findings on how these obstacles were overcome.

This article describes the procedure for organizing cooperation with competent authorities of foreign countries in investigating the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities during the implementation of judicial and legal reforms, its specific aspects, and procedural significance. The article examines the scope of application of this cooperative framework through the views put forward by scholars on organizing collaboration with competent authorities of foreign countries in investigating the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities. Based on the perspectives and ideas proposed by scholars, the issue of "organizing cooperation with competent authorities of foreign countries in investigating the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities" was analyzed through scientific, theoretical, practical, and legislative norms.

Internet-marketing - bu mahsulotni Internetda targ'ib qilish, iste'molchilarning xabardorligi va ommabopligini oshirish uchun foydalaniladigan vositalar va chora-tadbirlar majmuidir. Internet-marketing aholiga mahsulot taklif qiluvchi tijorat korxonalar uchun ajralmas vositasi sanaladi. Hozirgi kunda bu turdagi marketing zamonaviy marketingning asosiga aylandi, bu yo`nalish, mahsulot yoki xizmatga ega bo'lgan har bir korxonaga qisqa muddatda auditoriyani qamrab olish imkonini beradi.

Lignin - ko'pchilik o'simliklarning tayanch to'qimalarida asosiy strukturaviy materiallarni tashkil etuvchi murakkab organik polimerlar sinfidir.  Ligninlar hujayra devorlarining shakllanishida , ayniqsa yog'och va po'stlog'ida ayniqsa muhimdir , chunki ular qattiqlikni beradi va osonlikcha chirimaydi. Kimyoviy jihatdan ligninlar fenolik funksionallarni o'zaro bog'lash orqali hosil bo'lgan polimerlardir. Ko'p sonli lignin preparatlari va namunaviy birikmalarning spektrlarini o'rganish ligninning aromatik tabiatini isbotlash va 300-400 nm mintaqada so'rilish bilan karbonil guruhlari yoki tuzilishidagi mavjudligi o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni aniqlashga imkon berdi Mikroto'lqinli nurlanish bilan rag'batlantirilgan karbonat angidrid reformatsiyasi (CR) paytida ligninning strukturaviy o'zgarishlarini o'rganish uchun tebranish spektroskopiyasi ishlatilgan.

The number and type of microorganisms in the soil are not always the same, they depend on the chemical composition of the soil, humidity, temperature, pH and other conditions. Soils with low moisture and nutrient content contain up to 105 bacteria per 1 g, and in cultivated soils - 108-109 bacteria. Most bacteria are found in the soil at a depth of 5-15 cm. Microbiological monitoring includes the study of the main groups of agronomically important soil microorganisms involved in the cycle of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and other microelements in the soil layer (0-30 cm) - ammonia esters, oligonitrophils, phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria, actinomycetes. and micromycetes.

The Lost Generation refers to a group of American writers and artists who came of age during World War I, experiencing profound disillusionment and a search for meaning in the aftermath of the war. This article examines the key characteristics, themes, and influential figures of this literary movement, highlighting its lasting impact on American literature and culture.

The term "Lost Generation" emerged in the aftermath of World War I, denoting a cohort of writers and artists disenchanted by the war's devastation and the moral vacuity of modern society. This literature review examines the key themes, characteristics, and prominent figures associated with the Lost Generation, highlighting its profound impact on American literature and culture.

Бугунги кунда хомиладорлик даврида қандли диабет аёллар ўртасида кенг тарқалмоқда ва муаммоли вазиятлардан бири бўлиб келмоқда. Хомиладорлик давридаги қандли диабетнинг хали тўла қонли ўрганилмаганлиги айниқса хомиладорлик даврида қандли диабетни ўз вақтида аниқланмаганлиги сабабли она ва хомила катта хавф остида қолмоқда. Бугунги кунда репродуктив ёшдаги хотин-қизларга хомиладорлик давридаги қандли диабет ва унга олиб келувчи омиллар хақида кенг миқийосда тушунчалар беришимиз лозим.

One of the most common formsчеof chronic progressive nephropathy leading to the developmentof chronic renal insufficiency, along with atherosclerotic lesions and diabetic microangiopathy, ischronicpyelonephritis, the background for the development ofwhich is often a urinarytractobstruction with a concretion

The article discusses the development of natural and scientific literacy of students through the integration of biology lessons in general education schools, the factors of knowledge acquisition and self-control in students based on a competency-based approach, the formation of students' worldview, creativity in the formation of science-related compensations, and independent knowledge acquisition on their own.

В статье рассматриваются методы отбора, транспортировки и лабораторного исследования фекальных образцов животных при подозрении на паразитарные заболевания. Описаны современные диагностические подходы, включая гельминтоовоскопию, гельминтоларвоскопию, флотационные методы, микроскопию и серологические исследования, такие как ИФА.

Тажрибада чақирилган ярали колит билан касалланган оқ зотсиз каламушларда мояклардаги  морфологик ва морфометрик ўзгаришларни ўрганиш (адабиётлар шарҳи асосида).

The global environmental impact of AI is still largely unknown. This study uses a balanced panel data set to examine the complex role of AI in increasing global green productivity between 2010 and 2024[1]. Studies show that AI indirectly contributes to green productivity by increasing the use of renewable energy, attracting skilled workers, and reducing stock market activity. Additional analyses confirm that financial development generally enhances the positive impact of AI on green productivity. These results provide valuable insights into the interrelationship between AI and the green economy.

Р.Ш.Шайморданов с соавторами (2014) ввели термин «клинически значимые скопления серозной жидкости в ране (КЗС)». К ним отнесли любые анэхогенные участки в слоях послеоперационной раны, которые по данным УЗИ, превышали в одном из трех размеров (длина, ширина и высота) 20 мм. Отвечая на вопрос, что называть «клинически незначимыми серомами», она считали, что это скопления жидкости, не вызывающие субъективных ощущений у пациентов. Подобрать объективный критерий для определения «клинически значимой и незначимой серомы» очень сложно, поскольку ни ее объем, ни размеры не могут иметь принципиального значения.

1-tip qandli diabet bolalik davrida eng ko‘p uchraydigan surunkali kasalliklardan biri bo‘lib, nafaqat uglevod almashinuvining buzilishiga, balki o‘sayotgan organizmning boshqa tizimlariga, shu jumladan jinsiy rivojlanishga ham jiddiy ta‘sir ko‘rsatishi mumkin. Ushbu muammoning dolzarbligi quyidagi omillar bilan belgilanadi:

В условиях стремительной урбанизации и цифровизации городов возникает необходимость в эффективных и прозрачных системах управления городской инфраструктурой. Технология блокчейн предлагает децентрализованный подход к хранению и обмену данными, что может существенно повысить эффективность управления городскими ресурсами. Данный обзор посвящен анализу потенциала применения блокчейна в управлении городской инфраструктурой, а также рассмотрению связанных с этим перспектив и вызовов.

mazkur maqolada maktabgacha ta’limda o‘quv-tarbiya jarayonini kompetensiyaviy yondashuv asosida shakllantirishning ahamiyati va usullari, kompetensiyaviy yondashuv asosida bolalar shaxsiy sifatlarini rivojlantirish, mustaqil fikrlash va ijodiy faoliyatga jalb etish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishi haqida ma’lumot keltirilgan.

mazkur maqolada maktabgacha ta’limda o‘quv-tarbiya jarayonini zamonaviy yondashuvlar asosida rivojlanish sohalarda olib borilgan tajriba-sinovlar va mashg’ulotlar mobaynida o’tkazilgan metodlarning bolalar shaxsiy sifatlarini rivojlanishiga, mustaqil fikrlashga ta’siri va ijodiy faoliyatga jalb etish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishi haqida ma’lumot keltirilgan.

Maqola kutubxonachilik sohasining rivojlanish bosqichlarini — kecha (an’anaviy kutubxona tizimi), bugun (raqamlashtirish va texnologiyalar integratsiyasi) va ertaga (sun’iy intellekt va virtual realitet asosidagi innovatsiyalar) davrlarida ko‘rib chiqadi. Unda kutubxonalarning ijtimoiy, madaniy va ilmiy rolidagi o‘zgarishlar, zamonaviy qiyinchiliklar va kelajakdagi imkoniyatlar tahlil qilinadi. Mualliflar an’anaviy metodlar bilan zamonaviy texnologiyalarni uyg‘unlashtirish orqali kutubxonalarning qiyofasini yangilash zarurligini ta’kidlaydilar.

Ushbu maqolada boshlang`ich sinf o`quvchilariga ingliz tilini qiziqarli, turli xil o'yinlar jumaladan: harakatli, rolli o'yinlar bilan o`qitish metodlari. Boshlang`ich sinf o`quvchilarining qiziqishlari inobatga olingan holda dars o`tish usullari bilan tanishishingiz mumkin.

Jamoat xavfsizligini ta’minlashda videokuzatuv tizimlari zamonaviy texnologik yondashuvlar orqali jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashish, huquq-tartibot organlari ishini optimallashtirish va favqulodda holatlarga tezkor javob berish imkonini beradi. Bugungi kunda videokuzatuv tizimlari nafaqat passiv monitoring vazifasini bajaradi, balki sun’iy intellekt va avtomatlashtirilgan tahlil mexanizmlaridan foydalangan holda xavfsizlik tahdidlarini oldindan aniqlash, yuzni tanib olish, harakatni kuzatish va real vaqtda xavflarni bashorat qilish imkoniyatiga ega.

homiladorlik qandli diabeti yoki gestatsion qandli diabet to‘liq shakilda o ‘rganilmagan bo ‘lsada bugungi kunda reproduktiv yoshdagi ayollar   uchun ushbu shakildagi qandli diabet to ‘g’risida tushunchalar berish lozim. Unga  ko ‘ra gestatsion qandli diabetni keltirib chiqaruvchi sabablar, undan keyingi ona va bola organizmda yuzaga chiqaruvchi klinik shakillar to‘g’risida o‘z vaqtida  ogohlantirishlar  berish kerak. Reproduktiv yoshdagi ayollarning 0.2-0.5% da qandli diabet kasalligi uchraydi. Bu ko ‘rsatkichdan 12%da gestatsion qandli diabet kuzatiladi.  Ushbu sahifada ayollarga gestatsion qandli  diabetni  yuzaga keltiruvchi sabablar to ‘g’risida fikirlar yuritiladi.

This article examines the theme of isolation from society as a precursor to suicide in world literature. By exploring the works of various authors across different cultures and time periods, the study highlights how societal detachment, alienation, and existential despair contribute to the tragic decision to end one’s life. Through a comparative analysis of key texts, this article aims to reveal the universal nature of this theme and its implications for understanding human psychology and societal dynamics.

This article explores the contributions of Victor Hugo, a prominent French novelist, and Julia Kristeva, a Bulgarian-French psychoanalyst, to the themes of despair and suicide in literature. Hugo's works, particularly Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, illustrate the profound impact of societal injustices on individual suffering, while Kristeva's psychoanalytic approach emphasizes the relationship between language, identity, and psychological distress. Together, their insights provide a comprehensive understanding of how literature reflects and shapes the discourse surrounding despair and suicide.

Ernest Hemingway's novella "The Old Man and the Sea" explores profound themes of existence and absurdity through the struggles of Santiago, an aging fisherman. This article examines how Santiago's relentless battle with the marlin serves as a metaphor for the human condition, emphasizing resilience in the face of life's inherent absurdities. By delving into Santiago's isolation, the futility of his efforts, and his embodiment of the tragic hero, the narrative highlights the complexities of finding meaning in an indifferent world. Ultimately, Hemingway’s work invites readers to confront their own struggles and find purpose in the act of striving.

This article examines contemporary hermeneutics in linguistics through a critical lens that emphasizes reader-response, reception theory, and power dynamics. Drawing on the works of Paul Ricoeur, Wolfgang Iser, Hans-Robert Jauss, Michel Foucault, Stanley Fish, and Pierre Bourdieu, the discussion explores how interpretive practices are not only processes of meaning reconstruction but also arenas of social contestation. The article argues that modern hermeneutics must address both the aesthetic and ideological dimensions of language to remain relevant in an era of digital communication and global cultural exchanges.

The article reflects on propaganda, its history, its role in social and political processes, its manifestations and the main methods of propaganda used in world practice today. There are also several techniques cited by the author for use in digital propaganda.

This article focuses on the development of spirituality through the means of folk pedagogy and the spiritual and educational changes taking place among our people  in the level of professional and pedagogical training of teachers.  Ideas, traditions of national ethics, scientific study of folk pedagogy reflecting national values, careful analysis and implementation of new technologies are considered.

This article examines the linguistic and cultural features of the concept of space in English and Karakalpak languages. The grammatical and lexical means of expressing spatial relations, as well as the influence of culture on the perception of space, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the metaphorical use of spatial terms and the differences in the worldview of speakers of these languages.

This article provides an exploration of the meanings and stylistic features of auxiliary words in both Uzbek and English. Auxiliary words play a crucial role within the grammatical framework of these languages; their functions include complementing main words, imparting additional meanings, linking independent words within a sentence, and offering grammatical or syntactic descriptions. The analysis presented herein delves into the similarities and differences of auxiliary words across both languages, with a focus on auxiliary, preposition, conjunction, and particles.

В статье рассмотрены этапы становления и развития организационно-правовых основ совместного водопользования в Центральной Азии. Автором предпринята попытка проанализировать этапы развития международно-правовых актов по трансграничному водопользованию в Центральной Азии. Отдельное внимание уделяется вопросам правового регулирования строительства канала Куштепа и участия Афганистана в трансграничном водопользовании в регионе.

В данной работе рассматривается отношение ислама к трансгуманизму, а также этические проблемы, связанные с биотехнологиями, экстракорпоральным оплодотворением и клонированием человека. Исследование основано на коранических положениях, трудах исламских богословов и решениях исламских организаций, касающихся биоэтики. Особое внимание уделяется противоречиям между научным прогрессом и исламскими морально-этическими нормами.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are one of the most common anomalies among newborns, requiring specialized diagnostics and treatment. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the organization of medical care for children with CHD, which is associated with the introduction of innovative approaches, including new technologies for diagnostics, surgery and rehabilitation.

In recent years, the research carried out has been aimed at developing technologies that ensure the conditions for a more complete use of food blood and its fractions in the development of products of new assortment groups according to the technical standards of organizations. Therefore, the goal of research is to create products with a high content of easily digestible iron based on little-used raw materials, which are currently the blood and liver of farm animals.

Lyrical poetry, as an artistic form, primarily expresses human emotions, inner experiences, and a subjective relationship with the world through the power of words. Within its vast scope of genres and styles, descriptive lyrics hold a distinctive place. Description, an integral component of any literary work, plays a crucial role in crafting vivid artistic images and evoking specific emotional responses. In lyrical works, description isn't merely a tool for depicting reality; it can form the very core of poetic thought, reflecting the poet's unique perception of the world. This paper aims to thoroughly examine the scientific and theoretical underpinnings of the term "descriptive lyrics," explore its essence, the processes of its formation, its main types, and delve into its initial manifestations within the earliest sources of Uzbek literature.

Lyrical poetry, as an artistic form, primarily expresses human emotions, inner experiences, and a subjective relationship with the world through the power of words. Within its vast scope of genres and styles, descriptive lyrics hold a distinctive place. Description, an integral component of any literary work, plays a crucial role in crafting vivid artistic images and evoking specific emotional responses. In lyrical works, description isn't merely a tool for depicting reality; it can form the very core of poetic thought, reflecting the poet's unique perception of the world. This paper aims to thoroughly examine the scientific and theoretical underpinnings of the term "descriptive lyrics," explore its essence, the processes of its formation, its main types, and delve into its initial manifestations within the earliest sources of Uzbek literature.