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DAILY LIFE OF CRAFTSMEN IN TIMURIDS
Abdunosirova Ozodaxon Botirjon kizi
Fergana State University
basic doctoral student
at the Department of History of Uzbekistan
abdunosirovaozodaxon@gmail.com +90-151-62-37
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14263417
Abstract.
This article analyzes the craftsmen brought to the center during the reign of
Amir Temur and the Timurids, the conditions created for them by the
government, based on historical sources and scientific literature. The class of
craftsmen and their impact on the socio-economic life of the country are
discussed.
Key words:
Amir Temur, Timurids, craftsmen, Muhammad Naqqosh,
“Boghi Shamol”, Boysungur Mirzo, Boghi Dilkusho, exhibition, folk festivals,
weddings, musician, carpenter.
Introduction.
In the context of increasing globalization around the world,
there is an increasing interest in studying the history of regions, preserving
cultural heritage and strengthening it on the basis of national customs and
traditions. In this regard, the issue of studying historical sources and
manuscripts related to the economic, social, cultural and political management
of each region at a certain historical stage, while maintaining its relevance, is one
of the urgent tasks facing the science of history, including scientific research, and
the development of practical proposals and recommendations for their effective
use in today's conditions.
Literature analysis and method.
The fact that Amir Temur paid special
attention to issues of faith, education, and morality is covered in detail in
historical works. In this regard, the works that allow us to study the personality
of the great commander are "Nizamuddin Shami's "Zafarnama", "Sharafiddin Ali
Yazdi's "Zafarnama", "Samarkandga Amir Temur's Diary" by Rui Gonzalez de
Clavijo (1403-1406), "Baburnama" by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, "Ajoyib al-
Maqdur fi Tarikhi Taimur (The Miracles of Fate in the History of Temur)" 1-2
books by Ibn Arabshah (1436-1437), "Matlai Sadayn va Majmai Bahrayn" by
Abdurazzaq Samarqandi, and other works are of incomparable importance
[1].
During the years of independence, on the occasion of the anniversaries of Amir
Temur and Ulugbek, A. Orinbayev, A. Ahmedov, B. Ahmedov, T. Fayziyev, O.
Buriyev and others translated written sources on the history of Amir Temur into
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Uzbek and published a number of scientific studies and popular works. These
scientific studies expressed a number of opinions on the issue
[2].
Discussion and results.
After the capture of Tabriz by Amir Temur, he sent
craftsmen to Samarkand. During this period, craftsmen played a particularly
important role in the construction of gardens. For example, in 1397, Amir Temur
began the construction of the "Wind Garden" in the northern part of Samarkand.
Its marble stones were brought from Tabriz. The craftsmen were Persian
masters from Iraq. It was built for a month and a half. In 1397, Amir Temur
ordered the construction of the Dilkusho Garden. Each side of it was 750 square
meters. There was a dovecote inside the garden. In addition, he gave the garden
to Tokal Khan, the daughter of Khizr Khoja Khan, and built a palace for her
[3]
.
Skilled craftsmen were captured during the Indian campaign, and Amir
Temur sent them to Samarkand. He saw the mosque in Firuzabad and decided to
build such a mosque. In 1399, the construction of a mosque in Samarkand began
on the instructions of Amir Temur. Stonemasons were brought from Azerbaijan,
Persia, and India. 200 craftsmen were engaged in construction work, and 500
were engaged in cutting stones. 95 elephants were used to bring the stones.
They made pillars from 480 stones, each of which was seven years old
[4]
.
Most of the craftsmen from Damascus were also brought to Samarkand. The
buildings in the city of Damascus were built of wood and stucco, and they
burned down in a fire. They were mainly examples of painting. Amir Temur sent
Shah Malikbek to protect the mosque from fire. However, it burned down. Only
one minaret, known as the Arus Tower, or Bayza Tower, has survived. Of course,
Amir Temur has nothing to do with it.
Baysungur Mirza, along with managing the affairs of the court, patronized
all the nobles, craftsmen, and artists, assigned salaries, and gave gifts. However,
the prince also fell ill due to his addiction to alcohol and died on December 20,
1433. The prince was buried in the Gavharshod Aga Madrasah. Saifuddin
Naqqosh, who created under the pseudonym Vahidi, wrote a eulogy for his
death:
No matter how many times this wheel has turned according to the era.
He could not find a single pattern on the porch of the era.
Whoever has eaten a morsel from the table of this era,
He must be a cupbearer of the wine of death.
Amir Temur associated the fate of his state with his grandchildren rather
than his sons. Therefore, this is probably the reason why he attached great
importance to their upbringing and education. Thanks to the order established
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by his grandfather Timur, Baysungur Mirzo received a good education
[5]
. In
particular, he constantly engaged in military exercises, wrote poems in Persian
and Turkic, could predict the advantages of horses, participated in literary
debates, participated in hunting, led the army in military campaigns, headed the
Supreme Divan, understood music well, was an admirer of masters and
calligraphers in the art of calligraphy and calligraphy. He constantly participated
in weddings organized by representatives of the dynasty with the participation
of craftsmen. A chortaq was built in the Zogan garden, the garden was decorated
with Roman atlases and Chinese ornaments. The wonderful works of world
engineers gathered in Herat were exhibited. 32 types of products produced in
the workshop of Khoja Ali Orazigar Isfahani were also presented. Craftsmen
such as a cotton cleaner, blacksmith, and carpenter participated. A grand
wedding was organized on the occasion of the wedding of Sultan Ma'su Mirzo's
sister. An exhibition was organized for the public. The prince's sister was
engaged to Haydar Muhammad Mirzo, and their wedding took place in the "Bogi
Zogon"
[6]
. Exhibitions were organized by craftsmen in the garden on the
occasion of the wedding.
Khoja Mirak Naqqash is considered one of the great engravers. He was a
master in the science of illustration and book decoration. No building or printed
book in Herat passed through his hands. It happened between 1498-99.
Muhammad Naqqash made efforts to produce Chinese porcelain here. The color
and clarity of the dishes he made were unmatched. In addition, he invented a
watch box in Navoi's library. Later, offended by Navoi, he entered the service of
Badiuzzaman Mirzo
[7]
.
Conclusions.
The reign of during Amir Temur and the Timurids, great
attention was paid to craftsmen. They were assigned sufficient salaries and
improved living conditions. Skilled craftsmen were brought from different
regions, and they founded their own schools here.
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