Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology

The aim of this research is to study child population morbidity in Azerbaijan by results of obligatory medical examinations for 2014-2019yy. In recent years, Azerbaijan has made progress in improving the quality of medical services. In order to improve the health status of the child population and provide it with high-quality medical care, the Law “On compulsory clinical examination of children” was approved in 2013. In pursuance of this law, the material and technical base of children's outpatient clinics providing medical services to children has been strengthened, their provision of medicines and medical equipment has been improved, preventive medical examinations are carried out, the quality of clinical observations and new forms of medical and rehabilitation measures are worked out. Despite this, it is necessary to understand the feasibility of an integrated, systematic approach to the implementation of tasks to preserve, strengthen and improve the health status of the child population based on the study of child health indicators, the most important of which is morbidity.

Proper pronunciation, rich vocabulary, listening, gathering appropriate words and intonation - all of this is unique to a high spiritual
culture, smart and intelligent, knowledgeable and intelligent people. Isn’t that what every mother dreams of seeing her child? At the same time, to ensure that the child is satisfied with their success, special attention should be paid to the development of preschool children, in particular, to the development of speech

Speech and language development in preschool children is profoundly shaped by parental interaction. This study highlights the importance of verbal communication, reading habits, and parental education level in fostering language acquisition between ages 3–6. Interactive shared book reading, storytelling, and verbal engagement improve vocabulary, grammar, and communication skills. Moreover, socioeconomic status and educational background influence the quality of parental support, further affecting speech development outcomes.

The article presents a comparative analysis of the results of otoplasty. The proposed modifications made it possible to reduce the incidence of complications from 35.9% to 8.8% and the need for additional stages of reconstruction from 28.2% to 5.3%, to reduce the number of stages of surgery from 2.9±0.18 to 2.1±0.03 and, accordingly, the total rehabilitation period from 6.0±0.4 to 3.8±0.1 months, while the proportion of long-term excellent and good results increased from 62.5% to 83.3%.

A complex audiological examination ol 100 patients sutienng Irom hypertensive vascular disease was earned out. the author employed threshold tonal audiometry, the phenomenon of loadness increase by the differential threshold of sound intensity, speech audiometry according to aerial and bone conduction, determined the thresholds of undifferentiated speech, 50% and 100% of speech audibility, different degrees of increase of tonal hearing thresholds in 89% of patients and a disturbance of speech audibility in 78% of patients were revealed, the character of tonal and speech curves were characteristic for affection of sound perception, the degree of deterioration of hearing to tones and speech depended upon the stage of hypertensive vascular disease, speech audibility according to bone conduction in the majority of patients with the or second and third stages of hypertensive vascular disease was more inferior than according to aerial conduction.

Eshitish funktsiyasini tikiash, ayniqsa tovushni qabul qilish apparati shikastlanganda, otiatriyaning eng muhim muammolaridan biri bo'lib qolmoqda. Sensorli eshitish pastligini davolashga juda ko'p ishlar bag'ishlangan. Tadqiqotimizning maqsadi sensonevral eshitish qobiliyatini yo'qotgan 80 bemorda kompleks terapiya natijalarini tahlil qilishdir. 45 ta erkak, 35 tasi ayol edi. Bemorlar 4 yil davomida kuzatilgan. Ikki tomonlama eshitish qobiliyatini yo'qotish 60 yoshda, bir tomonlama 20 yoshda tashxis qo'yilgan.

As a result of the research, it was shown that complex treatment with the preparation of cytoflavin leads to an improvement in cerebral circulation and coronary blood flow, activates metabolic processes in the central nervous system, contributes to a more pronounced regression of neurological symptoms in the main group 2 to 3 times compared to the control group.

The paper presents data on the definition of methods for the study of ear noise in various pathologies. Their occurrence is explained by the dysfunction of peripheral and Central parts of the sound analyzer under the influence of unfavorable factors. The sequence of the appearance of noise and hearing loss depended on the nature of the disease. Most patients were concerned about noise II and III degrees of tolerance, which violated the quality of their lives and reduced their ability to work. An increase in the percentage of registration with the UAE is reliably proved tinnitus

Applying antihistamine in complex therapy exudative otitis media with an allergic rhinitis antilecotreins and topic intranasalglucocorticosteroids has show them to b reliable clinic effect which degenerated in the de-velopment of hearing decreasing symptoms and improving life style. Under our supervision there were 67 chil-dren with exudative otitis media by age from 3 to 18 year , 39 from them wereboys, and 28 were girl. Using in complex therapy with exudative otitis media with an allergic rhinitis intranasal glucocorticosteroid showing highly clinic effect, which shows reliable mucociliar transport function mucous membrane

Objective: comparative analysis of objective hearing function examination methods in children and identification of the factors affecting examination results. We studied hearing in 473 children of 3 months - 5 years of age with sensorineural hearing loss and surdity. The control group was comprised of 30 children with normal hearing. Along with the standard clinical examination of ENT-organs, we performed tympa-nometry and reflexometry, examination of delayed evoked otoacoustic emission and reflection-source fre-quency otoacoustic emission, registered short-latency auditory evoked responses and auditory steady state responses (ASSR) inallchildren

This study explores the influence of emotional intelligence and anxiety on the speech development and social adaptation of preschool children. Emotional intelligence enhances children's communication skills and emotional regulation, fostering improved speech and social integration. In contrast, anxiety can negatively impact emotional regulation, leading to social withdrawal and delayed speech development. Interventions such as social-emotional learning and cognitive-behavioral strategies are highlighted as effective tools for promoting emotional competence and reducing anxiety.

Chronic suppurative otitis media is characterized by clinical symptoms of decreased or loss of hearing acuity, otorrhea, congestion, noise and pain in the ears, and headaches. Health-related quality of life is an important parameter today. In order to determine the success of a surgical intervention, it is necessary both to improve the objectively measured parameters and it is important to supplement them with an improvement in the patient's quality of life.

The aim of the study was a comparative assessment of the results of electrophysiological and electroacoustic methods for studying hearing in patients with Meniere's disease during an attack and between attacks. A total of 47 patients with a reliable or confirmed diagnosis of Meniere's disease were under observation, which constituted the main group. The results of the study showed that TEOAE was not recorded in the period between attacks in 89,4%, PIOAE - in 76%, while this indicator during an attack of BM was 100% and 89,4%.

Topical application of drugs on the basis of Otofa and deksometazona form an adequate concentration in the inflammation. In our study to achieve the objective, we used non-invasive method of delivering drugs in inflammatory foci in the middle ear. Using this method gave the highest effect in which the patients showed improvement of clinical symptoms, restore hearing and positive bacteriology

Summary of the first years of child in many aspect sare critical for language development, cognitive and social emotional skills, which leads to the paramount importance of early diagnosed hearing loss with problem which hearing. Factors such as, the age at which the of fense occured in the auditory the function, period de-tection of the degree hearing loss and time lines on meropryty to re-story auditory function.

The study of mucosal immunity included assessment of SIgA, IL-6, IFN-y and IL-10 levels in nasal wash-es. Decrease of SIgA content and increase of the number of IFN-γ -positive samples was revealed in children from the 2nd clinical group, which allows to regard these characteristics of the mucosal immunity as the risk factors for the development of otitis media with effusion

The results of the forensic medical examination (92) of the victims are presented in order to study the na-
ture and criteria for assessing the severity of mechanical damage to the hearing organs arising from the effects
of blunt instruments. It has been revealed that injuries to the organs of hearing are more often found in the
form of injuries of the outer and middle ear in males. Among the causes of traumatic injuries, household and
street injuries prevailed. The criteria for assessing the severity of damage to the outer ear are the duration of
the health disorder, and the middle ear - the amount of persistent total disability, taking into account the pres-
ence of concomitant injuries. The substantiation of the severity of damage is possible during complex studies:
clinical, audiological, radiological, CT and MSCT studies

Currently, the most effective method of treating chronic purulent middle otitis is tympanoplasty surgery. In our clinic, the introduction of laser radiation into the vein is used to improve the effectiveness of tympanoplasty. With the help of the method of irradiation of blood in the vein to the reparative processes of blood in the postoperative area, the increase in microcirculation of the mucous membrane under the influence of laser irradiation of blood was studied.

The course of Meniere’s disease is observed in every second patient and even more often. Despite the high frequency of monosymptomatic development of the disease, many authors regarded this as an atypical course of Meniere’s disease and even distinguished its cochlear and vestibular forms. In our opinion, no convincing arguments in favor of this point of view are given. 52 people were examined who underwent otorhinolaryngological examination, detailed audiometric and vestibulometric examination. In each of the examined groups of patients, a decrease in excitability on the side of the lesion was the most typical reaction of the vestibular system to the hydrops of the labyrinth.

Topicality and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. According to the World Health Organization, Hearing disorders are diagnosed in 1 out of 1000 babies, that is 2 times more than the frequency of pathology of lips (mouth) nonunion, 2 times more than frequency of Down syndrome and 10 times more than frequency of phenylketonuria. In the structure of pediatric hearing loss sensorineural lesions of auditory analyzer make up 91.4%. According to the literature data in 82% of cases hearing loss in children occurs in the first year of life, that is, in prelingually period or in the period of its formation. Of these, only 38.5% of disorders occur in the perinatal period, and often only gross hearing disorders are detected.
In our country from the first days of independence in the process of health system reform, much attention is paid to strengthening health and prevention of socially significant diseases. As a result of implemented policy measures, the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics, from 2014 is adjusted surgical treatment of hearing loss - cochlear implants.1
The problem of sensorineural hearing loss to date in the world remains relevant to medical and social terms, and in pediatric practice, it is of particular importance. As known the development of the second signal system depends on the state of hearing of the child, as through the auditory analyzer, the child receives a huge flow of new information from the outside world. A gross hearing disorder in the form of hearing loss in children affect their general and psychological development, speech development and coordination in space. The late detection of hearing disorders in young children often causes the development of deaf-dumbness and, as a consequence the disability. The percentage of identification of children of first year of life with hearing disorders is only 10%. It should also be noted that to date, however, there are no data concerning mild and medium hearing losses. This is primarily due to the late application to professional otorhinolaryngologists, as well as the lack of alertness of pediatricians and GP doctors. The studies have shown that in one third of cases mild and medium hearing losses are identified at the age of 3-7 years. The timeliness of diagnosis determines both the effectiveness of the treatment and the rehabilitation of patients with hearing loss.
This dissertation research to a certain extent is the decision of the tasks provided for in the Resolution of the President of Uzbekistan № PP-2133 on February 19, 2014 "On State program" Year of a healthy child "in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers №-1652 dated November 28, 2011" On Measures to further deepen the reform of the health system ", as well as in other legal instruments adopted in this area.
The aim of the research is to identify the clinical and audiological features of sensorineural hearing loss of various origins in children and improve the tactics and methods of rehabilitation.
Scientific novelty of the research was concluded in the following:
it was determined that hearing impairment in preterm infants due to immaturity of the peripheral auditory system at birth, as well as the simultaneous influence of a large number of pathological factors
it was revealed that the distinctive features of auditory function in children with auditory neuropathy is the decrease in hearing thresholds from 4 to 2 degrees and the marked improvement of behavioral reactions to sounds in the age of 10-18 months.
the dependence was established for clinical manifestations of hearing impairment in children with posthypoxic disorder of CNS on the severity degree of hypoxia
it was found that the violation of the component composition of short-latency auditory evoked potentials do not depend on the etiological factors of cerebral palsy
determined by differential diagnostic criteria for sensorineural hearing loss with auditory neuropathy, cerebral palsy and posthypoxic CNS.
Conclusions
On the basis of research on doctoral dissertation on "Development of differential-diagnostic criteria and methods of rehabilitation of children with sensorineural hearing loss" presented the following conclusions:
1. In hearing screening of newborns in preterm infants there was revealed significantly (p<0.01) narrower frequency spectrum and the reduce of amplitude of the delayed otoacoustic emission compared to full-term infants.
2. Risk criteria of the development of early hearing impairment according to pre - and perinatal characteristics in newborns are maternal anemia in 2nd and 3,d trimesters (58.2 per cent and 59.2 per cent), preeclampsia in the 2nd and 3'd term (32,7%), acceptance of ototoxic antibiotics during pregnancy (8.7%).
3. The degree of severity of peripheral sensorineural disorders in children with posthypoxic CNS is proportional to the degree of hemodynamic disorders in the system of the vertebral arteries, the direct correlation is determined between hearing loss and the degree of hypoxia.
4. The incidence of prematurity, low weight at birth, hyperbilirubinemia was significantly higher (p<0.01) in children with auditory neuropathy compared to children with sensorineural hearing loss.
5. For children with auditory neuropathy the stability of data of registering the short-latency auditory evoked potentials (ABR) is typical. It is well established that 91% of children with auditory neuropathy ABR were not registered during the primary and repeated examinations, and in 9% of children - they were registered to stimuli at the level of more than 95 dB.
6. For sensorineural hearing loss caused by cerebral palsy the typical characteristics are the disruption and damage of the configuration of the component composition of I, III,V waves of the short-latent auditory event-related potential.
7. A clinical-audiological examination of children with ICP allowed to reveal the pathology of the auditory analyzer in 66% of cases, while sensorineural hearing loss was defined in 19% of cases, cortical hearing loss - in 2% of cases.
8. Differential-diagnostic criteria of various origins SHL in the damage on the level of receptors are the damage of OAE and ABR indicators with preservation of the indicators of tympanometry. In the damage of pathways ABR damage is observed at safety registration of tympanometry and OAE. Cortical disorders are characterized by the registration of all the above methods.
9. Considering the differential diagnostic criteria for early diagnosis of hearing disabilities and methods of rehabilitation of children with sensorineural hearing loss of various origins algorithm of examination of infants and children with ICP and auditory neuropathy was developed, with the use of correcting and developing programs.

The aim of the study was to study the cytokine profile in children with acute respirator}' diseases complicated by acute inflammation of the middle ear. Under supervision there were 25 children up to 3 years with acute respiratory diseases complicated by acute otitis media. Thus, the improvement of the clinical status of children, along with the suppression of the level of the proinflammatory cytokine IFNy, was accompanied by the disappearance of signs of inflammation of the middle ear, the improvement of the general condition of the child. However, it should be noted that the change in the level of IL-4 and the violation of the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory diseases revealed by us about the presence of a previous immunodeficiency state, which apparently, was manifested by the presence of complications against the background of acute respiratory diseases.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) take 86.9% of all congenital face malformations. Often the conductive hearing
loss develops due to the otitis media with effusion in children with this pathology. There are not enough data
about the state of the middle ear and hearing function in children with CLP in different periods of childhood.
The aim of the study was to evaluate these indicators in children operated on for CLP in the first year of life in
different periods of childhood. As a result of a comprehensive survey of 28 children it was found that the prob-lem with the middle ear was preserved in that group of patients, despite the early stages of surgical treatment
of the congenital malformation and the courses of the conservative therapy aimed at restoring the function of
the auditory tube. It was made a conclusion about the necessity for the dynamic observation by a physician oto-
laryngologist of such patients in different periods of childhood, even in the absence of complaints from the
middle ear and good results in the study of the state of the tympanic cavity and hearing at the time of another
scheduled inspection

This work is to study the effectiveness of topical glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of adenoid vegetations in preschool children. The study included 50 children (mean age 4.25 ± 0.24 years) with adenoid vegetations. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 25 children (mean age 4.0 ± 0.22 years) who received irrigation therapy with fluticasone furoate, 1 injection of 55 μg into each half of the nose once a day for at least 1 month. Group 2 - 25 children (average age 4.5 ± 0.5 years), who were prescribed irrigation therapy with saline solution, 3-5 ml in each half of the nose 3 times a day for at least 1 month. Intranasal use in patients with adenoid vegetations of fluticasone furoate for a month led to a decrease in the size of the hypertrophied pharyngeal tonsil and an improvement in nasal breathing, thereby improving the quality of life of a sick child.

To study clinical and neurological features in patients with sensorineural hearing loss.

Bolalarda ko'p uchraydigan o'rta quloqning o'tkir yiringli yallig'lanish kasalliklaridan biri qaytalanuvchi yiringli o'rta otitdir. Bolalarda qaytalanuvchi yiringli o'rta otit dunyoning issiq, ham sovuq iqlimli mamlakatlarida juda keng tarqalgan va uzoq davrlardan buyon tadqiqotchilaming doimiy e'tiborida bo'lganligi bois adabiyotlarda juda ko'p ma'lumotlar keltirilgan