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Abstract:
Phase verbs are quite well studied in many languages of the world, although
so far opinions of leading linguists differ regarding their status, belonging to the aspectual
semantic zone and semantics itself. In English given verbs, consideration of phase verbs
faces the problem of their categorical membership.
Key words:
phase, aspectuality, ingressive, progressive, aggressive, inchoative.
Phase meanings occupy a special position in the functional-semantic field of
aspectuality, which is noted by many linguists. As a rule, three phases are distin-
guished: the beginning, the continuation and the termination of the action [1. P. 84].
Describing the features of phase meanings, it seems necessary to us to quote the
position presented in the “Theory of Functional Grammar”: “any of the three phase
meanings has the ability to join the meanings of predicate verb words arecombined
with these meanings which, due to their semantic features” [2. P. 65].
Y.S. Maslov considered phase determination like “separation of one of the
phases in the course of an action” [3. P. 303] within the framework of qualitative
aspectuality [4. P. 76]. As Y.S. Maslov represented widely in a variety of languages
“that only highlighting the initial phase of an action or state gives a more
independent aspectual meaning – ingressive (inceptive)” [5. P. 82].
First of all, it should be noted that phase verbs are associated with aspectual
semantic space, although there are discrepancies regarding their status in this
system. A.V. Bondarko mentioned that phase verbs are included in the functional-
semantic field of phaseness and in turn, it is one of the constituentcomponents of
aspectuality as an integral system consisting of a set of PHSP [6. P. 208].
Phaseness is closely related to the concept of aspect the central category in the
area of aspectuality and its meanings.
Giving a definition to the phase aspect, K. Butler, referring to Dick, characterizes
it as aspect between differences expressing a certain phase of action such as,
its beginning, continuation or end: characterizing the initial phase of action
(ingressive), progressive (continuation of action) and final phase of the action,
aggressive (finitive mode of action) [7. P. 570].
LATIPOV AZIZ
AKBARALIYEVICH
English language teacher of
Samarkand State Institute of
Foreign Languages
PHASE IN
GENERAL
LINGUISTICS
https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp126-128
STARS International University
127
W. Raible refers that the phase values to the area of modes of action,
a category that describes the nature of the course of action [8. PP. 195–196].
The author subdivides modes of action phase into transformational and
non-transformational ones [9. P. 196]. Transformational modes of action in-
clude modes of actions of the initial and final phases of action, and their names
are differently interpreted by many authors. So, the initiatory modes of action
is referred to as actually initiatory, inchoative aggressive, etc., finitive modes of
action is also called effective, aggressive, terminative, etc. [10. P. 196; P. 208].
It should be noted that the phase modes of action expresses only a certain part
of potential action of content and this part can be considered an action in itself, to
which new phase modes of actions can be addressed [11. P. 57].
In particular we can find the confirmation of this position of Johansen in
“Theory of functional grammar, when itcomes to such variety of incipient verbs
as inceptive: u uxlamoqchi edi
[12 P. 192].
Boshlamoq –
already indicates the initial
phase of the action, i. e. expression of phase modes of action, while
o‘xlamoq
is
an inchoative verb. There are other options, for example,
uxlashni davom ettirmoq
(poyezd tovushiga qaramay)
, where verbs arecombined that convey two phases
– the beginning and continuation of the same action (event).
In analytic constructions that convey the meaning of the beginning of an action:
Benny began to in flate the tires
and
It began to hail,
Michaelis refers to the verb
begin
to semi-auxiliaries (
yarim yordamchi fe’l),
because it has the properties of
both the main verb and the auxiliary , but still is not the main carrier of the lexical
meaning. The author calls this kind of construction verbal
(verb phrases-fe’lli
frazalar)
[13. P. 85].
Michaelis notes that constructions expressing the beginning of an action
have a large number of lexical synonyms, these can be both separate verbs and
phraseological turns:
start to look / fell better – improve (qarashni boshlang /
yaxshiroq xis etmoq
[14. P. 93]. It can also be periphrastic constructions:
start
to fall asleep-
uxlamoqchi edi
, begin to
run –
break into a
running (yugurishni
boshlamoq), etc.
The author rightly notes that the initiatory modes of action formed from agents
(can be referred to as ingressive) is tied to the previous situation, then these verbs
can convey the beginning of the action. Here againcome into play the cause-and-
effect relationships.
Thus, L. Michaelis considers phase modes of actions, in particular, introductory
modes of action, as an independent category, different from the category of type
(aspect) and other modes of actions.
V.A. Plungian connects phase values with the values of linear aspectuality. They
point to one of three possible temporal phases of the situation – the beginning
(in Plungian
inchoative
), continuation (
continuative
) and end (
terminative
) [15. P.
303].
V.A. Plungian considers “verbal indicators of the phase”, let’s call them the
phase meanings of the verb, “affixal equivalents of the predicates
begin, continue
and
end
[16. P. 303].
Thus, phase values belong to a special semantic group and according to
V.A. Plungian, they are located on periphery of aspectual semantic zone. Since
the phase property characterizes not the “internal structure of the situation”, but
Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion
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the fact of the existence / nonexistence of the situation in relation to an earlier
moment in time [17. PP. 306–307]. This opinion of the author is confirmed if we
start from the definition of aspect as a category that characterizes the course
and distribution of action in time. Phase verbs in this case only fix the fact of the
beginning, continuation orcompletion of the action, but not its course, which, first
of all, is important when itcomes to English language. The opinions of L. Mikaelis
and V.A. Plungian coincide in that the phase values should be separated from the
aspect and modes of action values. We support this position.
Thus, phase verbs belonging to the domain of qualitative aspectuality having
a special status in English, where quantitative aspectuality is of paramount
importance. Phase values are not included in the area of aspect values in English
language and at the same time they cannot be attributed to modes of action
classes, although such a position is present in the studies of many authors. Phase
values have a certain degree of independence from the actual aspectual values,
indicating one of the phases of implementation of action and not the internal time
of the situation and the distribution of the action in time, as in the case of the
aspect and the nature of the course of the action, as in the case of modes of
action. Therefore, when describing phase verbs in English, it is appropriate to single
out such a category as the phase aspect, which is also included in the aspectual
semantic space of English language.
References
1. Bondarko A.B. Principles of Functional Grammar and Issues of Aspectology.
– М.: LKI, 2007. – P. 208.
2. Bondarko A.B. Theory of functional grammar. – L.: Nauka, 1987. – P. 347.
3. Butler Christopher S. Structure and Function. A Guide to Three Major
Structural-Functional Theories. Part I. Amsterdam, 2003. – P. 570.
4. Maslov Y.S. (1948/2004). Type and lexical meaning of the verb in the modern
Russian literary language // USSR 1948. – Т. 7. – № 4. – PP. 303–316.
5. Maslov
Y.S. Selected works. Aspectology. General linguistics.
М.: Language of Slavenian people, 2004, – PP. 71–89.
6. Michaelis Laura A. Aspectual Grammar and Past Time Reference. New York,
1998. – P. 296.
7. Plungian V.A. «Why are languages so different. Popular Linguistics, Moscow
2017г.
8. Raible Wolfgang. Types of tense and aspect systems // Toward a Typology
of European Languages ed. by Behert J. Berlin, 1990. – PP. 195–215.
9. Tiunova S.P. Ways of expressing phase values in English and Russian.
Kemerovo: Kemerovo state university 1986. – P. 84.
10. Tiunova S.P. Means of expressing phases in modern English. Tomsk, 1990.
