Periodontal Disease - Symptoms and Treatment

European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies

93

https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijmrms

TYPE

Original Research

PAGE NO.

116-119

DOI

10.55640/eijmrms-05-02-21

OPEN ACCESS

SUBMITED

17 December 2024

ACCEPTED

19 January 2025

PUBLISHED

24 February 2025

VOLUME

Vol.05 Issue02 2025

COPYRIGHT

© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.

Periodontal disease -
symptoms and treatment

Nishonov Zokhidjon Khayrulla ugli

Clinic Resident of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry Samarkand
State Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Islamova Nilufar Bustanovna

PhD, Assistant Department of Orthopedic Dentistry Samarkand State
Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Abstract:

Periodontal disease is a systemic lesion of the

parotid tissue (periodontal) of a primary dystrophic
nature.

Keywords:

Periodontal disease, tooth's supporting

apparatus, the gum, the cement and the ligament of the
tooth.

Introduction:

Periodontal is a set of tissues of the tooth's supporting
apparatus: the gum, the bone of the dental alveoli, the
cement and the ligament of the tooth.

Causes of periodontal disease

The causes of periodontal disease have not been
precisely established, but it is believed that an
important role in this process is played by a violation of
the nutrition of the bone tissue of the jaw with a
decrease in mineral metabolism and tissue renewal.

A certain place in the formation of periodontal disease
is occupied by pathogenic microorganisms present in
plaque. As a result of their vital activity, the gum tissue
becomes loose, the gingival joint collapses, plaque
penetrates deeper and, after hardening, damages the
gum and tooth enamel.

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and Management Studies

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European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies

The fundamental factors leading to the development
of periodontal disease are:

• hereditary predisposition;

• Systemic diseases;

• endocrine diseases, including diabetes mellitus, etc.;

• chronic diseases of internal organs, digestive tract;

• atherosclerotic diseases of the c

ardiovascular system

(atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, vegetative
vascular dystonia);

• bone lesions (osteopenia);

• hypovitaminosis;

• malformations of the maxillary system (malocclusion,

abnormal tooth placement);

• Exposure to chronic stress;

• f

unctional periodontal insufficiency.

Classification of the disease

According to gum recession (decrease in the amount of
gum tissue, its loss),:

• Local recession,

• Generalized recession,

• Unspecified recession.

According to the severity of the current:

• light form,

• medium form,

• severe form.

Symptoms of periodontal disease

At the beginning of the disease, periodontal disease
patients do not experience any unpleasant sensations,
so they do not consult a doctor. Then there are
complaints of temporary itching, burning of the gums,
increased sensitivity of the necks of the teeth.

As a result of the progression of the disease, there are
multiple exposures of the necks and roots of the teeth,
disproportionately large gaps between the teeth, and
fan-shaped teeth.

In the later stages, tooth mobility may occur.
Periodontal disease is often combined with non-
carious lesions (wedge-shaped defects, enamel
erosion).

Let's consider the symptoms of periodontal disease at
different stages of its course.

During the mild stage of the disease, the root of the
tooth is exposed and the height of the interdental
septum decreases to 1/3 of its size.

Patients complain of transient itching, burning, "aches"
in different parts of the jaw (more often in the area of
42, 41, 31, 32, 33 teeth), a feeling of instability of the

teeth without visible mobility.

During the examination, the doctor observes pale or
normal gum color, smoothing of the gingival papillae, a
roller-like thickening of the gums in the area of
individual teeth, a tight fit of the gums to the tooth
surface, tooth stability, generalized gum recession up to
3 mm.

X-ray examination shows atrophy of the alveolar bone
up to 1/3 of the length of the tooth root.

The middle stage of periodontal disease is characterized
by exposure of the tooth root and a decrease in the
height of the interdental septum to 1/2 of its size.

Patients complain of an increase in the visible crown of
teeth

and

interdental

spaces,

hyperesthesia

(hypersensitivity) of teeth when exposed to
temperature, chemical and other factors.

During the examination, the doctor observes
compacted gums of normal color or pale (anemic),
absence of gingival and periodontal pockets, dense
supragingival dental deposits, generalized gum
recession from 3 to 5 mm, fan-shaped dislocation 23, 22,
21, 12, 13, 33, 32, 31, 41, 42, 43 teeth at lack of their
mobility; traumatic occlusion, non-carious lesions of
teeth, wedge-shaped defects are determined.

X-ray examination allows you to notice a decrease in the
height of the interdental septa to 1/2 the length of the
tooth root.

In the severe stage of periodontal disease, the roots of
the teeth are exposed and the height of the interdental
septum decreases by more than 1/2 of its size.

Patients complain of tooth mobility and dislocation.

During the examination, the doctor observes anemic
dense gums, dense pigmented dental deposits,
generalized gum recession of more than 5 mm, tooth
mobility and tooth loss.

X-ray examination shows atrophy of the alveolar edge
of the jaws over 1/2 the length of the tooth root.

The following clinical picture is characteristic of
periodontal disease with the addition of an
inflammatory process:

• pale mucous membrane tightly co

vers the roots;

• there are no gingival and periodontal pockets;

• teeth remain stable even with significant atrophy of

the alveolar ridge;

• gums are edematous, hyperemic, and gingival pockets

of varying depths (often with purulent discharge);

• there are

supra- and subgingival dental deposits, tooth

mobility and dislocation, periodontal abscesses.

The image is used under the Shutterstock license.

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European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies

The difference between periodontal disease and
periodontitis is that periodontal disease is a non

–

inflammatory lesion of the parotid structures,
periodontitis is an inflammatory process localized in
the gums.

Diagnosis of periodontal disease

A dentist makes a diagnosis of periodontal disease
based on clinical signs and X-ray examination results.

The stability of the capillaries is determined by the rate
of hematoma formation using a special device that
creates air pressure in the gum area (Kulazhenko test).

The rate of resorption of the solution injected under
the gum mucosa determines the degree of swelling of
the soft tissues (bubble test).

X-ray examination allows you to determine:

• changes in bone tissue (bone loss, osteoporosis,

sclerosis);

• the width of the gaps between the teeth;

• changes in the boundaries of the dental wells;

• reducing the height o

f the interdental septa.

In the late stages of the disease, a number of routine
studies may be required to suspect concomitant
pathologies of internal organs and determine
treatment tactics.:

•

cl

inical

blood

analysis:

general

analysis,

leukoformula, ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear
in the presence of pathological changes);

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