European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies
70
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
70-74
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
20 February 2025
ACCEPTED
19 March 2025
PUBLISHED
21 April 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Modern Methods of
Caries Diagnosis and
Treatment: Review of
Innovative Technologies
Shukurova Nodira Tillaevna
Assistant of department therapeutic dentistry, Samarkand state medical
university, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
In this paper modern methods of diagnostics
and treatment of caries are studied: review of
innovative technologies, examples of hardware
methods of diagnostics are given. They are compared
with each other, advantages and disadvantages of each
method are taken into account.
Keywords:
Caries, diagnostics, efficiency of laser
fluorescence, optical coherence tomography and
electrical impedance spectroscopy.
Introduction:
Purpose of the work
: : to carry out a
comparative characterization of caries diagnostic
methods.
As it is known, today caries is one of the most
widespread diseases in the world (over 95% of people)
. Diagnosis and prevention of carious process
development are still considered important and not
fully understood problems in modern dentistry. It has
been proven that caries is a multistage process that
requires a combination of risk factors and time to form
a cavity. It is often the case that it is not always possible
to diagnose the carious process or the risk of caries at a
dental appointment. In most cases, when a patient
comes to the dentist for help, he or she already has
cavities, which leads to preparation of tooth tissue and
subsequent filling. The task of dentists today is to
maximize the preservation of own tooth tissues, to
prevent the pathological process at an early stage of its
development. There are various objective tests for
detection of cariesogenic situation (COSRE, TER-test,
CRT-test), various methods of caries detection (basic
and additional), but when used separately they are
uninformative and doubtful. Diagnosis of caries in a
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European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies
more accessible and faster way at early stages of its
development remains one of the urgent problems in
modern dentistry.
Caries is one of the most common dental pathologies
affecting people of all ages. Modern methods of
diagnostics and treatment of caries are rapidly
developing, which makes it possible to detect the
disease at early stages and carry out sparing treatment.
This article reviews innovative approaches to diagnosis,
including laser fluorescence, optical coherence
tomography, and electrical impedance spectroscopy.
Current treatment methods such as enamel infiltration,
laser preparation, and remineralizing therapy are also
analyzed.
Caries is a pathological process that leads to
demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of
the tooth under the influence of microorganisms.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
more than 90% of the adult population suffers from
dental caries. Traditional methods of diagnosis (visual
inspection, radiography) and treatment (preparation
and filling) have a number of disadvantages, including
invasiveness and the need to remove a significant part
of the tooth tissue. In this regard, a relevant direction
of modern dentistry is the development of new
diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that minimize
intervention and preserve healthy tissues.
Diagnosis is an important aspect of clinical medicine,
without which it is impossible to make a diagnosis,
hence the difficulty of subsequent prescription of
treatment and preventive measures. Of primary
importance in the detection of caries is early diagnosis,
when the patient has no complaints. This is due to the
fact that previously detected defects are easier to
eliminate, and thus it is possible to prevent the
progression of the pathological process. Due to the
early manifestation of the carious process in the
absence of diagnosis, the intensity of dental caries may
increase from a CPUE of 2.7 (2004-2006) to a CPUE of
3.5 (2011) [2] in all age groups of the population. It
should be assumed that the fundamental solution to
this problem is the study of modern approaches to
diagnosis and its subsequent implementation to detect
the early stages of the carious process
1. Modern methods of caries diagnostics
1.1 Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent)
1.2 The method of laser fluorescence using the
DIAGNOdent diagnostic device (KaVo, Germany) allows
to detect changes in the structure of tooth tissues in the
process of demineralization mainly on the occlusal
surfaces of teeth. The laser photodiode of the device
emits light waves of 655 nm length (red radiation) and
a threshold power of 1mV onto the tooth surface.
Organic and inorganic molecules of the tooth hard
tissue absorb the light, and reflection by the device in
the infrared spectrum occurs. As a result, the device
gives values in numbers and notifies with an audio
signal. For higher accuracy of readings, it is
recommended to clean and dry the tooth before
diagnosis. In case of poor oral hygiene, presence of
abundant plaque, the device may produce incorrect
values. The main advantages of this method are ease of
use, the absence of harmful ionizing radiation,
detection of hidden carious cavities, recognition of
fissure caries. Also, with the help of digital and sound
identification it is possible to clearly determine the
severity of the disease. However, the device is not
intended for diagnostics of contact surfaces of teeth, as
in most cases it is not possible to introduce the tip of
the device into the interdental space. This significantly
reduces the scope of application of this device [20-22].
Another option for caries diagnosis is the Quantitative
Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF method). The
Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence apparatus is
based on the decreased ability of tooth hard tissue to
fluoresce when demineralization occurs. The appliance
is a portable intraoral system with an incoherent light
source and a filter system to replace the laser source.
The light-emitting system generates blue light with an
intensity of 370 nm, which is transmitted through a
liquid-filled light guide. During the examination, the
tooth absorbs the pulsed blue light, so that healthy
teeth glow green and decayed teeth glow red. The
image of the fluorescing tooth is transmitted to the
monitor using a video camera through a high-pass filter.
The screen displays a color image showing the
condition of the patient's oral cavity. The device is
designed for early detection of carious lesions due to
loss of fluorescence in zones of demineralization,
determination of localization, depth and size of the
carious cavity, as well as the severity of the pathological
process. Thus, introduction of new methods of caries
diagnostics into clinical practice will allow to prevent
further development of carious process at early stages,
as well as facilitate treatment by applying non-invasive
techniques without preparation with preservation of
own tooth tissues.
Laser fluorescence is one of the most accurate and non-
invasive methods of detecting caries. The principle of
operation is based on the ability of demineralized
tissues to emit fluorescent light under the influence of
a laser. The DIAGNOdent device allows detecting
carious lesions at early stages, especially in hard-to-
reach areas, such as the fissures of molars.
Advantages of the method:
- High diagnostic accuracy
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European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies
- No radiation exposure
- Possibility of monitoring the dynamics of the process
1.2 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
This method is similar to ultrasound but uses light
waves. OCT provides highly accurate real-time images
of tooth structure, revealing even minimal enamel
damage.
Advantages:
- High resolution
- No ionizing radiation
- Early detection of lesions
1.3 Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
The method is based on measuring the electrical
impedance of the tooth tissue. Affected areas have
altered electrical conductive properties, which allows a
high degree of accuracy in diagnosing demineralization.
2. Modern methods of caries treatment
2.1 Enamel infiltration (ICON-technology)
Infiltration therapy is intended for treatment of initial
stages of caries without mechanical removal of tissues.
The method is based on the use of a polymeric material
that penetrates the porous enamel, sealing the affected
area.
Advantages:
- Painlessness of the procedure
- Preservation of healthy tooth tissue
- High aesthetics
2.2 Laser preparation
Laser technology is gradually replacing the traditional
drill. Lasers (e.g. Er:YAG) provide highly precise removal
of carious tissue, reducing patient discomfort.
Advantages of the method:
- Painless
- Minimal damage to surrounding tissues
- Sterilizing effect of the laser
2.3 Remineralizing therapy
The use of preparations containing fluoride,
hydroxyapatite and calcium-phosphate compounds can
strengthen the enamel and stop the process of
demineralization.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the introduction of new methods of caries
diagnostics into clinical practice will prevent further
development of carious process at early stages, as well
as facilitate treatment by applying non-invasive
techniques without preparation with preservation of
own tooth tissues.
Application of modern methods of diagnostics and
treatment of caries allows not only to detect the
disease at early stages, but also to conduct therapy with
minimal invasiveness. Laser technologies, infiltration
techniques and biomimetic materials open new
perspectives in dentistry, allowing to effectively fight
caries and prolong the life of teeth.
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