European International Journal of Pedagogics
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
29-36
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
25 October 2024
ACCEPTED
27 December 2024
PUBLISHED
17 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Dental Implantation in
Orthopedic Dentistry
Chakkanov Fakhritdin Khusanovich
Assistant Department of orthopedic dentistry, Samarkand State Medical
University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
With the advent of intraosseous dental
implantation, the range of orthopedic options has
significantly expanded. Instead of removable dentures,
aesthetic bridges supported by implants can be installed
that
are
more
comfortable
and
outwardly
indistinguishable from natural teeth. But, like other
dental restoration methods, dental implantation has
supporters and opponents, and before proceeding with
it, you need to weigh the pros and cons.
Keywords:
Dental implantation, orthopedic options,
outwardly indistinguishable.
Introduction:
With the advent of intraosseous dental
implantation, the range of orthopedic options has
significantly expanded. Instead of removable dentures,
aesthetic bridges supported by implants can be installed
that
are
more
comfortable
and
outwardly
indistinguishable from natural teeth. But, like other
dental restoration methods, dental implantation has
supporters and opponents, and before proceeding with
it, you need to weigh the pros and cons.
Dental dental implantation
–
what is it
Patients often present the implant to them in the form
of a self-tapping screw, which is twisted into the bone,
and a ceramic crown is placed on top as a cap. And that's
almost right. A dental implant is a rod that a doctor
inserts under the gum and implants into the bone. This
is an artificial root, the basis of the future tooth. The
second part of the design is the abutment (head), the
"adapter" between the base and the crown.
In 99% of cases, the implant is made of a toxicologically
inert titanium alloy. The popularity of the material is due
to the following:
• due to the absence of a negative reaction of the div,
titanium is an alternative to gold;
• upon contact with air, an oxide film forms on the
surface, which facilitates survival;
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
• titanium abutment connects well with composite
cements and porcelain, so the result of implantation
will be a durable, almost indistinguishable from a real
tooth with a "natural" crown.;
• the titanium rod has a small thickness and weight, its
installation allows you to maintain diction.
Advantages of dental implantation
The main advantage of dental dental implantation is
that a nearby tooth is not worn off (not dissected), and
treatment is local, only in the area of the missing tooth.
It is also significant for patients:
1. The implant in the bone prevents its resorption
(bone without functional load quickly atrophies).
2. Artificial teeth on an implant are practically
indistinguishable from their own.
3. Implantation can sometimes be performed
immediately after tooth extraction. This is a one-step
technique.
4. Implants replace missing teeth of any length.
5. The implants serve as the main one for a non-
removable (or removable) prosthesis. Instead of 3
missing teeth, 2 implants can be installed, and the
middle part with a narrower chewing surface can be
replaced with a bridge
–
like prosthesis to redistribute
the load.
6. In some cases, replacing a tooth with a dental
implant allows you to replace a removable prosthesis
with a non-removable one.
7. It is the best fulcrum for a removable prosthesis, the
fixation improves, and the functional value of the
prosthesis increases by 20-25%.
Important: a dental implant in the bone, unlike a tooth,
is rigidly installed in the bone and has no degree of
mobility. Therefore, they try not to do the "implant-
bridge-tooth" design.
Indications for dental implantation
Dental implants are installed when skeletal formation
has ended and bone growth has stopped. The upper
age limit is individual. In orthodontics, there are cases
when implantation was performed for people aged 70-
85 years. If the patient is relatively healthy, the implant
can be installed.
Implantation is indicated if:
• one tooth is missing, and next to it all are healthy
(intact) or with limited defects;
• 3 or more teeth are missing in a row, up to complete
absence;
• there is an allergic reaction to plastic;
• The patient has illnesses or psychological reasons
that make it impossible to wear a removable prosthesis.
Contraindications to dental implantation
Absolute contraindications:
1. Acute infectious diseases.
2. Systemic diseases of bone tissue (for example,
autosomal dominant osteoporosis type 2), osteogenesis
imperfecta, Paget's disease.
3. Blood diseases (polycythemia, leukemia).
4. Recent radiotherapy of the head and neck.
5. Malignant and benign tumors in the upper, lower jaw
and soft tissues of the oral cavity.
6. Incomplete teething, incomplete growth of the skull
bones.
7. Mental instability.
8. Drug addiction and alcoholism.
Relative contraindications to dental implantation:
1. Under the age of 20. The div is growing, and the
implant will interfere with the normal development of
the jaw. In addition, there is not enough bone tissue for
implantation.
2. Unsatisfactory condition of the oral cavity
(rehabilitation is required).
3.
Immunological
or
hematological
diseases,
decompensated diabetes mellitus.
4. Smoking more than 15-20 cigarettes a day.
5. Bruxism and other parafunctional habits. After the
implant is installed, patients are advised to use plastic
mouth guards overnight.
6. Long-term use of antibiotics, antidepressants,
anticoagulants.
7. Hormonal imbalance (menopause), because during
this period the bones become more loose.
8. The period of pregnancy, after childbirth and during
lactation. Due to hormonal changes, the implant can be
installed no earlier than six months after the end of
breastfeeding.
When a tooth is missing for a long time, the bone tissue
resolves. About 20 years ago, this was considered
grounds for refusal, but now, before implantation, an
operation is performed to increase bone volume.
Bone buildup allows for the installation of implants even
several years after tooth loss.
If it is a question of implantation on the lower jaw, to
prevent the threat of damage to the mandibular nerve,
it is moved to the side. Due to a possible nerve rupture,
such an operation is performed very rarely and only in a
hospital.
In various forms of periodontal disease, there is no gum
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covering the tooth tightly. After implantation, food
particles will enter the "pocket", which will lead to
inflammation of the bone tissue. Therefore, the gum is
formed:
• by transplanting a flap from the palate;
• by deepening the vestibule of the oral cavity between
the cheek and teeth (vestibuloplasty).
Medical advice is recommended for people with
endocarditis, heart failure, endocrine system
pathology (thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus, etc.).
With hemorrhagic diathesis, blood clotting disorders
(prothrombin time, or Quick reaction index (more than
30), implants are installed in a hospital setting
Types of implants
Non-removable implantable prostheses can be
intraosseous and extraosseous.
Intraosseous
If you look at the implant carefully, as an orthodontist,
you can distinguish not 2, but 3 parts in it.:
• the reference;
• through the middle;
• the largest is the intraosseous one.
The intraosseous shape of the implants varies,
repeating or not repeating the shape of the tooth root.
It is according to them that the types of dental implants
are most often classified.
The shape of the intraosseous part of the prosthesis is
usually made in the likeness of the tooth root. Then the
engraftment after implantation will be rapid, and the
chewing load will be evenly distributed in the jaw.
Lamellar
The surface of these implants is textured and/or
corrugated. There is also a macrorelief resembling a
snake. In order for the bone tissue to grow through the
prosthesis after implantation, holes are provided in the
structure. Their total area does not exceed one third of
the area of the intraosseous part.
There are:
• non
-separable;
• collapsible, with internal or external thread for
mounting the head.
Root - like
Root-shaped (endossal) implants include:
• cylindrical. The intraosseous part is smooth, with a
small surface area. It is characterized by the lowest
biomechanical parameters in the shear test, therefore,
the cylindrical part is textured (bioactive coating). They
are only available collapsible;
• screw type. With different thread profiles, detachable
and all-in-one. The surface may be smooth or rough.;
• Basal. Longer ones, with a thread at the end to anchor
into the deeper layers of the bone.
Mini implants, which are installed for a limited time, are
also referred to as root-shaped. This is not to say that
they are thinner or shorter than regular ones. They have
a simplified and slightly lightened design for people with
osteogenesis disorders.
If the root-shaped implants are not interconnected,
their rotation can occur even after a period of bone
regeneration. The most common causes are medical
manipulations and chewing load. Therefore, anti-
rotation locks (anchors, holes, longitudinal grooves,
etc.) are provided in their design.
The intraosseous part of the implant can also be a
combination of cylindrical and lamellar shapes.:
• th
e central part is a cylinder;
• "lateral roots"
- 2 asymmetrically or symmetrically
arranged plates.
The same type includes disc, transmandibular (in the
design of a bracket and 2 pins) implants. Combined-
form implants are usually detachable.
Extra - skeletal
For osteoporosis or osteonecrosis of the jaw, extrabony
implants are sometimes used for patients of the older
age group.
Subperiostal
These prostheses are used for rehabilitation of patients
with significant bone atrophy of the jaws. They are
screwed into the periosteum on the side of the gum.
Intralucosal
It is used for a lack of bone tissue, when the patient
refuses to build up, sometimes as a temporary measure.
A small and mushroom-shaped magnet is inserted into
the gum. In the future, it serves as the basis for
removable orthodontic structures.
Stabilization
During implantation, the prosthesis is mounted on the
native root of the tooth, it takes root well, but it is
considered temporary, since the "base" shrinks with
age, like any bone tissue.
Stages of dental implantation
The installation of an implant is a lengthy process. It is
necessary for it to take root in the bone, so the
restoration of the dentition takes 3-6 months.
Planning and preparation
The preparation and planning of surgical intervention is:
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1. X-ray examination (orthopantomogram, sighting
images, determination of projection distortions). A
steel ball is fixed in the area of the proposed non-
removable prosthesis, and the length of the implant is
selected based on its images.
2. Determination of the thickness of the alveolar
process of the upper and lower jaw using an
osteometer (under anesthesia), determination on
diagnostic plaster models of the profile of the alveolar
process or part of it at the site of the proposed implant.
Based on these data, the diameter of the implant is
selected for future implantation.
3. Production of a diagnostic plaster model with
restoration of missing teeth (from wax or plastic),
taking into account the inter-jaw interaction, on the
basis of which a radiopaque plastic template is created.
4. Computed tomography examination. All removable
metal dentures are removed before the scan, and
dental dental implantation will be successful if the
patient is scanned motionless with his mouth slightly
open.
5. Creating a 3D jaw model. Axial sections are obtained
on CT, then a computer program creates a three-
dimensional image and necessarily visualizes the
neurovascular bundle. Since teeth, bones, and soft
tissues differ in density, based on research data, the
program provides an opportunity to visualize the outer
skin and internal structures, as well as disable the
visibility of various anatomical objects.
6. Determining the type of implants and their
installation locations, taking into account the
qualitative and quantitative composition of bone
tissue (planning the surgical stage of implantation).
Taking into account the indication of bone density, the
optimal location for the placement of the implant is
selected, and the distribution of the chewing load is
evaluated. As a rule, they choose the largest implant
that can fit in a given volume.
7. Jaw prototyping. Checking the ratio of the installed
implants with antagonist teeth or counter implants.
8. Using a surgical prototypical template. When the
location of the prosthesis is strictly limited (difficult
anatomical conditions), the implant is positioned at a
certain angle. Then, using rapid prototyping, a special
surgical template is made, in which titanium cylinders
are installed for drilling strictly at a given point and at
the correct angle. In case of bone deficiency, sinus lift
surgery is planned.
The surgical stage
Dental implantation surgery is performed under
anesthesia:
• infiltration, a local "freeze" familiar to most;
• conductive, when an anesthetic is injected into the
paraneural space.
Most of the pain during implantation is associated with
the crushing of blood through the spongy substance of
the bone, as well as increased pressure on the nerve
endings. To reduce pain during and after surgery,
patients
with
increased
blood
viscosity
are
recommended to take instant aspirin (500 mg) 30
minutes before surgery. In addition, when installing an
implant, a constant level of bleeding is important (for
this purpose, the bone bed is often specially washed).
Blood fills the voids between the surface of the implant
and the bone, improving osseointegration (implant
engraftment in bone tissue).
Dental implantation begins with an incision with a
disposable scalpel and flipping aside the mucous-
periosteal flaps. According to the method of wide flap
folding, the incision is made in the middle of the crest of
the alveolar process, while the interdental gingival
papillae are carefully dissected. Thanks to this
technique, it is not necessary to make a vertical incision
that leaves a visible scar during healing.
Another incision technique for implantation is the use of
a circular mucotome knife. This ensures minimal
invasiveness
(penetration
of
pathogenic
microorganisms through the wound) and increases the
resistance of the epithelium adjacent to the implant to
pathogenic effects. The seams are not superimposed
with this incision. Any preparation is carried out with
copious cooling with sterile saline solution.
The location and position of the prosthesis depend on
the defects of the dentition and anatomical conditions.
For example, when installing multiple implants on a
toothless upper jaw, they will have a fan-shaped
discrepancy due to the anatomical shape and tilt of the
jaw itself. Read more about the features of upper teeth
implantation here.
With good preservation of the alveolar bone, several
rules are followed when installing the prosthesis during
implantation.:
1. The distance between the implants is at least 2-3 mm.
Otherwise, the bone will remodel and atrophy.
2. The implants are placed at a slight angle to each other
to evenly distribute the vertical load and reduce the
concentration of excess stress.
3. The tilt of the implant is mesio-distal.
4. During implantation, bone tension is taken into
account (the difference between the size of the
prepared bone bed and the diameter of the subcostal
part of the implant). The diameter of the endossal part
should be larger by 0.2-0.5 mm. Then it is possible to
avoid the mobility of the implant and achieve rapid
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osseointegration.
Make sure that there is blood in the implant bed. This
avoids the formation of air cavities between the bone
and the implant. Understanding this fact is a guarantee
of peace of mind during implantation.
Remember: dental implantation necessarily takes
place with the formation of blood clots. This is the
norm, you should not be afraid of blood.
Before the implant is inserted, its surface is moistened
with saline solution to reduce friction. If the
implantation is one-stage, very often a gum shaper is
immediately installed instead of an obturation screw.
During two-stage implantation, the mucous-periosteal
flaps are hermetically sutured.
Orthopedic stage
The gum cuff shaper is replaced with a support head.
On the day of implantation, it is possible to
manufacture and fix a provisional orthopedic structure
(or 1-3 days after surgery). Then, with the help of an
impression mass, an impression is made, and then the
prosthesis itself. This is done by an orthodontist, who
completes the restoration of the dentition.
The entire sequence of actions (making an impression,
making a model of a jaw, a crown, or a prosthetic
frame) is exactly the same as making a crown. The
production time depends on the material and the
amount of work.
Postoperative period
On the 11th day after implantation, it is already
possible to remove the sutures. In areas remote from
surgery, patients keep the oral cavity clean and use
chlorhexedine-containing
products
for
rinsing.
Temporary removable dentures can be worn on day
14, but the longer the patient goes without it, the
better.
The soft lining, which gradually thickens, is changed
after 6-8 weeks. In addition, for some implants, it is
necessary to tighten the transocclusive screws,
therefore, a dentist's check is required after 6 weeks,
and then after 3 to 5 months.
Types of implantation
According to the mutual influence of implants and oral
tissues (hard and soft), several types are distinguished.
Endodonto-endossal
Dental implantation, which uses a pin and various
fixation elements in the bone tissue. The pin is placed
in the dental canal, so this is one of the most difficult
implantations for an orthodontist due to his special
manual skills.
Endossal
Otherwise, it is intraosseous. The most popular
implantation, with good results of engraftment and
occlusal load distribution. The implant is inserted into
the bone through the mucous-periosteal flap. The
intraosseous part is made in the form of:
• screws;
• plates;
• the cylinder.
In addition to prosthetics of 1 tooth, this type is used in
the all-on-four and all-on-six implantation techniques in
the complete absence of teeth. The implants (4 or 6) will
be the basis for fixing the bridge prosthesis. The new All-
on-3 (Trefoil) implantation method has been used since
2017, 3 implants are used, the acrylic prosthesis is non-
removable, and production takes 1 day. It is also suitable
for full dental implantation.
Which method of dental implantation should I choose?
The method, implant, and type of prosthesis are
selected individually after examination, chosen not by
the patient (although his wishes are listened to), but
collectively by the surgeon, orthodontist, and dental
technician. Therefore, you need to contact specialists
with many years of experience.
They take into account the indications and
contraindications to dental implantation based on X-ray
and other studies, simulate the implantation process
using dental computer programs. However, several
options are usually offered (ceramic metal or zirconium
dioxide crown, type of prosthesis, etc.), since the price
of dental services depends on the materials used.
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