Types and Classification of Adverbs of Place and Time in Arabic

European International Journal of Philological Sciences

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TYPE

Original Research

PAGE NO.

27-32

DOI

10.55640/eijps-05-04-06

OPEN ACCESS

SUBMITED

18 February 2025

ACCEPTED

16 March 2025

PUBLISHED

17 April 2025

VOLUME

Vol.05 Issue 04 2025

COPYRIGHT

© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.

Types and Classification of
Adverbs of Place and Time
in Arabic

Sultanbek Boltaboev

Oriental University, Senior Lecturer, Department of “Oriental Languages”

,

Uzbekistan

Abstract

: All languages in the world have grammatical

categories such as nouns, adjectives, numerals,
pronouns, verbs, and auxiliary words, which form the
unity of a particular language. In particular, Arabic
grammarians and Arabists divide all words in the Arabic
language into the following three important word
groups: These are:

ٌ مْسإ

ism,

ٌ لْعِف

verb and

ٌ ف ْرَح

auxiliary

words. Among the word groups, adverbs, which belong
to the group of auxiliary words, also have an important
role and scope as grammatical units. This article will
focus on adverbs in Arabic, especially adverbs. The types
of adverbs and their meanings are discussed, and
adverbs that refer to place and time are classified using
tables.

Keywords:

Independent word, auxiliary word, pure

auxiliary, adverbial auxiliary, adverb, place, time,
agreement, sentence, task.

Introduction:

It is known that in linguistics, including

Arabic grammar, auxiliaries belong to the group of
auxiliary words. In general, auxiliary words are words
that do not have an independent meaning: they consist
of auxiliaries, connectors, prepositions, and they do not
denote the names of objects and events. Their main
grammatical feature is to express the mutual
relationship of words with complex meaning.Therefore,
auxiliary words perform the function of various
grammatical tools. In such cases, the grammatical
means are not in the independent word, not connected
to it, but next to it, around it.

Some auxiliary words are nouns, which, while
performing the function of auxiliary words in speech,
lose their original meaning and, as auxiliary words,
perform the function of conjunctions and other
grammatical functions. At the same time, such auxiliary
words sometimes retain their original meaning.

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European International Journal of Philological Sciences

Auxiliary verbs developed from independent word
groups. However, the transition of independent words
to the auxiliary verb group occurred over a long period
of time. Such words, while initially used in their own
meaning, can also perform the function of auxiliary
verbs.As time passes and languages develop, they lose
their independent lexical meaning and become
auxiliary verbs.

In some languages, auxiliaries are used after nouns or
noun phrases (in Arabic, before such words) to express
syntactic relations such as means, purpose, reason,
time, place, etc. As mentioned above, auxiliaries are
originally

formed

from

independent

words.

Accordingly, they are divided into two groups:

1) pure (original) assistants;

2) functional auxiliaries (words used as an auxiliary).

Functional auxiliaries are words with independent
meanings and are used as auxiliaries only in certain
places. Functional auxiliaries are divided into the
following types according to their morphological form
and meaning, or according to which word family they
belong to:

1. Noun assistants (side, side, middle, etc.)

2. Verbal auxiliaries (nasal, before, formerly).

So, in linguistics, there are terms like "noun auxiliaries"
and "verb auxiliaries", and Uzbek linguists G.
Abdurakhmanov and Sh. Shukurov say the following
about them in their book "The Historical Grammar of
the Uzbek Language": "Some of the noun auxiliaries
occur only in the form of adverbs". B. M. Grande, one
of the Russian Arabic scholars, in his scientific work
entitled "Kurs arabskoy grammatiki v sravnitelno -
istoricheskom osveshchenii" explains the auxiliaries
expressing place and time under the terms
"nesobstvenno prelogi imena", "narechie".

In Arabic, such adverbs are described by the term

ٌ ف ْرَظ

(plural

ٌ فو ُرُظ

).

ٌ ف ْرَظ

–

There is another term for

adverbs in Arabic grammar, which grammarians also
call

ٌِهيِفٌ لوُعْفَم

, that is, adverbs. Abu Abdullah ibn Malik,

one of the classical grammarians, in his famous work
"Alfiya", defines adverbs, that is, adverbs, as follows:

ٌ ناَكَمٌ ْوَأٌ تْق َوٌ ُف ْرَّظلاٌ.اًف ْرَظٌيَّمَسُمْلاٌ َوُهٌ َوٌ،ِهيِفٌُلوُعْفَمْلَأ

.

That is: The auxiliary complement is called an “adverb.”

Adverbs express place or time.

One of the modern linguists and linguists, the famous
Lebanese scientist Antoine ad-Dahdah, in his book "

يِب َرَعْلاٌِوْحَّنلاٌِةَغُّللاٌُمَجْعُم

”"

classifies words expressing place

and time as follows:

ٌ ناَم َزٌ ُف ْرَظ

Words that express time

These words are divided into the following types:

1. a) words that express indefinite time and can be
formed in conjunctions and express the meaning of
time, for example:

انذا

ʾa –

without stopping,

ادابآا

ⁿ

ا

–

never,

دامسا

–

in the meantime,

انيح

–

then, at that time,

اناماز

–

at the time,

ع

ي

ادن

–

at that time,

اہدود

–

during the

time,

تقو

–

as in time.

b) Words indicating a specific time, for example:

ٌَعوُبْسُأ

–

in a week,

ٌَفي ِرَح

–

in autumn,

ٌَسيِمَخ

–

on Thursday,

ٌَعيِب َر

–

in spring,

ٌَةَعاَس

–

at an hour,

ٌَطاَّبُش

–

in February,

ٌَرْهَش

–

in a

month,

ٌَماَع

–

in a year,

ٌَن ْرَق

–

in an age (100 years),

ٌَم ْوَي

–

on a day,

ٌ ماَّيَأٌَةَث َلََث

–

in three days and other similar words.

2. Words that express the content of time and do not
vary in agreement, for example:

انّلع

- at this time,

سْما

ی

-

yesterday,

اي

ان

- at what time,

ار

ي

اس

- for now,

اامل

- when,

آا

ي

انا

- at what time,

احابص

-

in the morning, masāʾa

- in the

evening, etc.

ف ِ رَصَتُم ِهْبِش ٌف ْرَظ

Expressing place and time, it can be varied in
agreements

words that are

Such words express place and time in the accusative
case, and with the help of some basic auxiliaries, they
can also be in the accusative case. Of these:

1. The words

ٌْنِم

with the root auxiliaries

ٌ,َدْعَبٌ,يَتَمٌ,يَدَلٌ,َدْنِع

ٌَلْبَق

;

2. The words

ٌْنِم

and

يَلِإ

with the root auxiliaries

ٌ, َنْيَأٌ,اَنُه

ٌَق ْوَفٌ, َتْحَت

;

3. The word

ٌْنِمٌ,يَلِإٌ,ِب

with the root auxiliaries

ٌُثْيَح

;

4. The word

يَتَم

with the root auxiliaries

يَلِإ

and

يَّتَح

;

5. The word

ٌَن ْلَْأ

with the root auxiliaries

ٌُذُمٌ,ْذُمٌ,يَلِإٌ, ْنِم

can

be used in the demonstrative case.

ف ِ رَصَتُم ُرْيَغ ٌف ْرَظ

Words that express place and time and do not vary in
agreement

Such words are in the accusative case and are used only
to express place and time. These are words like:

اٌِي

ٌْث

اٌ,

ٌِي

اث

ٌ,

اي

لَٹ

ی

اٌ,

ي

اناآ

بٌ,

ي

ان

بٌ,

ي

امن

, qaṭu, ladun̊

, laday. These idioms are

found only in sentences expressing place and time. It is
not used in other cases.

ف ِ رَصَتُم ُف ْرَظ

Words that express place and time and are in
agreement

. Such words are used to express place and

time, as well as in other tasks.

1. In fact, one of the last characteristics of adverbs is that
some words that express time or place appear in
conjunctions in a variety of ways to suit the function of
different situations. In other words, some words that
express time and place may also perform other

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functions in some situations. For example:

a) in the present case:

لَليلٌ وٌ ت ْرفاس

- I traveled in the

evening.

b) in the function of the owner of the verb sentence:

ٌَكُلْيَلٌ َباَط

–

Have a good night.

c) as the possessor of a noun phrase:

ٌ ديِعَسٌْمُكُلْيَل

- Have a

good night.

2. If the action of a word expressing place and time
ends with a damma, it is necessary to indicate the word
itself with the reflexive pronoun that governs it. For
example:

ٌِهيِفٌ ُتْمُصٌِةَعُمُجْلاٌَم ْوَي

–

I fasted on Friday.

If the reflexive pronoun expressing time is attached to
the verb, not as indicated, it will have fulfilled the
function of an indirect complement, for example:

ٌَم ْوَي

ٌُهُتْمُصٌِةَعُمُجْلا

–

I fasted on Friday.

All of this applies only to words expressing time (or
place) and which can be classified in conjunctions. Such
cases do not occur in other words.

ناَكَم ُف ْرَظ

Words expressing the state of place

They have the following characteristics.

The last actions can be varied in the conjugations:

a) words expressing ambiguous places, such as:

امامسا

-

in front of, warāʾa

- behind, tahta - under,

ش

ي

لاام

- left,

ماي

ي

ن

-

right, faẘqa

- above, which indicate one of the six

sides.

b) Words that denote a specific boundary or a limited
place, for example:

ٌَرْحَب

–

in the sea,

ٌَدَلَب

–

in the country,

ٌَتْيَب

–

in the house,

ٌَلَبَج

–

in the mountain,

ٌَةَي ْرَق

–

in the

village,

ٌَةَنيِدَم

–

in the city,

ٌَد ِجْسَم

–

in the mosque,

ٌَرْهَن

–

in

the river.

2. Words that express location and are not
differentiated by conjunctions, for example:

ٌَنْيَأ

–

where,

ٌَّمَث

–

there,

ٌَتَّمَث

–

there,

ٌُثْيَح

–

where,

اَنُه

–

here,

يَّنَأ

–

on

which side,

ٌَدْعَب

–

after,

ٌُلَع

–

above,

ٌَلْبَق

–

in front,

ٌْنُدَل

–

in

place,

يَدَل

–

in place, and other similar words.

After considering the above issues, we have developed
a statistical table of words indicating place and time, as
much as possible. There are about 70 of them, and we
have arranged them in the tables as follows.

Table 1

Alphabetical arrangement of auxiliaries indicating place and time in Arabic

.

ىتم

52

ددص

35

نيب

18

ىنأ

1

ذم

53

نمض

36

ةركب

19

مامأ

2

ذنم

54

ةوحض

37

ديعب

20

سمأ

3

ةرم

55

دنع

38

نحت

21

أدبا

4

عم

56

ضوع

39

ةرات

22

دمأ

5

ءاديم

57

لع

40

ءاقلت

23

اذإ

6

وحن

58

ادغ

41

هاجت

24

نلأا

7

بصن

59

ةودغ

42

مث

25

نيأ

8

انه

60

بغ

43

تمث

26

ذإ

9

كانه

61

قوف

44

نيح

27

اذإ

10

كلانه

62

لبق

45

ىلاوح

28

نايأ

11

تقو

63

ليبق

46

لوح

29

ليصأ

12

ءاور

64

لابق

47

نود

30

اقخأ

13

طسو

65

برق

48

لخاد

31

ىلاوحأ

14

نيمي

66

داصق

49

امئاد

32

لفسا

15

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ندل

50

ثير

33

دعب

16

68

ىدل

51

امثير

34

انيب

17

Table 2

Adverbs denoting position

№

№

№

ندل

25

امثيح

13

ىنأ

1

ىدل

26

لوح

14

مامأ

2

وحن

27

نود

15

ءاذأ

3

بصن

28

لامش

16

نيا

4

انه

29

ددص

17

لاوح

ي

5

كانه

30

نمض

18

لفسا

6

كلانه

31

لع

19

نيب

7

ءارو

32

قوف

20

ٌ

تحت

8

طسو

33

لابق

21

ءاقلت

9

نيمي

34

مادق

22

هاجت

10

برق

23

تمث⸲ ٌ

مث

11

داصق

24

ثيح

12

3 – table

Adverbs of tense

№

№

№

بغ

25

ديعب

13

ىنأ

1

لبق

26

ةرات

14

سمأ

2

ليبق

27

نيح

ام ⸲

ٌ

نيح

ٌ

15

أدبا

3

طق

28

اقحأ⸲ٌاقح

16

ٌ

دمأ

ٌ

4

امل

29

ىلاوح

17

نلأا

5

ىتم

30

امئاد

18

نايأ

6

ةدم

31

امثير⸲ٌثير

19

ذإ

7

ذنم⸲ ٌ

ذم

ٌ

32

حابص

20

اذإ

8

ةدم

33

دنع

21

ليصأ

9

عم⸲ٌعم

34

ضوع

22

ٌ

دعب

10

تقو

35

ادغ

23

نيب

م

ا

⸲

ٌ

يب

ن

ٌ

11

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can say that the possibilities and
richness of the Arabic language are well known. We
have included in the tables only those words that we
encountered during our research. It is natural that
other words indicating place and time appear in the
Arabic language that were not included in our
research.We have tried to organize only some words
representing the place and time found in grammatical
sources and dictionaries, i.e. in alphabetical order,
classify them, give their meanings, show and explain
them through examples. In the course of our research,
we came to the final conclusion that it would be more
appropriate to simply classify the Arabic auxiliaries,
that is, adverbs, and conduct a thorough study of their
semantics, along with theoretical analysis, based on
tables, and only then will it be relatively easy to learn,
master, and remember them.

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