Literature

Maqolada Iqbol Mirzo she’riyatining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, shoir ijod idagi yangicha tashbehlar, she’rlaridagi ta’sirchanlik sabablari haqida fikr yuritiladi. Shuningdek, she’rlaridan parchalar tahlil qilinadi.

The place of Alisher Navoi in the history of Turkish literature, especially Uzbek literature, is incomparable. In this article, an attempt is made to get to the essence of the images in Alisher Navoi's ghazals and lyrics, and the reasons for his artistic images and interpretations are revealed to some extent.It is no coincidence that the image of Khizr was chosen for the article. Khizr is a very famous person in the mythology, folklore and literature of the Turkic peoples. Due to its popularity, it has served as an image for proverbs and sayings. The attitude of Alisher Navoi, a great pillar of Turkish literature, to this image is certainly interesting. For this reason, the images of the image of Khizr in Alisher Navoi’s lyrics were chosen as a source for the article.
The article examines both scientific, artistic and mythical views related to the image of Khizr, and to what extent they influenced Alisher Navoi's work. In the process of writing the article, several foreign and national sources, religious literature were also referred to.

This article is dedicated to the study of the life and work of female poets in the Eastern Tazkiras of the XVth and XVIth centuries. Navoi's works such as "Majolis un-nafais”, “Nasayim ul-muhabbat”, "Hayrat ul-abror", "Farhad and Shirin” clearly showed his respectful attitude towards the women of the Islamic world and his time. But in the Eastern Muslim world, the work of female poets was not covered in a special book until the XVth century. The information about them has reached us through the attached tazkiras and some works. But from the second half of the XVIth century, special paintings dedicated to female artists began to appear. The first example of such a special tazkira is "Javahir ul-Ajayib”. It was created in 1554-1555 by Fakhri Hirawi, she translated Navoi's tazkira of "Majolis un-nafois” into Persian language, author of several tazkiras. The work consists of Preface and Main part. It contains information about 31 female poets. In the article, on the basis of the “Javahir ul-Ajayib” essay, the work and activities of Eastern poets of the XVth-XVIth centuries are researched, and important scientific conclusions are reached. In addition, opinions are expressed about the works of "Tazkirat ul-khavatin" covering the activities of 286 poetesses, "Tazkirat un-nisa" which provides information about 140 female artists.

In modern Uzbek poetry, the interpretation of natural symbols such as wind, rain, snow and clouds has a special place. These emblems are a figurative means of revealing the human psyche, emotional experiences. The article reveals the symbolic meanings of wind, rain and clouds in Rauf Parfi's work in accordance with the interpretation of spring, autumn and winter

This article analyzes the concepts of ethnocultural pedagogy and nationalism reflected in the Orkhon-Yenisei epigraphic heritage, especially in the stele “Bilga Khagan”. The sources examine ethnopedagogical values, mechanisms of spiritual and ethnic transmission, and models of sociocultural identification. Bilge Khagan's ethnopedagogical leadership function is revealed through his activities, manifested through archetypal images and ritual-symbolic practices in the formation of national consciousness. The pedagogical significance of the work is explained by the reflection of ethnopedagogical heritage in historical sources, the identification of ancient methods of national upbringing, the analysis of the mechanisms of transmission of spiritual and moral values, the definition of the role of mythological images in the educational process, and the illumination of the theoretical foundations of ancient Turkic pedagogy. In the monuments, the elements of the epic and the didactic function of collective memory are studied separately. These sources provide an opportunity to reconstruct the models of spiritual and moral education of the Turkic peoples as historical examples of ethnopedagogy.

In Rauf Parfi's poems, through the symbols of nature (wind, snow, clouds, etc.), modern poetry uses the freedom of creation granted by
national independence, expanding the range of topics, opening the way to the psyche and consciousness of readers through various symbols. riyat. The study of nature and related concepts in poetry is relevant today

The aim of the research. The aim of the research is to substantiate the principles of updating conceptual approaches and techniques in revealing the writer's skill based on a holistic study of the studies of modem Uzbek literary criticism in chulpanistics.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
a new approach to assessing life and creativity of Chulpan from point of view of universal human ideas and creative heritage, conducting research on the basis of advanced approaches and methods of world literary criticism is assessed as one of main features of Uzbek literary criticism of the period of independence;
The role of socio-acsthctic and biographical interpretations about Chulpan's creativity and biographical interpretations in expressing artistic perfection of poetry, imagery, symbolism, poetic multiplicity and spirit of time arc revealed;
in comparative plane different opinions about Chulpan's creativity were evaluated, a positive trend that appeared in the literary representation of independence, justified as a positive tendency - a pluralistic scientific approach;
a comparative analysis of novel “Day and night” with the novels of F.Kafka and A.Camus is illuminated as a factor demonstrating the invaluable role of Chulpan's works in world literature.

In the article the necessity to teach a foreign language in the connection with other subjects is discussed. Integrated teaching gives thediscipline a new significance and motivates students to learn the language further. This approach is innovative in foreign languages teaching.

The main objectives of innovative learning are: the growth of intellectual, communicative, linguistic and creative abilities of students, the development of personal qualities of students, the development of skills that affect educational and cognitive activity and the transition to the level of practical creativity, the development of various systems of thinking, the formation of high-quality knowledge,
skills and abilities. This article discusses problems and innovative approaches in the study of Russian language and literature.

this article examines contextually incomplete and situationally incomplete sentences in the stories of A.P. Chekhov. Incomplete sentences occur not only in monologue, but also in dialogic speech and are very productive in the considered stories of A.P. Chekhov.

In this article, Khayriddin Sultanov, one of the major figures of modern Uzbek literature, discusses how life events are artistically
reflected in his stories and short stories. In the writer’s works, the reality of life, the historical truth, the complex inner experiences of a person
are impressively reflected artistically, and the reality is viewed from the perspective of high humanity. In the writer’s stories such as “Dunyoning siri”, “Ghulomgar- dish”, “Qog‘oz gullar” and the short stories “Saodat sohili”, “Yozning yolg‘iz yodgori”, “Ko‘ngil Ozodadur... ”, people’s daily life, worries, attention is paid
to the truthful coverage of their aspirations and relationships. The author’s short stories focus on convincingly revealing the spiritual experiences of
a person. The events recorded in the writer’s short stories are similar to events in life. The characters in them look like real people. The thoughts and worries of these heroes will not leave anyone indifferent. The article mentions such features of the writer’s work.

When we analyze any work, the elements that directly reveal the plot of the work gain great importance. Awards landscape has a wideranging role, because from the introduction of each work, the events of social life, nature and the life of characters are revealed in a certain sense through the landscape. In fiction, the landscape is not only limited to the lines of nature, but also plays an important role in the development of the plot, revealing the spirit of the era. In this article, we analyzed the landscape in Isajon Sulton's novel "Alisher Navoiy” by dividing it into several systems.

Subjects of the inquiry: hagiographic heritage of Farididdin Attar, Alisher Navai, Tazkitat-ul-Avliya by Muhammad Siddiq Rushdi, Hizonat-ul-Asfiya by Lokhuri, poetic divans / a collection of poem of one poet I by Huvaido, Majzub, Khazini, Mirmakhmud Qori.
Aim of the inquiry: a fundamental study of Tazkitat-ul-Avliya by Muhammad Siddiq Rushdi as hagiographic source of the 18th century and showing its importance in the study of Oriental hagiographic sources.
Method of the inquiry: scientific character, objective character and historical method, findings based on the comparative analysis and generalization.
The achieved results and their novelty: little-studied works and uninvestigated manuscripts of the 18th-19lh centuries have been introduced into the scientific circle.
Practical value: new methods of interpretation of hagiography, the Sufi literature and Islamic spirituality, as a whole, are suggested and approved in the example of Tazkitat-ul-Avliya.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: basic results and findings of the thesis have been used while working out and conducting some educational courses, such as Basic Principles of Spirituality, Religious Studies, Cultural Studies, Sufism and Sufi Orders, as well as the special courses on the works of Islam Karimov.
Sphere of usage: History of Islam, Hagiography, Philology, Religious Studies, Ideology of National Independence, Basic Principles of Spirituality, Philosophy, Pedagogy, Source Studies, Textual Study, Sociology of Religion and so on.

This article provides information on the impact of empathy in newspapers and magazines and the norms of their application.
The phrase “empathy” is used by psychologist Edward. B was introduced by Tetchener in 1909 in Germany as a translation of einfuhlung (meaning emotion).
So how are grief and empathy different? Depression involves more passivecommunication, but empathy usually involves a very active effort to understand the other person. Many theories have been proposed to explain empathy. Preliminary research on the subject focuses on the concept of empathy. The philosopher Adam Smith allows us to expe rience things we can never feel otherwise.

The article analyzes the image of the folk spirit in the poetry of Erkin Vakhidov. In the poet's lyrics, the image of the people's soul is explored on the basis of artistic images and symbols, such as the moon, star, lantern, dishes, love for the native language, an attribute of the Motherland, interpretation of national values, such as the ability to do good even evil, characteristic of Uzbeks, as well as artistic expression of thought.

Тиббиётимиз ривожланиб, янги ўзгаришлар содир бўлаётган бир даврда китобхонлар, ўқувчилар, тиббиёт олий ўқув юртлари талабаларининг китобга бўлган қизиқишларини ошириш, инсон саломатлиги, соғлом турмуш тарзи, маънавий ҳамда маърифий етукликни юқори поғонага кўтариш асосий вазифаларимиздан бўлиб ҳисобланади. Таниқли адиб ва публицист Зоир Мамажоновнинг “Гулхан атрофида ўтирганлар” қиссаси ҳар бир давр учун долзарблигини йўқотмайди, чунки унда инсон саломатлиги посбонлари бўлмиш шифокорларнинг маънавий қиёфаси, одоб ахлоқи, жамият ва ҳар бир инсон учун нақадар муҳимлиги тилга олинади.

The concept of image, which is the basis of a work of art, has been considered the most important element of art since ancient times and until now. After all, an artistic image is the main tool that reflects the unique characteristics of a work of art. At the same time, it is also a component that expresses the aesthetic image of the world, a certain emotional state. Therefore, the concept of image is a very complex and at the same time comprehensive concept according to its characteristics and content. In one way or another, the reflection of objective reality in the human mind is the main root of the image in a broad sense. And the accompanying images grow from this first base. In this respect, according to the nature and clas sification of the image, it is distinguished in science, literature and art. This article aims to study the problem of classification and interpretation of ima ges in lyric poetry on the example of poet Abdulla Oripov

The article analyzes the study of the work of the Azerbaijan poet and playwright Huseyn Jovid in Uzbekistan. Analytical views were expressed regarding the attention of the author’s works at the beginning of the twentieth century of the great Uzbek poet and playwright Abdulhamid Chulpan, the translation of his works into Uzbek by Usmon Kuchkor and Tahir Kahhor at the beginning of the 21st century, the dissertation about the work of Huseyn Jovid in the Uzbek literary criticism, as well as the creation of a number of research today. On a scientific basis, is illuminated the role of the literary heritage of Hussein Jovid in the development of Uzbek-Azerbaijan literary relations is highlighted.

It is becoming more and more clear that the effectiveness of social reforms implemented in our country depends on a person, his worldview, spiritual image. Indeed, "When a person changes, society changes" [1,39]. Therefore, human philosophy, human, his unique quality and limitlessness of possibilities, creative activity, at the same time individualism, egoism (selfishness), self-interest, views that human nature also has important points where the same interests of mankind are shared will never lose their relevance.

This article deals with the history of the Old Uzbek literary language, its origin, lexical, grammatical features, based on the Arabic script,
the role of the Old Uzbek literary language in today's life, the contribution of our poets in the development of the Old Uzbek language. and the works we have created, to illuminate the connection between the Old Uzbek script and the modern Uzbek script

The article provides a gradual presentation of the historical works that led to the artistically perfect depiction of the epic horse in the epics. The place of the horse in the history of the Turkic peoples, the confessions of historians in this regard, the findings of the horse in ancient manuscript sources, in short, the ideology of the Turkic peoples is compared with the image of a war horse in the epics.
As characteristic of the war horses described in folk epics, they appear to be the most perfect of the natural horses, as well as the horse features expressed in mythological and totemistic beliefs. In this respect it was understood that the war horses in the epics must be directly or indi- rectly dependent on water horses and celestial horses in order to be true tulpars.
In this article, we will take a closer look at the natural, religious beliefs and views that underlie the creation of the epic horse image in folk epics.
The article also includes “nomadic mavaniyer”, “animal-mother” traditions and beliefs, “Devonu lug'otut-turk” and commentary on Turkish words related to the horse, analysis of the image of the horse in the Karvash folk epics and interpretations took place.

In this article, the specific features of the academician Ghafur Ghulam's poetry are studied on the example of the analysis of the poems «Observation» and «Missing». It explains that in these poems, the scenes of the past, present and future are described in harmony with the inner world of the poet. G.Ghulam did not see a person as a phenomenon at the level of the Earth. Perhaps he considered it a natural product of the evolution of the universe. G.Ghulam described the history of humanity in connection with the solar system and the changes that occurred in it over millions of years. In the article, such images in G. Ghulam’s poems are studied in connection with the poet's personal feelings. The researcher expresses the opinion that G.Ghulam's poems are the result of a combination of subjective experience and elegant poetic expression. The points of view advanced in the article are briefly summarized.

Ushbu maqolada Hamid Olimjon asarlaridagi adabiy-estetik ideal xususida fikr bildirilgan.

This article is a brief overview of novel “Thank You for Smoking”. The purpose of this article is to reveal the shift of facts hidden behind the author’s satire, to show the ways in which the writer satirizes the huge industries and how they
manipulate the society by proclaiming the weaknesses as the freedom of choice. Through plot development main characters and author’s attitude towards political establishment were analyzed

In our classical literature, the science of poetics acquires special importance and occupies a significant place as the main object of analysis and interpretation. This article compares two major works of Turkic literature - the epics "Farhad and Shirin" by Alisher Navoi and Lamia Chalabi. The opinions of scientists, who have worked on the genesis of Farhad’s image and research conducted in Navoi science, were studied and analyzed.Lyrical genres in the epic "Farhad and Shirin" the Ottoman Turkish poet Lamia Chalabi that differs in form from Masnavi’s of Navoi, is considered in terms of poetic weight and shape, while analyzing different places. As a result of the comparisons, the peculiarities of the composition of epics, the images of heroes, the questions of the originality of the varieties of poetry in the expression of events are revealed. The similarities and differences in the approach of both authors to the topic are showed. The issues of artistic craftsmanship, the architectonics of the work, as well as the creativity of the creators in terms of volume, have been studied comparatively, and scientific conclusions have been concluded.