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By fulfilling their role as facilitators and providing guidance and support, teachers play a crucial
part in the development of lexical competence. Collaboration with parents further strengthens
vocabulary development by creating a unified approach and ensuring consistent support for students.
Regular assessment and monitoring of students' progress enable teachers to identify areas for
improvement and provide targeted instruction. By nurturing the lexical competence of primary school
students, educators empower them with the necessary language skills for academic success and
effective communication.
REFERENCES
[1] https://zienjournals.com/index.php/jpip/article/download/2724/2285/2710
[2] https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/8/1416
[3] https://typeset.io/questions/how-children-learn-and-develop-their-vocabulary-in-primary-
[4] https://d-nb.info/1155587618/34
[5]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361097314_Developing_Lexical_Competence_O
f_Primary_School_Students_Through_Sports_Games_In_English_Language_Classes
[5] https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/technologies-for-developing-lexical-competence-of-
primary-school-students-in-english
[6]Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/361097314_Developing_Lexical_Competence
_Of_Primary_School_Students_Through_Sports_Games_In_English_Language_Classes
[7]https://www.academia.edu/116537012/Developing_Lexical_Competence_of_Primary_Sch
ool_Students_Through_Sports_Games_in_English_Language_Classes
[8] https://typeset.io/questions/how-children-learn-and-develop-their-vocabulary-in-primary-
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING IN WRITING: THE ART OF
PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
Koshkinbaeva Zukhra Nokisbaevna –
1year Master's student of
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz
Scientific advisor- Aidyn Aldaberdikyzy,
PhD, assistant - professor, Astana IT University
Reasoning is essential to human thought, allowing us to make sense of the world and form
opinions. There are two main types of reasoning: inductive and deductive. Each type serves a distinct
purpose and has its advantages and limitations. This article will explore the concepts of inductive and
deductive reasoning and their importance andapplications in writing, with a focus on persuasive
communication.
Writing is an essential skill, and it plays a vital role in communication, learning, and problem-
solving. Two critical components of effective writing are inductive and deductive reasoning. These
cognitive processes help writers to formulate arguments, analyze information, and present ideas
coherently and persuasively.
Inductive reasoning is a process that involves drawing general conclusions from specific
observations or examples. It is a bottom-up approach, where conclusions are reached through
observations and patterns that emerge from the data.[2;143] In other words, inductive reasoning is a
process of making educated guesses based on the information at hand. In writing, inductive reasoning
is often used in persuasive essays and speeches. By presenting a series of examples or cases, the writer
can create a compelling argument that resonates with the audience's experience and emotions. This
approach appeals to the reader's intuition and helps them draw their conclusions. For instance, when
discussing the benefits of renewable energy, a writer might present a series of cases where countries
that have transitioned to renewable energy sources have experienced economic growth, reduced
pollution, and increased energy security. The reader is then more likely to accept the argument that
renewable energy is a beneficial investment.
25
Inductive reasoning is a process in which conclusions are drawn from specific instances or
observations. Writers use this approach to build arguments by identifying patterns, trends, or
relationships between different pieces of evidence. The strength of an inductive argument lies in the
quantity and quality of the evidence presented.
1. Developing a strong thesis statement: An effective thesis statement should be a conclusion
drawn from the evidence gathered during the research process. By using inductive reasoning, writers
can
identify
patterns
or
connections
between
their
sources,
which
can
help.
2. Strengthening arguments: Inductive reasoning allows writers to build arguments gradually, adding
more evidence and examples to support their claims. This process helps to create a compelling and
persuasive case, as readers are more likely to be convinced by a well-substantiated argument.
3. Encouraging critical thinking: Inductive reasoning promotes critical thinking by encouraging
writers to question their assumptions, evaluate evidence, and draw conclusions based on empirical
data. This process helps writers to develop a deeper understanding of the topics they write about and
allows them to present well-reasoned arguments.[3; 177]
Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, is a top-down approach. It involves forming a
conclusion based on a set of premises, where the conclusion must logically follow from the premises.
If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true. In writing, deductive reasoning is often
used in formal essays, research papers, and legal documents. It involves the use of logical arguments
and a clear structure, where each point builds upon the previous one. This approach appeals to the
reader's rationality and helps them understand the logical progression of the argument.[1; 15]
Deductive reasoning is a critical component of effective writing, enabling authors to present
logical arguments, analyze complex ideas, and draw sound conclusions. As a key cognitive process,
deductive reasoning is essential for any writer seeking to persuade or inform their audience.
Deductive reasoning promotes clarity and precision in writing by encouraging authors to break down
complex ideas into well-organized, logical arguments. By identifying the main premises,
assumptions, and conclusions, writers can construct well-structured, cohesive pieces that are easy for
readers to follow and understand.
The process of deductive reasoning enables writers to:
- Identify the most relevant and important points to include in their argument.
- Organize their thoughts and ideas in a logical progression, from general to specific.
- Use clear and concise language to avoid ambiguity and confusion.
Deductive reasoning fosters critical thinking by encouraging writers to evaluate the validity of
their arguments and assumptions. This process helps writers to:
- Identify potential gaps or flaws in their reasoning, allowing them to refine their arguments and
strengthen their conclusions.
- Recognize and address potential counterarguments, demonstrating a well-rounded
understanding of the topic.
- Develop the ability to think critically and analytically, skills that are invaluable in both writing
and everyday life.
Deductive reasoning enhances effective communication by ensuring that the writer's arguments
are logically sound, well-supported, and easy to follow. When writers use deductive reasoning in their
writing, they:
- Create a persuasive and convincing case for their position, which can help to sway readers'
opinions and beliefs.
- Facilitate meaningful dialogue and discussion by presenting well-reasoned arguments that
others can engage with and critique.
- Enhance their credibility as writers by demonstrating their ability to construct logical, well-
reasoned arguments.[5]
To sum up, both inductive and deductive reasoning play a crucial role in writing. They help
authors to formulate and analyze information. When you doubt whether to use inductive or deductive
reasoning, remember that "inductive reasoning...is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at
26
the beginning. Deductive reasoning is more narrow in nature and is concerned with testing or
confirming hypotheses" [4]
REFERENCES
1.
Csapó, B.‘Development of deductive reasoning in students across school grade
levels’,
Thinking Skills and Creativity
, 37, 2020 pp. 1-15.
2.
Hayes, B.K. ‘The diversity effect in inductive reasoning depends on sampling
assumptions’,
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
,2019. 26, pp.1043-1050.
3.
Pellegrino, J.W. and Glaser, R ‘Components of inductive reasoning’, In
Aptitude, learning,
and instruction
(pp. 177-218). Abingdon: Routledge. 2021
4.
Trochim, W. M. KDeduction & induction. Research methods knowledge base.
https://conjointly.com/kb/deduction-and-induction/2020
5.
Khodjaniyazova U. K. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF SPOKEN AND
WRITTEN LANGUAGE //CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS. – 2021. – Т.
2. – №. 08. – С. 20-23.
6.
https://purdueglobalwriting.center/inductive-vs-deductive-writing/?amp 2015
IMPORTANCE OF EXTENSIVE READING PROGRAMM 10-11
th
GRADE EFL
LEARNERS
Koshaeva Rumkhalifa Batirjan qizi- student of NSPI
Muratbaeva Elvira Jenisbay qizi-student of NSPI
This article investigates the importance of extensive reading programs for 10th and 11th-grade
EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in Uzbekistan. It explores the theoretical foundation
of extensive reading, its benefits for language acquisition, and its potential impact on other language
skills. The article analyzes the current state of extensive reading in Uzbekistani EFL curriculum and
proposes recommendations for teachers to integrate this valuable practice into their classrooms.
Teaching foreign languages especially English language at all levels of educational system has
become one of the national demand set by the government of Republic of Uzbekistan. Decree number
610 enacted by Cabinet of Ministers “On measures to further improving the quality of teaching
foreign languages in educational institutions” released on August 11, 2017 has become the breaking
point in reforming the whole system of teaching foreign languages. The given decree identifies major
tasks in improving foreign language teaching. We would like to note that special attention is paid to
the implementation of western and world standards in improving the system. As it is noted in the
decree “ensuring the quality of teaching foreign languages to the young generation at all stages of
educational system, radically improving the system of training specialists fluent in foreign languages,
ensuring the continuity of curricula in this area in order to provide benefits and incentives to pupils,
developing the national test system on the basis of which, qualified teachers and students should be
rewarded” must be carried out in our country.This article focuses on the wide range of academic and
personal benefits of extensive reading and look into the current condition and attitude towards
extensive reading in school books of our Republic.
In the 21st century reading in a foreign language, especially in English is the most demanding
skill as it has become global community language. Also English is the most available nowadays
through the ample internet resources and libraries. Therefore the goals of reading development
programs should be developing reading skill, promoting reading as a lifelong activity, providing with
an enjoyable reading experience.
Reading is a complex process which has a number of techniques and strategies but first off all,
it is divided into two big parts: extensive reading and intensive reading, and now we mainly look into
the former one in widely context. Nuttal stated that “The best way to improve your knowledge of a
foreign language is to go and live among its speakers. The next best way is to read extensively in it”.
[1;168]Extensive reading is not a modern approach; however, it has recently been using in the EFL
and ESL context and become the widely researched topic.
