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«Leksilologiya», «Leksikologiya haqqında túsinik», «Sózlerdıń mánileri», «Sózlerdiń tuwra hám
awıspalı mánileri», «Sinonim hám ontonimler», «Omonimler», «Leksikologiyadan ótilgenlerdi
takirarlaw» temalarına bir saattan ajıratılǵan.
6-klasta I shereginde «Sinonimler» ge bir saat, II shereginde «Sózlerdiń kóp mániligi,
omonimler boyınsha shınıǵıwlar», «Turaqlı sóz dizbegi, turaqlı sóz dizbeginiń qospa sóz
dizbeklerinen hám sóz dizbegi menen uqsas hám ayırmashılıqları», III shereginde «Sózlik,
Sózliklerdiń túrleri»,«Neologizmler», «Sózliktiń túrleri boyınsha shınıǵıwlar», «Ózleestirilgen sózler
(arab,parsı)», «Rus tilinen hám rus tili arqalı basqa tillerden ózlestirilgen sózler», «Ulıwma
qollanılatuǵın sózler», «Kásipke baylanıslı sózler», «Dialektlik sózler» temalarına bir saattan
berilgen.
7-klasta I shereginde «Omonim qosımtalar», «Sinonimler», «Sinonim qosımtalar», IV sherekte
«Turaqlı sóz dizbeklerindegi omonimiya» temalarına bir saattan berilgen.
8-9-klaslarda sóz mánilerine toqtalıp ótilmeydi. Bul klaslarda tiykarınan «Sóz dizbegi», «Gáp»,
9-klasta «Qospa gápler» ótiledi.
10-klastıń I yarım jıllıǵında «Sinonimlerdiń stillik qollanılıwı», «Antonimlerdiń stillik
qollanılıwı», «Omonimlerdiń stillik qollanılıwı», «Paronimlerdiń stillik qollanılıwı», «Kásiplik hám
dialektlik sózlerdiń stillik qollanılıwı», «Gónergen sózler stilistikası», «Jańa sózler stilistikası»,
«Turaqlı sóz dizbekleri stilistikası» berilgen bolsa, II yarım jıllıǵında «Tabu hám evfemizmler» ge
bir saattan ajıratılǵan.
11-klasta tiykarınan qaraqalpaq tiliniń rawajlanıwı, sóylew mádeniyatına toqtalıp ótilgen.
Oqıw basqa tillerde alıp barılatuǵın mekteplerde qaraqalpaq tili 2- klasta, alipbeden baslap
úyretiledi. Sóz mánilerine arnalǵan temalar 5-klasta I sherekte «Leksikologiya. Sóz hám onıń
mánileri. Kóp mánili sózler», «Sózdiń tuwra hám awıspalı mánileri» bir saat ajıratılǵan.
6-klasta I sherekte «Leksikologiya. Termin hám kásipke baylanıslı sózler», 7-klasta I sherekte
«Gónergen sózler hám neologizmler», 8-klass I shereginde «Turaqlı sóz dizbekleri» temalarına bir
saattan ajıratılǵan. 9-10-11 klaslarda sóz mánilerin oqıtıwǵa saatlar berilmegen, bunda tiykarınan
qaraqalpaq tiliniń sintaksis tarawı boyınsha saatlar berilgen.
Mekteplerde sóz mánilerin oqıtıw arqalı oqıwshılarda sózlik qorınıń bayıwı, sózlerdi durıs
qollanıw ózgesheliklerin sonday-aq qaraqalpaq tili leksikasındaǵı teoriyalıq bilimlerin keleshekte
qaysı kásip iyesi bolıwına qaramastan ana tilinde jetkerip bere aladı.
Keyingi jıllarda bilimlendiriw tarawında rawajlanǵan eller tájiriybesin qollnıw tendenciyaları
jedel tús almaqta. Finlandiya tájiriybesi, PISA standartları talaplarına say, milliy baǵdarlama
tiykarında jańa sabaqlıqlar baspadan shıqpaqta. Bul oqıwshılarda bir waqıttıń ózinde birneshe
dúniyalıq bilimlerdi iyelewine múmkinshilik tuwdırmaqta. Biz elede sabaqlıqlar boyınsha tereńnen
jumıs alıp barıp jas áwladtı ana tilimizde bilim dárejesiniń bayıwına miynetimizdi ayamaymız.
PAYDALANÍLǴAN ÁDEBIYATLAR
1.E. Berdimuratov. Házirgi qaraqalpaq tili. Leksikologiya. Nókis. “Bilim.” 1994.
2.Sh. Allaniyazova, J. Táńirbergenov. Qaraqalpaq tilin oqıtıwda innovaciyalıq texnologiyalar
(oqıw qollanba) Nókis. “Bilim.” 2015.
3.Piriniyazova A., Shınnazarova S. Házirgi ádebiy til (leksikologiya)di oqıtıwda innovaciyalıq
usıllar. Toshkent: Tafakkur qanoti, 2020.
A STUDY OF REDUPLICATION PATTERNS IN KARAKALPAK ADVERBS
Kdirbaeva Bakhitgul Keunimjaevna, PhD student
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz
The phenomenon of reduplication in Karakalpak adverbs is examined in this work.
Reduplication, the repetition of all or part of a word, is common in Karakalpak, serving to form
adverbs from various grammatical categories. This study examines the different types of reduplication
observed in Karakalpak adverbs. By analyzing various examples, the paper explores how
reduplication alters the meaning and function of adverbs in Karakalpak.
Reduplication of adverbs is a productive process in Karakalpak. Numerous adverbs in
Karakalpak are derived from adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs, numerals, pronouns, and ideophones
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through reduplication. According to Sapir, reduplicationinvolves “the repetition of all or part of a
radical element” [3, 34]. Moravcsik notes that reduplication is divided into total and partialin her
cross-linguistic study of reduplication. Subsequently, partial reduplication falls “into further logically
possible subtypes” [1, 304]. Moreover, cross-linguistic research on reduplication extensively explores
a wide range of types and subtypes.
In Karakalpak, reduplicative constructions such asbılay-bılay ‘back and forth, somehow, so-
so’, endi-endi ‘at any minute now, very soon’ and others have been observed in several studies. In
particular, Baskakov carefully analyzes the formation of adverbs through reduplication in his
extensive research on the Karakalpak language. Bekbergenov also conducts a detailed analysis of
them. In both studies, total reduplication is observed, characterized by “the repetition of the base” or
“the repetition of adverbs” [5, 222; 6, 84]. According to Moravcsik, total reduplication “involves the
repetition of the whole semantic-syntactic or of the whole phonetic-phonological string whose
meaning is correspondingly changed” [1, 304]. Through total reduplication, adverbs in Karakalpak
are formed from adverbs:
áste ‘slowly; hardly’ → áste-áste ‘very slowly, carefully’
júdá ‘very, extremely’ → júdá-júdá ‘very very’
kem ‘(a) little/bit, very little’ → kem-kem ‘little by little, slowly, gradually’
keyin ‘then; back’ → keyin-keyin ‘afterwards; a little bit back’
kóp ‘a lot, much’ → kóp-kóp ‘very much’
qayta ‘again’ → qayta-qayta ‘over and over again, again and again’
shaqqan ‘nimbly, quickly, briskly’ → shaqqan-shaqqan ‘very nimbly, quickly, briskly’
siyrek ‘occasionally, rarely’ → siyrek-siyrek ‘very rarely; in a sprawling manner’
soń ‘then’ → soń-soń ‘afterwards’.
Total reduplication is also used to form adverbs from adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs,
numerals, pronouns, and ideophones: jıllı-jıllı ‘(very) warmly, affectionately’, qattı-qattı ‘severely,
very ’,jaltań-jaltań‘fearfully’, and others. Additionally, adverbs and words from other grammatical
categories can be included in this group when they have or take identical affixes, as in: birim birim
‘one at a time, eachother’, kúnde-kúnde ‘everyday’, and keńnen-keńnen ‘widely, broadly,
extensively’. These reduplicated adverbs, exemplified by the examples provided, convey meanings
related to intensity, iteration, or plurality.
Baskakov cites another type in which adverbs are formed “by combining two adverbs that are
either synonyms or antonyms.” Thus, these adverbs form an “intensifying or collective form” [5,
222]. Bekbergenov also examines similar constructions within a set of synonym compounds (taken
from [2]). According to Bekbergenov, they mean “intensity, completion” [6, 67–68]. These words
are associated with reduplication, where the combining of synonyms is known as synonymous
reduplication. Kryuchkova contends that “in all languages, reduplication may involve not only the
reiterated phonetic structure of reduplicants but also the repetition of their semantics.” This
phenomenon is known as “semantic repetition” or “synonymous reduplication” [8, 70]. These
constructions, in which two elements are synonyms, antonyms, or near-synonyms, are observed in
Karakalpak [7, 243]. Some examples of constructions where two elements are synonyms or near-
synonyms include: aman-esen ‘safely, safe and sound’, áste-aqırın ‘slowly; hardly; quietly’, jenil-
jelpi ‘lightly; frivolously’, and piyada-jayaw ‘on foot’. Examples of the constructions with two
antonymous elements are: arı-beri ‘to and fro, up and down, back and forth’, arman-berman ‘to and
fro, up and down, back and forth’, búgin-erteń ‘any day (now), any time now, very soon’, oyaq-buyaq
‘to and fro’, etc.
Emphatic or intensive reduplication refers to the process of “the doubling of the initial [CV or
V] of a word and inserting a single or double consonant in between” [4, 251]. Emphatic reduplication
is used to intensify adjectives and adverbs. The consonant ‘p’ is attached to the initial CV or V, which
is the first element of the reduplicative construction: ep-erte ‘very early’, tap-taza ‘very
clean/cleanly’, tep-tez ‘very fast’, tip-tikke ‘very straight; openly, frankly’, etc.
Adverbs in Karakalpak can also be formed by reduplicating the same base with the insertion of
the particles ma/-me, -ba/-be, and -pa/-pe [5, 222]. Some examples are: az-maz ‘little by little, slowly,
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gradually’, betpe-bet ‘face to face’, birme-bir ‘alone, in private; one by one’, dálme-dál ‘exactly, just
as, to a tee’, júzbe-júz ‘face to face’, and qolma-qol ‘hand in hand’.
In Karakalpak, other types include ablaut reduplicatives (shala-shula ‘somehow, so-so, hastily’,
jalt-jult ‘sparkling, twinkling’), rhyming reduplicatives (malpaq-salpaq ‘sloppily’, sál-pál ‘(a)
little/bit, hardly’) and ones with affixes in one or two elements (ústi-ústine ‘in a row, one after
another/the other, again and again’, az-azdan ‘little by little, slowly, gradually’, izli-izinen‘one after
another/the other’).
Reduplication proves to be a versatile mechanism for deriving adverbs in Karakalpak. The
paper has explored various types of reduplication, including total, synonymous, and emphatic
reduplication. Additionally, the discussion extends toablaut reduplication, rhyming reduplication,
reduplication with affixes, and reduplication with particles. Overall, this analysis demonstrates the
richness and complexity of reduplication in shaping adverbial meaning in Karakalpak.
REFERENCES
1. Moravcsik, Edith. (1978). Reduplicative constructions. In Joseph Greenberg (ed.),
Universals of Human Language. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 297–334
2. Nguyen, D. H. (1997). Vietnamese: Tieng Viet Khong Son Phan. Amsterdam:
JohnBenjamins.
3. Sapir, Edward. (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York:
Harcourt, Brace and Company.
4. Stachowski, K. (2014). Standard Turkic C-type reduplications. Kraków: Jagiellonian
University Press.
5. Баскаков, Н. А. (1952). Каракалпакский язык: Фонетика и морфология. Части речи и
словообразование. (II том). М.
6. Бекбергенов, А. (1979). Қарақалпақ тилинде сөзлердиң жасалыўы. Нөкис,
Қарақалпақстан.
7. Кдырбаева, Б. (2023). ПАРНЫЕ СЛОВА В КАРАКАЛПАКСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ: ОБЗОР
ОСНОВНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ. Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари /
Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/ActualProblemsofHumanitiesand Social
Sciences., 3(S/9).
8. Крючкова, О. Ю. (2000). Редупликация в аспекте языковой типологии. Вопросы
Языкознания, (4), 68–84.
THE IMPORTANCE OF LINGUOCULTURAL STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF
"SOUL-RUWX" IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK
Aydos Mukhammadiyarov, a doctoral student,
10.00.06-Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics and Translation studies,
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
The idea of the "soul" is a deeply complex and multifaceted concept that has been recognized
for a significant period of time. The human soul is a subject of much debate, with various
philosophical, ideological, psychological, and historical viewpoints shaping its understanding. Due
to the intangible nature of the soul, its existence remains unverifiable. [1:3].
The concept of "soul" holds significant linguistic and cultural peculiarities in both English and
Karakalpak languages, particularly in the context of the Karakalpak term "ruwx" which signifies the
essence of the soul. This interdisciplinary study delves into the linguistic nuances and cultural
connotations associated with the concept of "soul" in these two languages, shedding light on the
intricate interplay between language, culture, and spirituality.
By examining the semantic variations and symbolic representations of the concept of "soul" in
English and Karakalpak, this research aims to unravel the unique linguistic structures and cultural
frameworks that shape individuals' understanding of the soul's essence. Furthermore, the study
explores how these linguistic and cultural differences influence the perception of the soul's nature, its
significance in religious and philosophical contexts, and its role in shaping individual identities and
worldviews.
