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Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Meronymic phenomena between English and Uzbek
languages
Sojida MUSTAFAEVA
Termez Engineering Technology of Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received January 2024
Received in revised form
10 January 2024
Accepted 25 February 2024
Available online
25 May 2024
This article discusses lexical phenomena, particularly,
meronimic relations, which are one of the new word meaning
relations with their semantic field in Linguistics. It is based on,
particularly, semantic and lexical, pragmatic features as well as
the relationship of comparative analysis in two languages Uzbek
and English. A practical analysis of the mutual expressions of
meronymic words in two languages and their differentiation and
separation, that is, whether the meronymic features of these two
languages are equal or unequal, are provided. Furthermore, it is
explained that words related to meronymy, express the linguistic
and non-linguistic appearance of words between the two
languages, determining mutual relations in semantic meanings
and stylistic colors from different points of view.
2181-3663
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss2-pp282-290
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
meronymy,
part-whole relations,
lexicons,
lexical-semantical
characteristics,
pragmatic and stylistic
features.
Ingliz va o‘zbek tililari orasidagi meronimik hodisalar
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
meronimiya,
yaxlit munosabatlar,
leksikalar,
leksik-semantik
xususiyatlar,
pragmatik va stilistik
xususiyatlar
Ushbu maqolada leksik hodisalar, xususan, tilshunoslikdagi
yangi so‘zlardan biri bo‘lib, ularning semantik sohasi bilan
bog‘liqlikni anglatuvchi meronomik munosabatlar muhokama
qilinadi. U, xususan, semantik va leksik, pragmatik xususiyatlar
hamda ikki tilda oʻzbek va ingliz tillarida qiyosiy tahlil
munosabatlariga asoslanadi. Ikki tildagi meronomik so‘zlarning
o‘zaro ifodalanishi va ularning farqlanishi va ajratilishi, ya’ni bu
ikki tilning meronomik xususiyatlarining teng yoki teng
emasligi amaliy tahlil qilinadi. Qolaversa, meronimiya bilan
bogʻliq boʻlgan soʻzlarning ikki til oʻrtasidagi soʻzlarning
lingvistik va nolingvistik koʻrinishini ifodalovchi, oʻzaro
1
Teacher, Termez Engineering Technology of Institute. E-mail: sojidabonu1986@gmail.com
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semantik
maʼno
va
uslubiy
boʻyoqlardagi
oʻzaro
munosabatlarini turli nuqtai nazardan belgilashi tushuntiriladi.
Меронимические явления между английским и
узбекским языками
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
меронимия,
отношения часть
-
целое,
лексиконы,
лексико
-
семантические
характеристики,
прагматические и
стилистические
особенности
.
Статья посвящена лексическим явлениям, в частности,
меронимическим отношениям, которые представляют
собой новые взаимоотношения значений слов с их
семантическими
полями
в
языкознании.
Основу
исследования составляют семантические и лексические, а
также прагматические особенности этих отношений,
исследуемых на примере узбекского и английского языков.
В статье проведен практический анализ меронимических
слов в обоих языках, их дифференциации и различий, с
целью определения, равны ли меронимические признаки
этих языков. Также рассматриваются способы, с помощью
которых слова в обоих языках выражают меронимию,
обозначая
языковые
и
внелингвистические
характеристики, а также взаимосвязи в смысловых
значениях и стилистической окраске.
INTRODUCTION
Language is dynamic and constantly moving phenomenon, the units of which are
constantly changing under the influence of various external and internal factors. Thus,
the language is a progressing case that develops regularly under the development of
period. In both languages has its own grammar, word structures, word meanings, lexical,
seamntic and stylistic, pragmatic relations on their own. Here, the main discussion will
survey about word relations and meanings which have been progressing over the years.
In English, mainly, in linguistics, meaning is the basic notion to interact with other word
connections. Firstly, it demands to distunguish between word forms and lexems.
According to D. Alan Cruse, the former one is individuated by their form, whether
phonological or graphic: lexemes can be regarded as groupings of more than one word
forms, which are individuated by their roots and derivational affixes. Word forms that
differ only in respect of inflectional affixes belong to the same lexeme. It is the word as
lexeme which is the significance unit for lexical semantics. Generally, lexical semantics is
the meanings of content words, and is oriented principally to the contribution that
openset items make direct sense in that position. There are some negotiations over the
concept “the meaning of a word” is not a coherent one and others believe that there is
such a thing, the nature of the description of it will hang crucially on what sort of thing it
is supposed to be [1]. Semantic relationship are related to words, studying meaning
through signs and language. It should say that various subgroups of semantics are
studied within the fields of linguistics, logic and computing., In English, linguistic
semantics includes the history of how words have been used in th past to justify this
statement: logical semantics includes how people mean and refer in terms of intent and
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assumptions. In the 19 century, John Stuart Mill defined semantic meaning with the
words separating into the two as “denotation” and “connotation”. The meaning of a word
is a literally primarily denotation while connotations are whether ideas or feelings that a
word invokes for a person as well as its literal or primary meaning. Due to George Yule,
lexical semantics is word meaning, and the lexical relation is used to designate any
paradigmatic relation among words. Lexical semantic relations study the paradigmatic
relations among synonymy, antonyms, polysemy, homonymy, holonym, hyponyms and
meronyms [2]. M. Lynne Murphy (2003) pointed that hyponym and meronym are
hierarchical and asymmetrical relations which a relation between a category and its
superordinate category, and in the other, it is a relation between a category and its
subordinate. As for any other phenomenon in the world, the existence of pradigmatic
semantic relations among word meanings is, especially, meronymys are new tendency
for Uzbek linguistic researchers. Uzbek linguistic scientists such as E. Begmatov,
M. Narzieva, H.
Ne’matov,
R. Rasulov, R. Safarova, Sh. Orifjonova, S.
G‘iyosov
and others
predicted to have more kinds of word meanings in a branch of linguistics like meronymy,
hypoymy, partonymy, graduonymy, hierarchy which could create.[3] And concluding
from the researching works of the present time, the complete incommensurability of the
language and its lexical
–
word, word-to-word relations meant not to get stuck only in
synonymous, antonym or paronym robotic cases. Words certainly enter into semantic
and stylistic relationships with each other so due to its functions they divided into
different categories. Foreign researchers who discovered new aspects of stylistic devices
including meanings of words
–
they are mainly, west linguistics A. Cruse, J. Lyons,
L.M. Murphy, D. Lakoff gave a wider researching trips about stylistic connotations in
linguistics. So it means that there are more new relations between words can express
more modern styles as meronymy, hypoymy, partonymy, graduonymy, hierarchy. In this
article, we only talk about meronyms which have appeared as new one of word relations,
explaining its semantic, stylistic features, paradigatic similarities and differences in both
Uzbek and English linguistics.
LITERATURE REVIEW
It is known that dividing words into specific groups is not entirely new in
linguistics but creating new relations in word groups can be the process of researching.
Words enter into semantic relationships with each other, due to their features they can
be classified into different groups such as synonymy, antonyms, homonyms, polysemy,
and others. They are traditional word relations but west researchers proved that words
can be expressed as other meanings in order to their modern period. Lyons J, Cruse D.A,
Iris M.A, Litowitz B & Evens M, Murphy L.M. and other scientists have researched about
word relationships and their semantic aspects and claimed that there are many new
word relations like meronym / partonym, holonym, graduonym. Linguistic researchers:
M. Lynn Merhpee, J. Lyon and D.A. Cruz contributed great researching finds in modern
linguistics, particularly, in developing word relationships and their stylistic, lexic and
paradigmatic semantics of characteristcs. Such as Cruse “Lexical Semantics”, “Meaning in
language”, Murphy
L.M “Meronymy” are basic new sources of modern linguistic process
in learning word meanings. D.A.
Cruse “Lexical Semantics” (1986) hierarchy is a set of
elements which are related to one another in a characteristic way. A branching hierarchy
requires a relation of dominance, named differentiable. A taxonomic hierarchy is a
differentiable relation with lexical significance and as a result, the lexical items in a
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taxonomy is supposed to be as corresponding to classes of things in the extra
–
linguistic
world. Such kind of relations are certainly divided into many sub-classes not members in
common. A relation is many-to-one which includes several elements, standing in that
relation called hierarchy but many-to-one relation is identified into one another as
proportional series. The same is probably true of the holonym in a pair related
meronymously. One of the branch from relations of taxonomic hierarchy is meronymy,
discussing the nature and characteristics of parts, their relations with wholes, and their
distinction from pieces. According to D.A.
Cruse, “We must now turn to a consideration of
the lexical items used to designate parts and wholes, and the semantic relations between
them. The semantic relation between a lexical item denoting a part and that denoting the
corresponding whole will be termed as meronymy”
[4]. According to Chaffin, Herrman, &
Andrews, (1981); Winston & Chaffin (1982) part whole relations are family relations
which is the pragmatic inclusion. They argued that parts of functional objects are
distinguished due to its particular spatial and functional configuration owing to play their
roles in the functioning of the whole [5]. Meronymy is the new term in both Uzbek and
European linguistics, and appears for the first time in the scientific literature in the
Thesis of Systemic Lexicology. Meronymy (from the ancient Greek words "part" and
"name") is a term that represents semantic relationships between a meronym is a
denoting part but a holonym is a denoting whole. To justify it more simly, a meronym is
part-relative to its holonym. For example,
finger
is the meronym of the
hand
, which is its
holonym. Similarly, the
page
is the
book's
meronym, its holonym.[6] In linguistics,
separate interdisciplinary research based on the field of semantic field theory begins
mainly in the 70s and 80s of the twentieth century. Professor A. Sobirov, the introduction
of field theory into Uzbek linguistics is associated with the introduction of system-
structural methods in relation to language units. A. Nurmonov, H. Nematov, R. Rasulov,
I. Kuchkartoev, E. Begmatov, T. Mirzakulov, Sh. Iskandarova, O. Bozorov, R. Safarova,
Kilichev, M. Narziyeva, H. Hojiyeva are important in the study of the lexicon of the Uzbek
language on the basis of field theory and mentioned partonimic/meronymic (whole-
part), functionality (functionality), graduonimic (hierarchy), relations which has long
been known in linguistics that lexical units form a series of hierarchies due to their
semantic relations. In today's modern linguistics, the terms of meronymy/partonymy,
holonymy, graduonymy and its Uzbek meaning of hierarchy are obtaining popularity as a
scientific concept refering to a form of inter-verbal semantic relations. Particularly,
B.E.
Kilichev “O‘zbek tilida partonomiya” (“Partonymy in the Uzbek language”) had an
important study in reasearching meronymy/partonymy in Uzbek linguistics. [7; p.43] He
has worked on the semantic features,lexic meanings and stylistic characteristicsof the
partonym/meronym which explains the the between relationships of the words in Uzbek
language. These studies are certainly value to develop the points of into lexemes and
words relationships that distinguishes actual connections between whole and part and
their real stylistic mechanisms.
METHODS
Our research is based on definitions taken from the explanatory dictionary of
Modern English for advanced learners and in Uzbek dictionary “An explanatory
dictionary of the Uzbek Lnguage”. English and Uzbek nouns are analyzed according to
their lexical and semantic meanings in the classes. Furthermore, we intended to study the
colour of stylistic features and pragmatic semantic features are related to their lingiustic
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or non-linguistic phenomenona of the meronymy in English and Uzbek laguages, using
methods such as comparative method to be learn discussing contrastly to each other.
Surveys were hepful to progress the process by taking all discussions into consideration
to tackle the problem. To analyze the word meanings from their semantic
relations(hyponym, patronym, meronym), lexical and functional relations were discussed
through applying the descriptive ways which are very sufficient approach to explore the
basic notion between them as well as a corpus-based analysis which identify the
linguistic changes among word meaning relations and deal with them by applying
technology.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The term “meronymy” belongs to the Greek language and means “meros”
–
“part”,
“onuma”
–
“names”. It is a new term to science and lexical units form a series of
hierarchies according to their functional characteristics. In English, mereology deals with
the particular whole-part relationship which is used in logical way. It is basically related
to the first-order part and meronymy is considered as functions as partial-order.
According to the recent work in linguistics, logic, and cognitive psychology has focalized
on understanding the nature of semantic relations. The main thing between the parts and
the wholes which they comprise. Morton E.Winston, Roger Chaffin, Douglas Herrman
“A Taxonomy of Part
-
Whole Relations” (1987) metioned that the
knowledge of parts and
wholes can be expressed in many specialized ways, we will focus on the relation
expressed by the English term “part of”, as in “X is part of the Y”, “X is partly Y,” “X’s are
part of Y’s” “X is a part of Y” “The parts of
a Y include the X’s, the Z’….,” and similar
expressions, such as in the sentences: “
The head is part of the div
,” “
Bicycles are partly
aluminum
,” “
Pistons are parts of engins,
” “
Dating is a part of adolsence
,” “
The parts of a
flower include the stamen, the petals
etc…” We will refer to relationships that can be
expressed with term “part” in the above frames as “meronymic” relations after the Greek
“meros” for part.
[8; p.2] From this fomulas, we can understand that there are
subordinate parts which are set in the hierracy:
Fig.1 Describing the meronimic process.
It has been discovered that the category of meronymy represents one of the main
fundemantal types of semantic relations between the lexicons. D.A. Cruse (1986: 159-
160) firstly formulated these connective notions which are important: the term of
Y
X
X
X
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“meronym” refers to the part, and holonym is the word refering to the whole. The siblings
of parts of the same whole are called in lexical semantics “co
-
meronyms”. It should be
distnguished that meronyms are relational notions functioning lexical-item
corresponding to the second lexical-item. But, the holonym is come to a third one. For
example,
a keyboard
is meronym as a part of
computer
which is its holonym;
a cover
is
meronym as a part of
a book
which its holonym;
a pupil
is meronym as a part of
a school
which its holonym; these meronymic relations are co-meronimic relationships and they
play roles not only in pragmatic semantic functions but also in stylistic colors. In Uzbek
linguistics also have been done many works, specifically, after the 70 the years, lexicons
have been discussed thoroughly, and then lexical meaning groups have been separated
into new word meanings by A.S obirov, E. Begmatov, M. Narziyeva, H.
Ne’matov,
R. Rasulov, R. Safarova, Sh. Orifjonova, S. G
‘
iyosov studied the diffrences of semantic
circles between word meanings and widen both their logic and concept relationships
with hyponomy, partonymy, graduonymy and hierarchonymy and others. When they
were analyzed, particularly, hyponymic and graduonymic relations have been accounted
as linguistic phenomenon. These word relations with their lexic interactions were
researched deeply by uzbek linguistists R.Safarova and Sh. Orifjonova. And other forms of
word relation, especially, meronyms have not been studied fully. In Uzbek linguistics,
meronyms are studied under partonyms which their mutual interrelations are the same.
System includes the elements which it gathers all both natural and unnatural sytematic
relations in the planet. When we recall about natural objects, we realize
the planet, the
moon, the sun, green plants
and then we divide them into parts if we talk about
the palnet
,
we say about their subdivisions, for example,
the planet
includes
stars, the sun, the moon
and other objects of sky;
green plants
are
flowers, trees, plants;
when we talk about
trees,
we say its
branches, root, trunk, leaves, fruit
;
flowers
are
leaf, petal, stem
;
the earrth
are
separated into groups
people, the air, the sky, the land, the soil, the water
. Unnatural things
are artificial objects such as
television, radio, computer, furniture, vehicles, residential
houses
and others. The materials are always divided into parts and the whole which they
certainly form these the part-whole series. We should point out that all these elements
are classified into taxonomy which is the theory of classification and hierarchy which is
the dominative and sub-divisions under it. The Swiss botanist O.Decondol (1813) created
the “taxonomy” word and developed it describing the classes of plants.[9; p.6] By this
way, he showed the objects to be separated into subgroups that they perform their
functions equally to the first ones. According to the one of Uzbek linguistic researchers
A.
Eshmo‘minov “O‘zbek tili korpuslari uchun taksonomik va meronimik munosabatli
leksemalar lingvistik bazasini shakllantrish” (2022) pointed that one of the main
problems of taxonomy is to determine the method this taxon. It is recent work to Uzbek
linguistics which the lexicology has risen from a comparative-descriptive stage to a new
theoretical stage. A.
Eshmo‘minov refers that during this stage, it was important to
characterize the study of lexicon as whole system-system consistening of certain
semantic groups, the relationships of certain elements of meaning. According to
Professor A. Sobirov, the introduction of field theory into Uzbek linguistics is associated
with the introduction of system-structural methods in raltion to units. Particularly,
Sh.Iskandarova analyzed the lexicon as a sematic field, giving the example of a personal
microfield. She gives specific divisions of the universe into groups and its reflection in the
language, and provides resources related to it more than hundred lexical-semantic
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groups which are operated in the microfield of the individuals.[10; p.15] According to
A.Sobirov, th types of relationships between members of the paradigm in the semantic
field can be divided into many word meaning groups as well as their lexical semantics
functions; he expalins meronyms are words that consist of wholeness and fragments of
those objects, like
“house”
–
door, window, rooft, wall, attic.
B.Qilichev surveyed linguistic
phenomena of meronymic relations, classifying semantic fields due to their
characteristics and features whether they can keep the meaning when are used to
represent the object or not. For example,
“Head”, “Hand”, “Leg”, “ Body”, “Tree”, “Plant”,
“Computer”, “Book”, “Furniture’, “House”, “Car”, “Creature”, “Eye”, “Hair”, “Land”
partonyms
in Lexical Semantic Groups. We can decribe this semantic development stages:
Fig.2 semantic segments.
Land I
Land (base)
Land II
Land III
To analyze this division wider,
“land”
is noun and has its own characteristics :
“land”
I represents as the world/planet;
“land”
II refers the soil for yielding crops;
“land”
III characters the territory; It can be seen that
‘land I” and “land II”
are similar to each
other according to the classification of fragments, and sharply different from “land III” .
Conclusively, we can state
the following: Firstly, “land II” and “land III” are close to each
other in terms of forming lexical lines, while “land I” does not have such a future.
Secondly, the parts of “land II” and “land III” wholes have the characteristics. In this case,
“land I” is separated from “land II” and “land III”
due to the nature of its parts. So, these
three nouns with their semantical relations can be one group. It is explained as meronym
in the national corpus of Uzbek language while in the partonymic lexical-semantic groups
of
man, cattle, tree,
it is vitally important to determine their mutual relations one another.
As part-whole relations are referred as meronymy in English linguistics while in Uzbek
linguistics, it is called partonymy, indicating the part-whole relationships. However, it is
necessary to identify that meronyms have both lexical and semantic correlations with
each other. Even if the parts of the meronyms are used to indicate the function of each
other, they should never lose their pragmatic interactions with other ones. Meronyms are
complexity hierarchy that they present series of the one group, they have stylistic colors
representing the deeper meaning and are used to dinguish according to their functional
fields. This type covers various pragmatic relations in the language unit and the syntactic
constructions among word meanings are related to nouns. Differences of meronymy from
other word meaning relations save their lexic semantic relations from a part-whole to a
whole part, similarities of them are expressed as the same as syntactical words in the
classifications.
CONCLUSION
In summary, a closely investigation of meronymic word relations between other
lexical word meanings, which specifically deals with the part-whole relationships
indicates that this kind of word relations are logical and cognitive senses to be forced to
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separate based on their pragmatic functions in the circle of tools. We analyzed the whole
information in a comparative-discriptive way which enhanced the main of article by
encompassing diversity of word meaning relations as possible.The problem of
representing a large number of distinct relations in semantic meanings if they are
manageable by the fact that particles of wholeness or the whole of the parts in the
classification when they have to be decomposed into defining properties that are shared
in varying numbers of function with variety mutual connections. Also, the main is that to
understand the semantic meanings and pragmatic functions between the whole-part
relations. From different languages, it can be discussed through its necessity and
structure by linguistic researchers. Foreign linguistits surveyed the meronymy and they
distinguished into several classifications of meronymy family, which is a type of semantic
relationship that a partially integrated relationship between words and concepts. We
know meronymy is referrred as a partial order belonging to whole, so, these linguistics
put meronymy and hyponymy always together which come in the same hierarchy and
semantically connected to each other. However, there are some arguments over the
relations of meronymy whether all meronimic relations in the semantic circle can be
related to the one group or not. In Uzbek linguistics, meronymy is studied under
partonymy, which the lexicon is based on semantic field including corpus materials as
discussed lexical system. Lexemes are the base of taxonomy and meronymy for the
corpus of Uzbek language which bring about some problems in placing it in the
taxonomic units interacting with the linguistic corpus. So, it is following:
–
meronyms are part
–
whole relations, studying the subordinate and dependent
word groups which be demanded to separate into their defitional field
–
lexicons are the base of linguistic units which include both mental lexicons and
conceptual concepts
–
pragmatic-semantic relations of meronymy should be stayed arbitrary to
decompose owing to its concret meaning relations among meronymic field
–
taxonomy includes complexity hierarchic structures of being wholeness
involving both natural and unnatural forms distinguishing them into classification
–
meronimic relations are a discussable theme among linguistics to fix the
characteristics and features
–
a part-whole connections are related to speech figures, mainly, nouns, however,
they can be seen in other ones which is analytical discussions
–
meronyms are not discovered fully meanings in the dictionary to identify their
semantic functions in the language system which are expected to sort out accurately
conceptually
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1.
D. Alan. Cruse. Meaning In Language.- Oxford University Press, 2000, p.170-175
2.
https://www.uoanbar.edu.iq/eStoreImages/Bank/442.pdf
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Kilichev B. Leksikada So‘zlararo Butun –
Bo‘lak Munosabatlar. –
Monografiya.
Tosheknt
–
2019, p.4-6
4.
Cruse D.A. Lexical Semantics.- Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 320-329
5.
Roger Chaffin., Douglas J.Herrmann. The Similarity and diversity of sematic
relations. Memory and Cogniton, 12, p.134-141
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