Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Lingvocultural aspects of stable comparisons in different
languages
Sayyorakhon SODIKOVA
Kokand State Pedagogical Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received March 2024
Received in revised form
10 April 2024
Accepted 25 April 2024
Available online
25 July 2024
The article aims at discussing stable comparisons as a means
of giving cultural information. Comparisons help pass down
national standards and stereotypes from generation to
generation while conceptualizing the corpus of human
knowledge about the world and its fragments and reflecting
people's mentalities. Many works have been written about the
study of comparisons, but none have taken a linguocultural or
comparative approach to the subject. It seems relevant to
examine figurative comparisons between Uzbek and English,
and Russian from the standpoint of language and culture
interaction, as well as the degree to which speakers of both
languages can convey cultural information and represent social
phenomena. It is crucial to keep in mind that comparisons
between Uzbek and English, and Russian do not always have the
same basis.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss3-pp399-403
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
phraseological units,
stable comparisons,
lingvocultural,
anthropological paradigm.
Turli
tizimli
tillarda
turg
‘
un
o
‘
xshatishlarning
lingvomadaniy jihatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
frazeologik birliklar,
turg
‘
un o
‘
xshatishlar,
lingvomadaniy,
antropologik paradigma.
Mazkur maqola turg‘un o‘xshatishlarni madaniy ma’
lumot
berish vositasi sifatida muhokama qilishga qaratilgan.
O‘xshatshlar milliy me’yorlar va stereotiplarni avloddan
-
avlodga o‘tkazishga yordam beradi, shu bilan birga insonning
dunyo va uning qismlari haqidagi bilimlari korpusini
kontseptsiyalash va odamlarning mentalitetini aks ettiradi.
O‘zbek va ingliz, rus tillari o‘rtasidagi majoziy qiyoslarni til
va madaniyatning o‘zaro ta’siri nuqtai nazaridan, shuningdek,
har ikki tilda so‘zlashuvchilarning madaniy ma’lumotlarni
1
Senior teacher, Kokand State Pedagogical Institute.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
400
yetkaza olishi va ijtimoiy hodisalarni qay darajada ifodalay
olishi nuqtai nazaridan o‘rganish maqsadga muvofiqdir. Shuni
yodda tutish kerakki, o
‘zbek va ingliz, rus tillarida o’xshatishlar
har doim ham bir xil asosga ega emas.
Лингвокультурные аспекты устойчивых сравнений
в разных языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
фразеологизмы,
устойчивые сравнения,
лингвокультурологическая,
антропологическая
парадигма.
Целью статьи является обсуждение устойчивых
сравнений как средства подачи культурной информации.
Сравнения
помогают
передавать
национальные
стандарты и стереотипы из поколения в поколение,
концептуализируя корпус человеческих знаний о мире и
его фрагментах, отражая менталитет людей. Об изучении
сравнений написано множество работ, но ни в одной из
них не использован лингвокультурологический или
сравнительный подход к этому предмету. Представляется
актуальным рассмотреть образные сравнения узбекского
и английского, русского языков с точки зрения
взаимодействия языка и культуры, а также степени, в
которой носители обоих языков способны передавать
культурную информацию и репрезентировать социальные
явления. Крайне важно иметь в виду, что сравнения между
узбекским, английским и русским языками не всегда
имеют одинаковую основу.
INTRODUCTION
People gain their first knowledge from analogy, they compare things with ones
they know, and they constantly feel an internal need to convey and describe information
through comparison. Comparisons occupy a special place in language and thinking.
Comparisons have been a means for people to comprehend the world around them:
comparing the unknown or little-known with the known and well-known is one of the
oldest and most reliable methods of naming things. Comparisons play a great role in the
development of people’s minds.
Stable comparisons are a special class of phraseological units. They are
characterized by vivid imagery and stylistic coloring, expressiveness and emotionality.
They belong to the lexical and phraseological means of the language; along with ordinary
phraseological units.
According to Apresyan, stable comparisons are “ready
-made linguistic units,
integral in meaning and stable in composition and structure”. Modern comparative
studies are carried out within the framework of the anthropological paradigm and
functional approach, this makes it possible to take into account the cultural and
communicative significance of comparative semantics, formalized by both stable and free
structures of language.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
401
LITERATURE REVIEW
V.M.
Ogoltsev states that stable comparisons are “figurative comparative units of
language characterized by reproducibility and notes that they perform the specific
function of attribute which cannot be performed by any other unit of the language
system.
L.B. Vorobyova defines them as stable, reproducible, partially or wholly rethought
expressive units of language that have formal signs of comparativeness in the form of
comparative conjunctions or are represented by other comparative constructions”
Stable phrases have been studied in different aspects: structural-semantic
(I.A. Ionova, V.M. Ogoltsev, I.N. Sudoplatova, etc.), stylistic (L.B. Vorobyova, I.B. Golub,
V.M. Ogoltsev, D.E. Rosenthal, Yu.S. Stepanov), ideographic (L.G. Boyko, I.V. Kuznetsova,
L.A. Lebedeva, V.M. Mokienko, E.K. Nikolaev).
The national and cultural specificity of phraseological units has recently become a
traditional topic of research in the field of phraseology. Many works in Russian linguistics
by A.S. Aleshin, V.G. Gak, N.M. Devyatova, T.V. Zakharova, L.A. Lebedeva, V.A. Maslova,
T.V. Shmeleva emphasize that phraseological units are nationally specific language units
that “accumulate and transmit the cultural potential of the people from generation to
generation. They reveal the features of any national language, the spirit and originality of
the nation are expressed in a unique way”
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Stable comparisons include “material” and “cultural” information about
people:
about history, national character, unique traditions, mental attitudes, and value
preferences.
Comparisons arise not only in order to describe the world, but also in order to
express the attitude towards the world, interpret and evaluate our world. They
figuratively explain the realities of the surrounding environment, reflect the natural and
geographical features, including the material and spiritual culture of given people, and
also express the people’s ideas about good and evil, about beauty and ugliness. With the
help of stable comparisons, one can get information about the peculiarities of the
worldview of the native speaker, the specificity of their worldview, and value priorities.
A.A. Radugina gives the opinion that the axiological system of stable comparisons
includes the values of social recognition (like a horse, like a king, like a god),
interpersonal communication (honest like a Swiss bank), and meaningful life (kind like
an angel, live like a sage), vital (healthy like a bull, how to live like a cat and a dog),
democratic (free as the wind), utilitarian (stingy like Koschey, like Harpagon, like a
miser) values. (Radugina 1997: 427) As we see from the examples, all types of values can
be found in CS.
Analysis of images
–
standards allow us to conclude the mentality of the people.
Thus, in the study by I.O. Okuneva, dedicated to the meaning of beauty and based on the
material of the Russian and English languages, the similarities and differences in the
understanding of beauty among representatives of different linguistic cultures are noted.
The researcher makes an interesting conclusion about the initial absence in the Russian
mentality of a focus on a person’s social success and assessment of a person according to
this criterion.
In the Russian language, the most distinctive features of beauty of Russian women
are majesty, smoothness, movements, long hair, and rosy complexion. These qualities are
mandatory in the Russian traditional standard of beauty. The English standard of beauty
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
402
values the special whiteness and freshness of the skin, the slenderness and fragility of the
physique, and the gracefulness and ease of movement of a woman. In male beauty, the
English language emphasizes the majesty and importance of appearance; Russians give
preference to a strong physique. The vivacity and grace of men are valued in both
languages, but in Russian they can exist independently, referring to two different
standards of beauty. Much attention in the study of comparisons is paid to the
appearance, mostly eyes and legs.
In the “Similes Dictionary” by Sommer there are given lots of similes which can be
used for describing eyes in the English language:
Eyes as big and as soft and as transparent as ripe gooseberries
–
Edna O’Brien
Eyes … like lustrous black currants –
Frank Swinnerton
Eyes, round as cherries
–
Ignazio Silone
Eyes … like forget
-me-nots
–
Mazo de la Roche
Eyes … like violets by a river of pure water
–
Oscar Wilde
From these examples it can be observed that the names of flowers and fruit are
used mostly as stable comparison.
Y.
Fenin in his article “Analysis of stable Russian idiomatic comparisons with
component
“
eye
”
in terms of thematic classification standard of comparison”
gives the
classification of topics with stable comparisons used for the description of eyes.
1. Zoonyms
: как у хищника, как у волка (волчицы), как у рыси, как у
кошки(кота), как у кролика, как у барана, как у газели, как у лани, как у коровы,
как у лошади, как у крота, как у рыбы, как у рака, как у змеи.
2. Phytonyms
: как васильки, как лён, как незабудки; как крыжовник, как
вишни; как две клюквинки, как сливы, как смородины, как черешни, как
черносливы, как две черносливины, как горошины.
3. Ornythonyms
: как у совы, как у филина, как у ястреба, как у сокола, как у
коршуна, как у беркута.
4. Eyes of other people
: как у цыгана (цыганки, цыганёнка), как у калмыка
(калмычки), как у китайца, как у младенца (дитя), как у малого ребёнка;
как у больного, как у слепого.
5. The objects of nature
: как небо (небушко), как море, как озеро.
6. Jewelleries
: как агат, как алмазы, как бирюза, как сапфиры, как рубины
7. Realia
: как угли (угольки, уголь), как антрацит, как дёготь.
8. Ornaments
: как бусы, как бусинки.
9.Kitchen utensils
: как два блюдца, как лукошки, как плошки.
In English: black currants, gooseberries, violets, cherries, forget-me-nots.
National
–
specific stable comparisons in Russian
: как бусы, как бусинки; как
лукошки; как буравчики, как гвоздики; бездонные как колодец; как ватерпас; как
фары, как фонари.
In Uzbek the comparisons munchoqdek(size), piyoladek(size), charosdek
(colour)can be used for describing eyes.
Chaqaloq munchoq kabi ko
‘
zlarini mo
‘
ltillatib unga qaradi. (
Т
. Malik. Shaytanat).
Piyoladay katta-katta ko
‘
zlarida doimiy bir hayrat qotib qolganday ko
‘
rinadigan bu
ot Akbarga o
‘
n yildan ortiq xizmat qildi. (P. Qodirov. Humoyun va Akbar).
Uning charosday qop-
qora ko’zlarini nayza kabi kipriklari qo‘
riqlab turardi.
(
М
. Hazratqulov. Ko
‘
kko
‘
l).
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
403
According to the analysis, the comparisons with stable comparisons describing
eyes are mostly common, but there are some differences. In Uzbek “charosdek”
is related
to the sort of grapes which is black, while in Russian the word
смородина
is used
instead. In the English language the words black currant, and gooseberries are used in
this meaning.
CONCLUSION
Comparison is a means of forming a conceptual picture of the world, one of the
systematic elements of the linguistic picture of the world and its product. Comparative
study of comparisons allows to obtain valuable information not only about the language
of various ethnic groups, but also about their culture, and features of ethnic mentality,
identifying cultural features of comparative
unit’s
characteristic of different languages.
Stable comparisons in all the languages discussed show the characteristics of the
individual speech style of a certain creator. The analyzed linguistic units show the
figurative way of thinking of the Uzbek, English, and Russian language speakers.
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Апресян Ю. Д. Избранные труды. Тома I и II. –
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Mahmudov N., Khudoyberganova D. Explanatory dictionary of Uzbek language
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–
Tashkent: Ma’naviyat, 2013. –
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