Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Study of online business terms in English and Uzbek
linguistics
Sevara
SALOMOVA
Termez State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received June 2024
Received in revised form
10 June 2024
Accepted 25 July 2024
Available online
15 July 2024
This article examines the study of online business terms in
English and Uzbek linguistics and comments on historical and
modern business terms unique to both languages. Terminology
is one of the important areas of linguistics, where terms, their
origin, and places of use are studied. Also, the study of these
words and terms in separate fields emphasizes the meaning of
these words.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss4-pp49-56
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
modern business,
online business,
terminological field,
universal language,
system of terms,
scientific language,
technical terms,
nomenclature,
nomen,
scientific nomen,
trade nomen,
coding,
indexing.
Onlayn biznes atamalari o
‘
rganilishi ingliz va o
‘
zbek
tilshunosligida
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
zamonaviy biznes,
onlayn biznes,
terminologik soha,
universal til,
atamalar tizimi,
ilmiy til,
texnik atamalar,
nomenklatura,
Ushbu maqola ingliz va o‘zbek tilshunosligida onlayn biznes
atamalarini o‘rganishni ko‘rib chiqadi va har ikkala tilda o‘ziga
xos bo‘lgan tarixiy va zamonaviy biznes atamalari haqida
sharhlar beradi. Terminologiya
–
bu tilshunoslikning muhim
sohalaridan biri bo‘lib, bu yerda atamalar, ularning kelib
chiqishi va qo‘llanilish joylari o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, bu so‘
zlar
va atamalarni alohida sohalarda o
‘
rganish ham bu so
‘
zlarning
ma
’
nosini ta
’
kidlaydi.
1
Student, Termez State University. E-mail: salomovasevar@gmail.com
2
Scientific teacher: Teacher, English language and literature Department, Termez State University.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
4 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
50
nomen,
ilmiy nomen,
savdo nomeni,
kodlash,
indekslash.
Изучение терминов онлайн
-
бизнеса в английской и
узбекской лингвистике
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
современный бизнес,
онлайн
-
бизнес,
терминологическая
область,
универсальный язык,
система терминов,
научный язык,
технические термины,
номенклатура, номен,
научная номенклатура,
торговая номенклатура,
кодирование,
индексирование.
В данной статье рассматривается изучение терминов
онлайн
-
бизнеса в английской и узбекской лингвистике, а
также комментируются исторические и современные
бизнес
-
термины,
уникальные
для
обоих
языков.
Терминология –
это одна из важных областей лингвистики,
где изучаются термины, их происхождение и места
использования. Также изучение этих слов и терминов в
отдельных областях подчеркивает значение этих слов.
INTRODUCTION
E-business, or online business, refers to business transactions conducted online
with the assistance of the Internet. The term e-business was first used in 1996 and is an
abbreviation for electronic business. In e-business, the buyer and seller do not meet in
person. There are numerous types of e-businesses, which depend on the final consumer.
The following are some of the types of e-commerce: transactions between two
organizations are classified as business-to-business. Producers and traditional commerce
wholesalers typically operate with this type of electronic commerce. Furthermore, it
greatly improves the efficiency of companies. Each word and term has its significance and
importance in the science of linguistics and, of course, in the linguistic community. As
proof of how important words are, we can see them being studied in a separate
discipline. Terminology occupies a distinctive position in the construction of the Uzbek
literary language. Two distinct views exist regarding the role of terminology in the
structure of the language vocabulary. The first theory posits that terminology constitutes
an autonomous layer of the literary language lexicon. In contrast, the second theory
posits that terminology is distinct from the structure of the literary language vocabulary.
It is also regarded as a distinct entity and is equated with types of speech, dialect, slang,
and live conversation. Any scientific language is formed and developed based on the
general literary language of the nation. Consequently, the foundation of the language is
the lexicon, word formation, and grammar of the general literary language.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Looking at the historical development, according to V.P. Danilenko, terminology
means an independent functional type of general literary language, i.e. traditional
scientific language (Danilenko, 1977; 8). The language of science, as one of the functional
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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systems of the general literary language, stands alongside the concepts of the language of
live conversation and the language of fiction. According to H. Hewell, terminology is a set
of terms related to a specific science or words used in the field of technology. By
recording the meaning of terms, we also record the concepts they represent (Whewell,
1967). Apart from these scientists, many scientists of the world and our country are
conducting research on terminology, making news and giving their opinions. Among
them, H. Dadaboyev's manual entitled "Uzbek Terminology" deserves special recognition.
Representatives of each field can understand the term in their own way. For
example, for logicians (logicians), a term refers to a description or a set of descriptions
related to a specific object, and is necessarily a word applied to it. Any word in any
language can be a term. In science and technology, a term is an artificially invented or
special word taken from natural language. The field of application of such a word is
specified or limited by representatives of one or another scientific school. Unlike
universal terms, terms specific to science and technology are within the same system, in
which the logical terminological field corresponds to them.
Due to the fact that one of the most popular and rapidly spreading fields of the
twenty-first century is the business field, it occupies a special place in the field of
terminology today. It is worth noting that business terms go back to the first stages of
human development, to ancient history. However, each period has its own business style,
and there are also business terms that are widely used in these periods. Each nation has
its own business terms, which are common, and there are words that have been used
since ancient times, as well as new ones. It should be said that new terms can develop in
two ways in the business sector as well. They are:
1) Borrowed words
2) Due to new inventions and a new way of life
In the first method, the trade and sales activities of merchants in foreign countries are
occupied by terms borrowed from the nationality and people of this country. In the
second method, as previously mentioned, inventions and new work, as well as a new way
of life, are most likely the cause. . Furthermore, business terms can be divided into three
categories: historical, modern, and mixed. In this context, historical terms can be
exemplified by the following: merchant, goods, cargo, income, output, buyer, money, coin,
and money. New Era terms include: online sales, marketing, the economy, delivery
services, credit cards, cash, credit, debit, advertising, and numerous other terms. Mixed
terms are defined as words and phrases that have been in use for several hundred years.
Examples of such terms include "trade," "settlement," "buyer," "seller," "speculator," and
"retail trade." The preceding discussion can be summarized in the table below.
In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of e-commerce, it is essential to
examine its historical development, growth, and impact on the business landscape.
Furthermore, the discussion will encompass the advantages and disadvantages of e-
commerce, as well as predictions for its future. For further expert insights on the go, we
recommend our biweekly audio series, the Make it Big Podcast, where global thought
leaders engage in discourse on all matters pertaining to e-commerce. The topics
discussed range from industry news and trends to growth strategies and success stories.
It is important to note that almost all scientists who have addressed the issue of
terms have attempted to provide a definition of this concept. Indeed, the number of
definitions is so vast that it would require many pages to enumerate them all. In
conclusion, the concept of "term" can be defined as follows: a term is a word used in the
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process of knowing and mastering some objects that express and shape the professional
concept and the relationships between them from the perspective of specific professions.
This can be considered a combination of words in a particular field. A great many
scholars from around the globe have been engaged in the study of terms that are used in
the context of business. Moreover, as the scope of business continues to expand, the
terminology employed in this field is also undergoing continual evolution. Consequently,
linguists are engaged in the search for terms. As every field and network has its own
terminology, it shapes the speech of those engaged in that field or network and creates
conditions for mutual understanding. It is important to note that individuals engaged in
specific professions or specialties often utilize specialized terminology that is unique to
their respective fields. For instance, in the written or oral discourse of businessmen and
traders, it is common to utilize terms that are exclusive to a particular field, such as
cartel, clearing, trade, petty business, allocation of funds, rent. It is evident that such
terms are not typically used in business or economic contexts. They are not part of the
vocabulary of a professional. However, there are a number of economic terms that are
frequently used in the speech of almost all speakers of a certain language. These include
market, goods, trade, money, buyer, marketer, trader, speculator, and so on.
Terminology is a term that has been formed on the basis of the laws of the Uzbek
literary language lexical history of the Old Turkic language (VII-X), terminology of the old
Turkic language (XI-XIV), old Uzbek literary language (XV-XX centuries beginning),
terminology of the Uzbek language of the Shura era and independence Periodization in
the style of Uzbek language terminology, which is approximately fourteen centuries old.
It can be divided into two categories: intralinguistic and extralinguistic. The
intralinguistic category includes the Uzbek language itself, while the extralinguistic
category includes other languages. Over time, the terminological lexical system has
undergone changes both within and outside of the Uzbek language. The process can be
understood on the basis of the factors involved. The topic of Business Linguistics,
introduced by Daniushina (2010) and Danyushina (2011), is the study of language
function that deals with business as well as the linguistic field of business
communication. In this novel aspect, the methodology should include discourse
pertaining to classical research methods, text linguistics, discourse analysis, cognitive,
pragmatic, and genre-style analysis, and conversation analysis. It should be noted that
the terminology of Business Linguistics is still under construction. The researcher
proposed that this particular field of study could be constructed based on the
aforementioned disciplines. According to Danyushina (2011), Business Linguistics can be
defined as an area that investigates the specific language function related to the business
context. It also examines the language resources usage in business activities and studies
the aspects of verbal and para-verbal business communication. Daniushina (2010)
posited that the origins of Business Linguistics as an innovative interdisciplinary field can
be traced to psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, discourse studies, cognitive and
communication theory, functional styles and text linguistics, pragmatics, the theory of
organization, and management studies. This can also be traced in
RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
Before discussing the terminology associated with business, it is necessary to
present a conceptual framework within which to situate this discussion. The term
"business" is defined as an organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial,
industrial, or professional activities. The objective of a business is to organize some form
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of economic production, whether in the form of goods or services. Businesses may be
profit-seeking entities or non-profit organizations that fulfill a charitable mission or
further a social cause. Businesses may vary in scale and scope, ranging from sole
proprietorships to large, international corporations. The term "business" also
encompasses the efforts and activities undertaken by individuals to produce and sell
goods and services for profit. The study of business terms is a relatively new field, having
originated in the late nineteenth century when many scholars began to study it as a
separate discipline.
However, an examination of historical data reveals that business has assumed a
variety of forms and played a significant role at different points in time, from the dawn of
humanity to the present day. As long as humanity exists, services are exchanged with
each other in various fields, and it can be argued that this is a form of business. Many
branches of business have been established in our country and they are developing day
by day. As business practices evolve, the terminology used in the field of business will
also evolve. To illustrate, consider the business of trade. A historical examination of
terms related to trade reveals the existence of numerous historical words. It is evident
that modern forms of these words exist, yet they are rarely utilized in spoken language.
To illustrate, the term "bozor" (in Uzbek) is considered to be the longest-lived among
business terms, and it is still the most used term among trade terms. Despite its historical
prominence as a term representing trade, we can observe its new appearance today in
the terms "bozor" (used in Uzbek) and "marketing" (used and still in use in English).
We can provide numerous examples of business terms that are common today. For
instance, consider the domains of online sales, marketing, the stock exchange, and
banking. Each of these sectors encompasses a multitude of specialized terms. For
instance, words used in the sewing or manufacturing business, such as "sewing machine,"
"thread," "needle," "sewing machine," "advertisement," "brand," "market," "customer,"
"buyer," and "consumer," have been utilized in this industry for centuries. Additionally,
the manufacturing business encompasses numerous sub-sectors, including the
production of raw materials, which encompasses "material," "commodity," "trade," "raw
material," and "finished material." In the case of a food production business, the sector
encompasses
a multitude of terms, including "food," "fruits and vegetables," "semi-prepared foods,"
"spices," "flour," "oil," and "protein."
Nevertheless, some certain terms and concepts can be applied across all business
fields and utilized within each subgroup. The terms "businessman," "businesswoman,"
"entrepreneurship," "market," "marketing," "buyer," "consumer," "seller," "delivery
service," "production," "commodity," "profit," "loss," and numerous others are commonly
utilized across various business fields. It is nearly impossible to exclude the terms related
to business and commerce from the aforementioned categories, as the concept of
"economy" is the foundation upon which the humanity of a person is built. To be more
precise, the very act of contemplating the future of life entails the consideration of the
acquisition, utilization, conservation, and disposal of resources. Some of these terms are
Uzbek words, while others are directly imported from other languages and used in our
language.
Terms are most commonly employed in specialized works of a specific branch of
science. It can therefore be posited that they belong to the style of language associated
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with the sciences. However, their use is not limited to this style. It is also possible for
terms to appear in other styles, including newspaper style, publicity, and all other
existing styles of language. In these instances, the function of terms is to either indicate
the technical peculiarities of the subject being discussed or to refer to the occupation of a
character whose language would naturally contain special words and expressions. The
literary layer of words comprises groups of words that are accepted as legitimate
members of the English vocabulary. This includes both common literary words and
special literary vocabulary. The common literary, neutral, and common colloquial words
are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary. Other groups in the literary
layer are regarded as special literary vocabulary, while those in the colloquial layer are
regarded as special colloquial vocabulary. The latter is of particular importance in
developing market relations, given the significant role that economic interactions
between financial-credit, commercial systems, and organizations play in the economy.
These relations are not limited to a particular country; they have also begun to occur on a
global scale on a daily basis. In order to distinguish the peculiarities of commercial terms
in different languages, it is necessary to pay attention to and emphasize the following
features: The field of science in Uzbekistan has benefited from the introduction of a
number of international terms that have become part of the terminology base.
They are the following:Acceptance-
акцепт
,
нақд
пулсиз
ҳисоб
-
китобларнинг
шаклларидан
бири
,
тўловни
амалга
ошириш
бўйича
розилик
бериш
.annuity-
аннуитет
-
йилда
қиймати
ва
фоизлари
тўланадиган
муддатли
давлат
заёми
, audit-
аудит
,
тафт
a
ш
, bank marketing-
банк
маркетинги
, bankrupcy code-
банкротлик
(
касодга
учраш
)
тўғрисидаги
кодекс
(
низом).bank’s creditor
-
банк
кредитори
(
банка
қарзбергансубъект
)bank
resources-
банк
ресурслари
-
кредитлаш
ва
бошқа
активоперацияларни
амалга
ошириш
учун
банк
тасарруфидаги
мавжуд
маблағлартўплами
.
Банкнинг
ўз
ва
четдан
жалб
этиладиган
маблағлари
.costs of
funding-
банк
томонидан
ресурсларни
жалб
этиш
қиймати
.country bank-
хар
қандай
Федерал
резервбанки
ёки
ўнинг
бўлимлари
жойлашган
шаҳарда
жойлашмайдиган
банк
, country risk-
мамлакат
риски
credit agency-
кредит
агентлиги
-
кредит
маълумотларини
йиғиш
ва
уларни
тарқатишни
амалга
оширади
.
The fields of organizational communication and organization studies utilize specific
terminology about business interaction. For example, Angelmar and Stern (1978)
introduced the concept of "bargaining communication," Johns (1986) introduced the terms
"language at work" and "language of business," Adler (1983) introduced the concept of
"communicating at work," and Lampi (1986) introduced the term "language of business
negotiations." Such terms were introduced within the framework of management and
organizational theory. Concerning communication, it is regarded as the foundation of all
organizational structures (Boden, 1994). It is noteworthy that the literature highlights the
interconnection between business discourse and organizational communication (e.g., Ehlich
& Wagner, 1995; Gotti & Gillaerts, 2005; Trosborg & Jorgensen, 2005). It is important to note
that numerous scholars have analyzed communication models such as "management speak,"
transactional discourse, and the culture of corporate discourse (Argenti, 2008; Feely &
Harzing, 2003; Greatbatch & Clark, 2005).
For instance, Swales and Rogers (1995) viewed mission statement discourse as an
exemplar of corporate culture. In essence, business discourse can be defined as "all about
how people communicate using talk or writing in commercial organizations to get their
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work done" (Bargiela-Chiappini, Nickerson, & Planken, 2007, p. 3). In the context of
websites and blogs, corporate websites and blogs of numerous global companies serve as
linguistic tools in business practices through advertising and marketing (Danyushina,
2011). For instance, the organized business discourse presented in the renowned book
Naked Conversations was fully demonstrated by Scoble and Izrael (2006). The same
researchers have also confirmed that blogs are changing the way businesses
communicate with customers (p. 3).
Consequently, business is concerned with the enhancement of effective
communication. Communication competence has become an indispensable component of
business success strategies. Klikauer (2008) posited that a strategic manager must
possess the skills of a communication manager. Jemenez-Crespo (2013) posited that
language serves as a critical infrastructure for website locations due to its rigorous
cultural signifier of a state. In their 2017 study, Liginlal, Ahmad, Meeds, and Gopinath
posit that language serves not only as a conduit for communication but also as a tool for
fostering specific conceptualizations among particular individuals. For instance,
individuals possess disparate conceptualizations of disparate topics. One e-commerce
site, for instance, may have a different perspective on healthy nutrition than those who
live in cities. Consequently, the selection of words is of paramount importance in the
preparation of webpage content, as it determines the meaning and effective use of words.
In a study conducted by Nielsen, Molich, Snyder, and Farrell (2000), the researchers
conducted an overall practical research study of international e-commerce websites.
In addition, they provided guidelines and instructions for the design and planning of
e-commerce websites based on studies of online shoppers and their shopping behaviors
across three continents. Another study found that cultural variances of users and data
preferences cannot be successfully addressed through translational processes of a website
when moving from one language to another (Hillier, 2003). One might posit that a number
of businesses maintain their globalization tactics based on the erroneous assumption that
potential purchasers are likely to possess English language proficiency (Liginlal et al.,
2017). For instance, 95% of Chinese online customers expressed comfort with internet
sites that present content in their native language (Widger, Evans, McGowan, & Camus,
2009). This result was based on a study conducted by Forrester Research. Furthermore,
DePalma, Sargent, and Beninatto (2006) conducted a survey across eight countries in three
continents. The results demonstrated that commercial offerings modified to align with
local preferences and languages are significantly more effective, as customers tend to
evaluate the ability to access information in their native language, rather than focusing on
price comparisons. In light of the considerable rise in the number of users accessing non-
English websites, the optimal solution for commercial entities is to construct multilingual
websites (Liginlal et al., 2017). Hillier (2003) identified several significant issues
pertaining to text translation on websites. The same researcher observed that there was a
recurring discrepancy regarding the meaning and terminology of words, particularly in the
context of technical communication and business.
In a separate study, Nacar and Burnaz (2011) examined 108 websites pertaining to
e-commerce involving companies from various countries. Their findings revealed that a
significant number of these websites failed to adapt their language to align with the
cultural values and needs of their surrounding communities.
CONCLUSION
The economy has been a fundamental aspect of society since the dawn of
humanity. In the earliest stages of human history, as the individual, the clan, and then the
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state and society emerged, economic processes began to assume a significant role.
Consequently, the concept of development cannot be conceived without the inclusion of
economic processes. Along with economic organizations, institutions, and movements,
the study of the economy is of interest to linguists and translators. There are numerous
branches of business, each with its terminology. For example, the following sectors may
be considered: tourism, manufacturing, hospitality, trade, and food. Business tourism is a
field that works with numerous business corporations, including hotel networks, trade
organizations in numerous countries, fair and exhibition organizers, and business
centers.
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