Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
The study of toponyms in English linguistics
Komila SHOYIMOVA
Termez University of Economics and Service
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received July 2024
Received in revised form
10 August 2024
Accepted 25 August 2024
Available online
25 September 2024
The purpose of this article is to examine English toponyms as
symbols for certain linguistic and cultural phenomena. The
essay begins by attempting to define toponyms in English.
Moreover, it underscores the significance of doing a thorough
linguistic examination of them in order to uncover other
language and cultural quirks. The proper nouns for
topographical features and populated areas and locations on
Earth's surface are geographic names, place names, or
toponyms. Toponyms are a significant kind of reference that
people utilize in both spoken and written languages, and they
are prevalent in all cultures and communities on Earth. The
study of a region's place names, or geographical names, is
known as toponymy. The Greek terms topos, which means
location, and onoma, which means name, are the source of the
word toponym. Typically, a toponymies will consider both the
meaning and the origin of a given name. the region's past. It is
believed that "every name has a story to tell," and doing so
helps explain the backstory of the name.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss3
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
toponyms,
features,
place,
location,
name,
etymology,
information,
eponym,
dictionary,
assimilation,
techniques of the toponym,
communicate,
variability of speech sounds,
multiple exposure,
illustration,
consonant,
definition,
gradable items,
translation,
regressive assimilation.
Toponimlarning ingliz tilshunosligida o
‘
rganilishi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
toponimlar,
xususiyatlar,
joy,
ism,
etimologiya,
Ushbu maqolaning maqsadi ingliz toponimlarini ma
’
lum til
va madaniy hodisalarning ramzi sifatida o
‘
rganishdir. Insho
aniqlashga urinish bilan boshlanadi toponimlar ingliz tilida.
Bundan tashqari, bu boshqa til va madaniy qiziqishlarni ochish
uchun ularni to
‘
liq lingvistik tekshirish muhimligini ta
’
kidlaydi.
1
Teacher, Termez University of Economics and Service.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
200
ma
’
lumot,
Eponim,
lug
‘
at,
assimilyatsiya,
toponimning texnikasi,
muloqot,
nutq tovushlarining
o
‘
zgaruvchanligi,
ko
‘
p ta
’
sir qilish,
illyustratsiya,
undosh,
ta
’
rif,
gradusli narsalar,
tarjima,
regressiv assimilyatsiya.
Topografik xususiyatlar va aholi punktlari va yer yuzidagi joylar
uchun tegishli ismlar geografik nomlar, joy nomlari yoki
toponimlardir. Toponimlar odamlar og
‘
zaki va yozma tillarda
foydalanadigan muhim ma
’
lumot turidir va ular yer yuzidagi
barcha madaniyatlarda va jamoalarda keng tarqalgan.
Mintaqaning joy nomlarini yoki geografik nomlarini o
‘
rganish
ma
’
lum toponimiya. Yunoncha atamalar topos, bu joyni
anglatadi va onoma, bu ism degan ma
’
noni anglatadi, toponim
so
‘
zining manbai. Odatda, toponimiyalar berilgan ismning
ma
’
nosini ham, kelib chiqishini ham ko
‘
rib chiqadi. mintaqaning
o
‘
tmishi.
“
Har bir ismning aytib beradigan hikoyasi bor
”
deb
ishoniladi va bu ismning tarixini tushuntirishga yordam beradi.
Изучение топонимов в английской лингвистике
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
топонимы,
особенности,
место,
локализация,
название,
этимология,
информация,
эпоним,
словарь,
ассимиляция,
приемы использования
топонима,
общение,
вариативность звуков
речи,
многократное
использование,
иллюстрация,
согласный,
определение,
градуируемые элементы,
перевод,
регрессивная
ассимиляция.
Цель данной статьи –
рассмотреть английские
топонимы как символы определённых языковых и
культурных
явлений.
Исследование
начинается
с
определения топонимов в английском языке, подчёркивая
важность их тщательного лингвистического анализа для
выявления других языковых и культурных особенностей.
Географические
названия,
топонимы,
обозначают
топографические
объекты,
населённые
пункты
и
местоположения на Земле и представляют собой важный
вид ориентиров, которые используются людьми как в
устной, так и в письменной речи, во всех культурах и
сообществах мира. Изучение географических названий
регионов называется топонимией. Термин «топоним»
происходит от греческих слов «топос» –
«местоположение»
и «онома» –
«название». Топонимия, как правило,
учитывает значение и происхождение названия, а также
историю региона, с которым оно связано. Считается, что «у
каждого имени есть своя история», и это помогает
объяснить предысторию и значение топонимов.
INTRODUCTION
The study of place names' linguistic development and the reasons for their naming
is known as toponymy. However, the majority of toponymy has ignored feature names
and the reasons for naming a place in favor of concentrating on the etymological analysis
of habitat names. The majority of toponymic research has focused on a particular facet of
the landscape. In English, the dominant phrase type is the adjectival form of the
particular. In English, prepositional phrases with a descriptive meaning are more
common. An example of a prepositional place name is the City of Chicago; nevertheless, in
everyday speech, both the preposition and the generic are omitted. The first attempts to
decipher and classify toponyms were made by ancient historians from Egypt, Greece,
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
201
China, India, Persia, Byzantium, and Rome. Additionally, in the works of geographers аs
well аs in other written sources possible.
The name of a certain geographical area was
crucial in determining the language, and several toponymic investigations were
conducted by geographers for this reason. Place names are mostly seen as helpful
labeling tools for elements on maps or signage that is displayed for public viewing.
However, toponyms, or geographic names, are an essential component of a nation's or
region's language, culture, and history. Therefore, the origins, meanings, and changes that
geographical names have undergone in form, spelling, and pronunciation are all covered
under the study of toponymy. The latter brings place name analysis into the realm of
linguistics. All natural feature names, such as those of islands, mountains, hills, lakes,
rivers, and bays, are considered toponyms. General categories, or families, of place names
such as islands or mountains, are referred to as generics. Names of individual features
(spoken, written, or understood) are called specifics. In the toponym Signal Hill, Signal is
the specific part, Hill is
the generic. The name St. John’s uses only the specific part of the
toponym but a listener or reader is expected to know that the name refers to the place of
a settled community, in this case, a city. Naming conventions vary by language. In French,
it is normal to place the generic first, whereas in English it is most common to put it last.
Names that originated in French but were adopted into English usage often retain
linguistic evidence of their initial form as in Harbor Grace or Port de Grave.
Since place names are a component of any cultural group's lexicon, they can provide
significant details about the particular civilizations that give them origins and use. Many
people believe that language is the most essential component of culture and that it is the
primary medium through which other elements of knowledge, values, beliefs, and ideas are
acquired, passed down, and maintained. Geographical names are all cultural in the sense
that they come from the spoken languages of various human groups and are transmitted
orally, frequently with modifications, from one generation to the next.
METHOD AND METHODOLOGY
The article relies on the qualitative data attained by the resources of written
scientific works regarding the topic. It is based on the numerous findings of previous and
contemporary linguists concerning toponyms.
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A toponymist relies not only on maps and local histories, but interviews with local
residents to determine names with established local usage.
Recording the precise usage of a toponym, its language, pronunciation, origins, and
meaning are all crucial details to include in name surveys. Place names frequently alter
when colonies gain their independence. Name changes result from coups and revolutions
that alter the balance of power. A toponym might be changed to honor a significant
individual or occasion. Place names play a significant role in both our physical and
cultural surroundings. The five themes of geography are location, place, human-
environment interaction, and toponyms. Place names are significant because they denote
geographical entities of various kinds and represent irreplaceable cultural values that are
crucial to people's sense of well-being and feeling at home. Toponyms depend on the
inhabited place on Earth's surface. For instance, place names in the US are easily traced
to their origins since most of the places are named after their founders or politicians at
the time. Many major cities and towns around the world have streets and avenues named
after notable residents.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
202
A location is the place where a particular point or object exists. A place's absolute
location is its exact place on Earth, often given in terms of latitude and longitude. For
example, the Empire State Building is located at 40.7 degrees north (latitude), and
74 degrees west (longitude).
–
agronym (the name of a field or pasture)
–
dromonym (the name of a transportation route)
–
drymonym (the name of a forest or grove)
–
econym (the name of a village or town)
–
limnonym (the name of a lake or pond)
–
necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground)
The person after whom a discovery or other item is named is known as the
eponym. Walt Disney, after whom Disneyland is named, is an illustration of an eponym.
That is the name of a person, actual or imagined, whose name has inspired, or is believed
to have inspired, the name of a certain object. Rome's eponym is Romulus. There are
some very old toponyms. The oldest town in Britain according to records is Colchester.
Its assertion is supported by a citation made in 77 AD by the Roman author Pliny the
Elder in his Natural History (Historia Naturalis).
Religious place names are more common in some faiths than in others. Using
religious toponyms has an impact on the cultural landscape since place names may
sometimes change how a place appears and how it is sung. Catholics have left their
influence on culture by naming locations after saints. The localized history that
geographical names hold makes them unique and incredibly important. A toponym often
remains substantially the same over time, unless it is purposefully changed. This is
because toponyms are subject to evolutionary and revolutionary changes in language,
writing, and pronunciation. When a name is first used, its original meaning may not
immediately be apparent, but somewhere inside its recognizable sound and picture,
maybe in a fossilized form, and only extractable by the trained eye, it remains there to tell
its own unique story to anyone who can see through the scars of time.
There are several problems regarding toponyms. Interpreting some names can be
difficult if the reason for the name is no longer evident. It means that when researchers
fail to find the etymology of the words it would be difficult for them to trace the origin.
Some names originally referred to a specific natural feature, such as a river, ford, or hill,
that can no longer be identified. For example, Whichford (Warwickshire) means "the ford
on (of) the Hwicce", but the location of the ford is lost. The elements den (valley) and don
(hill) from Old English are sometimes confused now that they lack obvious meaning; for
example, Croydon is in a valley and Willesden is on a hill. Their expected spellings might
therefore be "Croyden" and "Willesdon". Another problematic element is -ey, as in
Romsey. This commonly means 'island', from the Old English -eg. However, -ey can also
be derived from the Old English hæg, meaning 'enclosure', as in Hornsey. The elements
wich and wick can have a variety of meanings. Generally wich/wick/wyke indicates a
farm or settlement (e.g. Keswick = 'Cheese-farm'). However, some of the sites are of
Roman, or shortly post-Roman origin, in which the wich is related to the Latin vicus
('place'). These "wics" seem to have been trading posts. On the coast, wick is often of
Norse origin, meaning 'bay' or 'inlet' (e.g. Lerwick). As we have seen, some toponyms
have more than one etymological definition and considerations. Toponyms are
considered to be a huge linguistic unit. They are the cultural-spiritual wealth of each
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
203
nation which was created over many centuries. Toponyms reflect the unique
observations of nations, experiences of them, worldviews of scientists, and various
beliefs of the people from ancient times to the present day.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, toponyms are one of the controversial issues in linguistics as one of
the lexical categories, as there are a number of other “toponyms” related or similar to the
lexical category, description, and classification and their linguistic sphere are still the
subject of great debate and controversy. And this in due course calls for further research
on English toponymy.
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Rose-Redwood, R., Alderman, D., & Azaryahu, M. (2010). Geographies of
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