Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Discussing the social issues in Theodor Dreiser and Hector
Malo's works
Dilrabo ALIBEKOVA
1
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2024
Received in revised form
10 October 2024
Accepted 25 October 2024
Available online
25 November 2024
This article discusses social issues related to the 19th century
and their reflections in the works of Hector Malot and Theodor
Dreiser. It also analyzes the art of skillful word usage by
comparing the compositions of the two writers.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss5
/S
-pp138-143
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
global social problems,
The spirit of Jennie,
Rémi, the lower and middle
classes,
Realism and Sentimentalism.
Teodor Drayzer va Gektor Malo asarlaridagi ijtimoiy
masalalarni muhokama qilish
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
global ijtimoiy muammolar,
Jenni ruhi,
Remi,
quyi va o
‘
rta sinflar,
Realizm va sentimentalizm.
Ushbu maqolada XIX markazga taalluqli ijtimoiy masalalar va
ularning Gektor Malo va Teodor Drayzer asarlaridagi aks etishi
muhokama qilinadi. Ikki yozuvchining kompozitsiyalarini
qiyoslash orqali so‘zlarni mahorat bilan ishlatish san’ati tahlil
qilinadi.
1
Teacher, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. E-mail: alibekovadilrabo9@gmail.com
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
139
Обсуждение социальных проблем в произведениях
Теодора Драйзера и Гектора Мало
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
глобальные социальные
проблемы,
«Дух Дженни»,
Реми,
низший и средний классы,
реализм и
сентиментализм.
В статье рассматриваются социальные проблемы
XIX века и их отражение в произведениях Гектора Мало и
Теодора Драйзера. Анализируется искусство мастерского
владения словом через сопоставление сочинений этих двух
писателей.
INTRODUCTION
Literature reflects the nuances of our lived experience. Over the past few years,
there has been a notable increase in the number of works considered masterpieces. The
pivotal social concerns articulated by aristocrats and functionaries of the state were only
elucidated in the works of writers. The reading of these fiction books enables those who
have been suffering from poverty and the government's unjust policies for several years
to process their painful social sorrows. All of these books are of significant value and
benefit to humanity, as they facilitate the acquisition of social knowledge. The characters
in both masterpieces were delineated with a compelling efficacy, employing a lexicon that
evinced disparate meanings, approaches, and attitudes contingent upon the status of the
individuals in question. The more one reads these books, the more one's perspective is
likely to evolve. A further consequence of engaging with these texts is that readers are
prompted to reflect on their own lives in comparison to those of the characters. The
solutions to the problems of society presented in these books were presented as a utopian
vision of the folk, with some issues left to the reader to resolve. It is not only the writers
who may conclude these masterpieces; indeed, readers of these books may conclude them
in different ways. Dreiser employed a diverse range of literary genres, akin to Malo, which
contributed to a notable expansion in readership, not only in Europe but globally. These
works have been translated into Uzbek and hold significant value within the context of
Uzbek literature. This article will analyse passages from these books, comparing and
contrasting the English, French and Uzbek versions.
MAIN PART
The writers Theodor Dreiser and Hector Malo not only focused on the lifestyle of the
simple folk in their period but also revealed the immorality of aristocrats:
The spirit of Jennie
–
who shall express it? This daughter of poverty, who was now to
fetch and carry the laundry of this distinguished citizen of Columbus, was a creature of a
mellowness of temperament which words can but vaguely suggest
[8, p.15].
–
Jennining
ma’naviy olamini qanday tasvirlasam ekan? Muhtojlik senatorning narsalarini yuvishda
onasiga qarashishga, kir kiyimlarni olib, top toza qilib eltib berishga majbur etgan bu
kambagallik qizning tabiati naqadar mayinligini, undagi nazokatni so
‘
z bilan ifodalab
bo
‘
lmaydi
[9,15-bet].
In this extract, Gennie's life is described in order to attract the readers' interest by
presenting a series of social issues that they may wish to attempt to resolve. It is evident
that the Uzbek translation of this book differs from the original text in terms of word-for-
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
140
word translation. The text was translated with a focus on conveying the intended meaning.
In contrast to the character of Jennie, the other hero of this book, Brander,
is depicted as a man who is self-assured.
The junior Senator, George Sylvester Brander, was a man of peculiar mold. In him there
were joined, to a remarkable degree, the wisdom of the opportunist and the sympathetic
nature of the true representative of the people. Born a native of southern Ohio, he had been
raised and educated there, if one might except the two years in which he had studied law at
Columbia University
[8, p.18].
Senator Jorj Silvester Brender ajoyib odam edi. U siyosat
bobida ustasi farang bolishi bilan birga sezgir xalq vakili ham edi. Janubdagi Ogaya shtatida
dunyoga kelgan, o
‘
sha yerda ulg
‘ayib ma’lumotni ham o‘
sha yerda olgan edi
[9, 18-bet].
While Gennie is struggling with meeting a need, Brander is moving up the ladder. In
these extracts we may observe the contrast among the heros of these works.
In this article, some global social problems are analyzed and compared between the
two writer’s works. The real social problems were written as the life of the main
characters. For instance.
It was at the opening of the joyous Christmas time that the bitterness of their poverty
affected them most. The Germans love to make a great display at Christmas
[8, p.23]. In the
Uzbek version of this book, it is observed the direct method of translation. The sentences
were translated word by word.
Rojdestvo bayrami yaqinlashayotganidan Gerxardtlarga
muhtojlikning alami juda o
‘
rtar edi.Nemislar rodjestvo bayramini juda dabdabali o
‘
tkazishni
yaxshi ko
‘
rishadi
[23-bet].
In addition, it is necessary to say th
at the holiday “Rodjestvo” is
unfamiliar to Uzbek readers, they accept this event as a new year. The main feature of it is
never mentioned in Uzbek culture. In Theodor Dreiser’s work, the poverty of society was
described as the life of poor people in a novel by Hector Malo. For instance:
Ceux-
là seuls qui ont vécu à la campagne avec les paysans savent ce qu’il y a de
détresses et de douleurs dans ces trois mots:
“vendre la vache”
[6, p.216]. In a uzbek version
of this book it is observed the direct method of translation. The sentences were translated
word by word.
Qishloqda dehqonlar bilan birga yashaganlargina
“sigirni sotinglar”
degan
uch so‘zda qanchalik qayg‘u va azob borligini biladi.
Theodore Dreiser and Hector Malot are both known for their works that address
social issues, though they come from different literary traditions and eras.
One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl
of eighteen, presented herself at the clerk’s desk of the principal hotel in Columbus,
Ohio, and
made an inquiry as to whether there was anything about the place that she could
do
[8,p.3].
1880 yil kuzining subhidamlaridan birida Yoshi
o‘
tinqiragan bir ayol
o‘
n sakkizga
kirgan qizi bilan Kolombus shahridagi (Ogayo) shtati manaman degan mexmonxonaga bosh
suqdi-da, nozirga yaqinlashib, bu yerda birorta ish topilarmikan deb s
o‘
radi.
[9,3b]
L'histoire se situe au
XIX
e
siècle. Un enfant abandonné, Rémi, est vendu par ses parents
adoptifs à un saltimbanque nommé Vitalis. Parcourant les routes françaises et anglaises,
l'enfant exerce différents métiers avant de découvrir le secret de ses origins
[10, Wikipedia].
Hikoya 19-asrda sodir bo
‘
ladi. Tashlab ketilgan bola Remi asrab oluvchilar tomonidan Vitalis
ismli akrobatga sotiladi. Fransuz va ingliz yo
‘
llari bo
‘
ylab sayohat qilgan bola o
‘
zining kelib
chiqishi sirini bilishdan oldin turli kasblarda ishlaydi.
Dreiser's works are known for their detailed depiction of the struggles of the lower
and middle classes and their critique of the materialism and inequality of American society.
COMPARISON AND THEMES
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
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141
Both authors use their narratives to shed light on social issues, though their styles
and contexts differ significantly. In each work, the labor of children was described it
showing the real fact which the highest level of poverty. For instance:
To add to all this trouble little Veronica took the measles, and, for a few days, it was
thought that she would die. The mother neglected everything else to hover over her and pray
for the best. Doctor Ellwanger came every day, out of purely human sympathy, and gravely
examined the child. The Lutheran minister, Pastor Wundt, called to offer the consolation of
the Church. Both of these men brought an atmosphere of grim ecclesiasticism into the house.
They were the black-garbed, sanctimonious emissaries of superior forces. Mrs. Gerhardt felt
as if she were going to lose her child, and watched sorrowfully by the cot-side. After three days
the worst was over, but there was no bread in the house. Sebastian's wages had been spent
for medicine. Only coal was free for the picking, and several times the children had been
scared from the railroad yards
[8, p.15]
.
A detailed examination of the Uzbek translation reveals that certain terms have been
incorporated from the source language, as these concepts are not inherent to the target
language. The act of providing a translation of a phrase into another language may lead to
a lack of clarity for the reader, potentially leading to confusion. Consequently, novice
translators tend to favour the use of source words. To illustrate:
Bu musibatlar
yetmaganday, Kenjatoy Veronikagaga qizamiq chiqib ol ketdi-ol, qo
‘
ydi bo
‘
lib yotdi. Onasi
hamma ishni tashlab qo
‘
ydi. Bolasi yonida jilmay ibodat qilaverdi. Doktor Elounger
rahmdillik qilib, har kuni kasaldan habar olib turdi.
Lyuteranlar
ruhoniysi,
pastor
Vundt
muqaddas cherkov nomidan tasalli berib ketardi. Ikkovlari ham honadonga tund munofiqlik
ruhidan bo
‘
lak narsani olib kirishmasdi. Boshdan oyoq qora kiyingan bu odamlar yaratgan
egamning vakillari edilar-da. Missis Gerhardt qizchamdan ayrilayabman degan hayolda
dardi dunyosi qorong
‘
u holda qizining yonida mijja qoqmay o`tirardi.Uch kundan keyin havf
o
‘
tib ketdi, biroq honadonda bir tishlam non y
o‘
q edi.Sebastyanning maoshi dori darmonga
ketdi.Faqat ko
‘
mirgina tekinga tushardi, lekin bolalarni
depo
dan bir necha marta quvib
solishdi
[9, 5-b]
.
These phenomenons can be observed in the works of Hector Malo. Here is an extract
from his novel and the readers can observe the inputs as well as the resemblance between
the novels of Theodor Dreiser and Hector Malo.
Mattia aussi joua un morceau de
violon
et un autre de
cornet
à piston. Ce fut ce
dernier qui provoqua les applaudissements des enfants, qui nous écoutaient rangés en cercle
autour de nous
.
Mattia shuningdek,
skripka
da va boshqasini
kornet
da o
‘
ynadi. Aynan
ikkinchisi bizni aylana bo'ylab tinglagan bolalarning olqishlariga sabab bo
‘
ldi
In this passage author wrote about the social situation of the children and their
combat against the issues of society through their musical talent.
–
Realism vs. Sentimentalism: Dreiser's naturalistic approach provides a stark, often
unflinching look at social problems, while Malot's sentimental style aims to evoke empathy
and moral reflection.
"I
am democratic. I insist on it. I'm as democratic in spirit as any woman. Only I see
things as they are, and conform as much as possible for comfort's sake, and so do you. Don't
you throw rocks at my glass house, Mister Master. Yours is so transparent I can see every
move you make inside."
"I'm democratic and you're not," he teased; but he approved thoroughly of everything
she did. She was, he sometimes fancied, a better executive in her world than he was in his
[8, p. 313]
. Men demokratman.Buni mendan tortib ololmaysan.Qalban demokratlikda har
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qanday ayoldan qolishmayman.Umuman, har bir narsaga hushyor qarab, senga
o‘
xshab iloji
boricha hech bir narsadan qaytmayman.Mening shisha qasrimga tosh otmay q
o‘
ya qoling,
muxtaram Amirim!Sizning uychangiz ham shishadan, undagi har bir harakatingizni k
o‘
rib
turibman.
Shunda ham men demokratman, sen democrat emassan, Lester uning ji
g‘
iga tegdi.
[9,
313-b]
In this passage, the characters engage in a discourse on their respective approaches
to life and their divergences in philosophical outlook, with a particular focus on the
concepts of democracy and personal agency.
The initial speaker posits their own democratic disposition, asserting that they are
just as democratic as any woman. The speakers emphasise their pragmatic approach,
noting that they are willing to conform when necessary for the sake of personal comfort.
This indicates a pragmatic and adaptable approach to life, one that prioritises personal
comfort and the ability to adapt to social circumstances. Furthermore, the speaker appears
to be challenging the other person, whom they refer to as "Mister Master." They imply that
while this individual may seem to be in control, they are, in fact, just as vulnerable and
transparent as anyone else. This is illustrated through the metaphor of a "glass house,"
which represents the fragility and transparency of one's own position.
The second speaker, referred to as "Mister Master," teases back with a playful
remark about democracy, but it's clear from the context that he admi
res the first speaker’s
actions. He implies that, while he may have power or control in his world, she may be even
more effective in her own sphere
By the work of Malot, realism and sentimentalism were described by the character's
attitudes to each other.
Quand Mattia me voyait sous l’influence de ces tristes pensées, il devinait très bien ce
qui les provoquait et alors il me disait, comme s’il se parlait à lui
-
même:
"Je suis curieux de
voir ce que mère Barberinva te répondre
".
Mattia meni bu g‘amgin o‘ylar
ta’sirida ko‘rgach, ularni nima qo‘zg‘atganini juda
yaxshi bildi-
da, o‘zi bilan o‘zi gaplashayotgandek, menga shunday dedi:
"Barberin oyim sizga
nima deyishini faraz qilayapman".
–
Social Commentary: Both authors critique societal structures and the impact of
poverty, though Dreiser's focus is more on systemic inequality and the pursuit of the
American Dream, whereas Malot emphasizes personal resilience and human kindness.
It so happened that he and Letty had gone to the North Cape on a cruise with a party
of friends. Lester, to attend to some important business, decided to return to Chicago late in
November; he arranged to have his wife meet him in New York just before the Christmas
holidays
[8,313].
Bir kuni Lester bilan Letti do‘stlari hamrohligida yaxtada Norvegiyaning
shimoliy sohillariga yo‘l olishdi.Noyabrning oxirlarida Lester zarur ishlari vajidan Chikagoda
bo‘lishi lozim edi. U xotini bilan Rodjestvo bayramida Nuy
-yorkda uchrashishga kelishishdi
[9, 313-bet].
Tu me feras plaisir quand tu pourras me donner de tes nouvelles, et j’espиre qu’elles
seront toujours bonnes; toi si tendre et si affectueux, comment ne serais-tu pas heureux dans
ta famille, avec un pere, une
mere, des freres et des soeurs qui vont t’aimer comme tu merites
de l’etre?
“Adieu, mon cher enfant, je t’embrasse affectueusement.
“
Ta mere nourrice, Ve Barberin
”
.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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“Yangiligingizni aytsangiz, meni xursand qilasiz va umid qilamanki, bu har doim
yaxshi bo
‘
ladi; sen juda mehribon va mehribonsan, qanday qilib baxtli bo
‘
lmaysan oilangizda,
otangiz, onangiz, aka-ukangiz va opa-singillaringiz sizni o
‘
zingizdek munosib darajada
sevadiganmi?
“Alvido, aziz bolam, men seni mehr bilan o‘
paman.
“Sizning asrab olgan on
angiz, Ve Barberin
”
Character Focus: Dreiser's characters often emdiv broader social forces and the
inevitable consequences of industrial capitalism, while Malo's characters, especially
children, serve to highlight the vulnerabilities and moral questions within society. In
essence, both Dreiser and Malo use their storytelling to reveal and critique the social issues
of their times, albeit through different literary tenses and cultural contexts.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, both "Gennie Gerhardt" and "Nodiv's Boy" were composed to
illustrate the multifaceted challenges of life and the means of overcoming them. In Malo's
work, the optimal resolution is presented, and its correlation with the preceding chapter
is revealed in a manner that is both unexpected and thought-provoking. In contrast to the
work of Malo, the conclusion of Gennie Gerhardt is characterized by a sense of sorrow. The
author Dreiser anticipated that readers would provide a continuation of Gennie Gerhardt's
life. In each of the works of literature under consideration, the protagonists, Remi and
Gennie, refrain from lying even when faced with challenging circumstances. The authors
demonstrated considerable skill in portraying the protagonists' honesty.
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1.
Abdiraimovna, A. D.,
Akramovna, I. M., & Uskanovich, X. F. (2024). O‘ZBEK VA
INGLIZ TILIDA IBORALARNING NOMUTANOSIBLIGI.
International journal of scientific
researchers (IJSR) INDEXING
, 5(2), 1379-1383.
2.
Abdiraimovna, A. D., & Qizi, K. M. B. (2024). THE USE OF INPUT WORDS WHICH
ENTERED THE UZBEK LANGUAGE FROM ENGLISH.
Science and Innovation
, 3(Special Issue
19), 567-569.
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Alfani, G. (2007). Naître sans famille: prénoms et parentés spirituelles des enfants
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Noms et destins des Sans Famille
(pp. 249-271). PUPS.
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Dreiser, T. (1992).
Jennie Gerhardt
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ДРАЙЗЕРА
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Ж
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
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А
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Pincet, Y. (2002). Hector Malot, romancier de la jeunesse active et volontaire.
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Teodor Dreiser.
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Теодор Драйзер. Женни Герхардт Эркин Таржимон Носиров Тошкент
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