Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Issues of application of translation transformations in the
text (on the example of James Joyce's novel "Ulysses")
Sayyora PULATOVA
1
Termez State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received October 2024
Received in revised form
10 November 2024
Accepted 25 November 2024
Available online
25 December 2024
The process of applying translation modifications to a text is
both inevitable and ongoing. Naturally, translators interpret the
text according to their personal feelings during this process. In
this article, we will discuss the use of translation transformations
in fiction.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss6
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
norms of translation,
equivalence,
pragmatic norm,
transformations,
communication goal,
contexts,
social culture and
worldview,
correspondences.
Tarjima transformatsiyalarining matnda ishlatilishi
masalalari (Jeyms Joysning “Uliss” romani misolida)
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
tarjima normalari,
ekvivalentlik,
pragmatik norma,
transformatsiyalar,
muloqot maqsadi,
kontekstlar,
ijtimoiy madaniyat va
dunyoqarash,
yozishmalar.
Tarjima
transformatsiyalarining
matnda
qo‘llanilishi
muqarrar ro‘y beradigan doimiy jarayondir va albatta, bu
jarayonda tarjimon matnni his qilgan xolda o‘giradi.
Mazkur
maqolada
badiiy
asar
tarjimasida
tarjima
transformatsiyalarining qo‘llanishi masalalari haqida so‘z
yuritamiz.
1
Termez State University.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
54
Вопросы применения переводческих трансформаций
в тексте (на примере романа Джеймса Джойса «Улисс»)
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
нормы перевода,
эквивалентность,
прагматическая норма,
трансформации,
цель коммуникации,
контексты,
социальная культура и
мировоззрение,
соответствия.
Процесс внесения переводческих изменений в текст
неизбежен
и
непрерывен:
переводчик
неизбежно
интерпретирует текст в соответствии со своими
интуитивными представлениями. В данной статье
рассматриваются причины использования переводческих
трансформаций
при
переводе
художественных
произведений.
INTRODUCTION
Linguists interpret the usage of translation alterations in the text in different ways.
The article "Prichiny pervodcheskix transformatsiy (na materiale perevodov nauchno-
tekhnicheskix tekstov)" by A.M. Malofeev and O.A. Krapivkina states that "translation
transformations are a means of solving contradictions between two norms of translation:
the norm of equivalence and the pragmatic norm that requires the functional equivalence
of the original and translated texts".
According to linguist scientist V.N. Bazylev, it is feasible to identify the pragmatic
standard of translation as a prerequisite for guaranteeing the pragmatic value of
translation. Since the pragmatic higher aim of the act of translation may be personal and
not translation-specific, this is not a "norm" in the strictest sense of the word. Furthermore,
translation pragmatics – which comprises the capacity to assess the pragmatic substance
of the text and translate it – is a crucial component of translation activity, according to a
linguist scientist. Furthermore, the scientist offered his theoretical perspective on the issue
of transformations, stating that "any modifications made by translators are contingent
upon their intention to employ the most common verb tenses in the contexts they are
translating. However, in this instance, the criteria of frequency, typicality, and idiomatic
speech in the widest meaning of the word take precedence over the translators' choice of
the closest semantic match.
According to the theory of G.M. Strelkovsky, the authors of the article cited by
A.M. Malofeev and O.A. Krapivkina give another justification for the employment of
translation transformations: "The translator perceives the transmitted information in the
form of a unique piece of speech." This is where the communication goal is achieved in
these speech pieces”.
Overall, we concur with G.M. Strelkovsky's view that functional specificity – rather
than adequacy, or precise correspondence between two language units – should be the
determining factor in translation. Only the translation carried out by its translator, who
guarantees both the translation's semantic equivalency and the speech work's same
function as the original, can be regarded as accurate.
Noteworthy is the following statement made by G.M. Strelkovsky in his book
"Teoriya i praktika voennogo perevoda (nemetskiy yazyk)" regarding the rationale behind
the use of transformation in the translation process: "the main reasons that complicate the
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
55
translation problem are differences in social culture and worldview, deep uniqueness
expressed in the grammatical structure and lexical structure of languages, systems of
concepts between different peoples incompatibilities, different ways of their historical
development, and different conditions of reality." Actually, these variations are a statement
of how comparable correspondences are created to guarantee the functional consistency
of various translation transformations”.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In light of the aforementioned considerations, it is acceptable to conclude that the
translator uses the transformation in order to achieve the functional identity of the source
text with the target text.
The renowned linguist L.K. Latyshev made the following comments in response to
this: "When the author composes the text in order to achieve his communicative goal
(which takes the form of the addressee's reaction), he does so based on certain
characteristics of the receiver: age, general culture, education, its interests, etc.
The addressee in this instance may be a single individual, a collection of individuals, or a
large audience. Effective communication directly hinges on how well the sender assesses
the information received from the recipient, or if the speaker accomplishes the intended
outcome”.
According to the scientist, the characteristics that impact how the recipient will
respond to the text may be categorized into two groups: 1) the recipient's (addressee's)
communication demands; and 2) the recipient's communicative skill. In this context, the
recipient's communication requirements refer to his expectations for communication as
well as his willingness to engage, which define his attitude toward it. In this instance, the
message is of interest to the recipient, but not in the format that it is being delivered in.
As previously said, the scientist highlights the significance of possessing
communication competence to ensure that the translated text maintains the functional
identity of the original text. As per the author's assertion, the addressee's communicative
competence encompasses a range of skills, talents, and knowledge that determine their
capacity to comprehend and analyze the text effectively. Because of this, in most situations
the recipients of the original and the translation should have the same level of
communication skill. Only their linguo-ethnic differences – including language, culture, and
popular knowledge – may separate them from one another”.
Furthermore, the scientist defines "communicative competence" as the ability to
perceive a text appropriately for a given situation, adhere to preconceived notions, and
overcome stereotypes based on prior knowledge, in addition to the text's specific qualities
(semantics and structure). It is also influenced by the fact that understanding what is being
said is difficult in the absence of certain prerequisites for the skill or capacity to
communicate and interpret.
RESULTS
The renowned scientist and philologist A.F. Arkhipov highlights that an equal
translation is achievable and explains the rationale for the usage of transformation in the
following criteria and the goals of translation are as follows:
1) avoid literal translation; 2) idiomatize the translation and make it more like the
target language; 3) eliminate linguistic differences in the transfer of coherent sentence
parts; 4) avoid word-formation models that are unfamiliar to target language users;
5) avoid unnatural, non-aesthetic, uncomfortable, incomprehensible, and illogical
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
56
translation; 6) strive for a more compact appearance of the translation as much as possible,
as this appearance of the translated text makes up for its inevitable increase in other
segments; 7) the need to make sure the reader understands crucial information or to
eliminate unnecessary details from the translation; 8) the desire to accurately translate
difficult-to-describe terms, pictures, and other stylistic elements.
T.I. Gubskaya discussed the problems associated with transformation: "translation
transformations" serve as a way to reconcile the differences between the original language
and the translated text, control the equivalency effect, and ensure that the two languages
are semantically and structurally equivalent. Certain aspects of the text, like as its structure
and semantics, but also the existence of certain prerequisites required for an individual to
correctly understand and interpret the text. The scientist's perspective leads us to
underline that good communication, or linguistic competency, will result from rigorous
fulfillment of these requirements.
It should be mentioned that even though Uzbek and English are very different from
one another, translation changes will inevitably be used. Whether or not the languages are
near to one another typologically determines whether or not transformations are used
throughout the translation process. Altaic, the Uzbek language, which belongs to the Turkic
language group of the language family, is an agglutinative language. It is known that
English, which is included in the group of inflectional languages and belongs to the
Germanic language group of the Indo-European language family, has a variable analytical
character and a synthetic character in terms of writing.
It should be understood that in inflected languages, the addition of suffixes or the
relocation of certain sounds within the stem can cause words to lose or alter their original
form. Both exterior and internal inflections exist, and they differ from one another. For
instance, the internal inflection in Russian and English expresses grammatical meanings
by altering the root structure: rusch.sobirat-sobrat; visual foot-feet, box-boxes. Given that
Uzbek is an agglutinative language, suffixes are often added to morphemes –
yurt+dosh+lar+im+ga
– after the root. It is evident that both languages' word construction
differs and is not identical.
DISCUSSION
Apart from the aspects mentioned above, it is important to employ certain
translation transformations while converting inflectional-type texts into agglutinative-
type texts. It is noted that the word groupings and word structures of the two languages
do not match up from a grammatical perspective (N. Qambarov). Furthermore, the English
grammatical system often possesses the following characteristics, i.e. "the fact that the
English language system differs to a certain extent from the system of Indo-European and
other Germanic languages": the language's analytical nature; the extensive usage of
auxiliary words; the lack of morphological inflection in syntax's expression of numerous
grammatical categories; the transition from word order to the primary grammatical
signals; the variety of English dialects”.
The word order in analytical English is known as Subject-predicate-object
(SPO-Subject-predicate-object). This word order is expressed syntactically, and because
translating this priority presents challenges, translators resort to grammatical changes or
transformation techniques. Uzbek sentences are structured according to the Subject-
Object-Predicate (SOP) sequence.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
57
Although the word order in Russian sentences is SPO (subject-predicate-object),
it is variable due to the equality of syntactic and morphological elements and the flexibility
of current grammar rules. Consequently, PSO or OSP may be what the Russian word order
SPO refers to. The meaning of the statement remains unchanged despite the translation of
the previously described example. As an illustration: These linguistic systems contain
parallels and distinctions, as seen by the examples.
1) Я читаю телеграмы. 2) Читаю я телеграмы.3) Телеграмы я читаю.
These linguistic systems contain parallels and distinctions, as seen by the examples.
The primary consideration for the translator throughout the translation process is
the absence of consonants in word groupings. The three forms of verbs – translate,
translate, or speak – as well as the NC (nominative case) and PC (possessive case) and
additional forms of the verb are intended to be communicated by auxiliary verbs.
All languages have categories of agreement, but their opposition is different from
each other. English has two nouns (girl-girl's), and Uzbek and Russian have six
nouns as (қиз-қизнинг-қизни-қизга-қизда-қиздан; девушка-девушки-девушке-
девушку-девушкой- (о) девушке)”.
Based on this, we can see in the following examples that the focus of the sentence
comes with conjugations in Uzbek and Russian, and they do not exist in English:
Had Pyrhus
not fallen by beldam’s hand in Argos or Julius Caesar not been knifed to death.
(James Joyce “Ulysses” p.43.) Ўзб. Ахир Пирр аргослик жодугарнинг қўлида ажал
шарбатини ичмадими ва Юлий Цезар ханжарлар зарбаларидан ҳалок
бўлмадими?(Жеймс Жойс «Улисс саргузаштлари»).Russ.Разве Пирр не пал В Аргосе от
руки старой ведьмы, а Юлия Цезаря не закололи кинжалом? (Джеймс Джойс «Улисс»).
CONCLUSION
Thus, the use of transformations in translation depends on the proximity or distance
of the languages from the typological point of view. In English, auxiliary words and
prepositions express the relationship between words, and in Uzbek and Russian,
agreement suffixes perform this function, and we can observe their development.
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