Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Symbolism of the color “red/qízíl” in English and
Karakalpak languages
Arzigul AMETOVA
1
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received November 2024
Received in revised form
10 December 2024
Accepted 25 December 2024
Available online
25 January 2025
This study explores the symbolism of the color "red" in
English and "qızıl" in Karakalpak languages, examining both
universal and culture-specific meanings. Through a comparative
analysis of linguistic, cultural, and historical sources, the
research investigates how the color red serves as a symbol of
vitality, power, and strong emotions across these languages.
While both English and Karakalpak associate red with love,
danger, and passion, significant cultural differences emerge in
the way the color is symbolized. In English, red is linked to both
positive and negative connotations, reflecting individual
emotions and societal warnings. In contrast, in Karakalpak
culture, red primarily conveys positive symbolism, associated
with prosperity, vitality, and communal joy, especially in the
context of celebrations and rituals. The study highlights the
interplay between language, culture, and cognition,
demonstrating that while color terms share cognitive roots,
their symbolic meanings are shaped by the cultural values and
traditions of each language. The findings contribute to the
broader understanding of how color influences language and
communication and invite further research on cross-linguistic
color symbolism.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol3-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
color symbolism,
red,
English,
Karakalpak,
cultural symbolism,
linguistic analysis,
metaphor,
idioms,
comparative linguistics,
cognition,
language and culture.
1
PhD student, Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniya.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 1 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
66
Ingliz va qoraqalpoq tillarida “red/qizil” rangining ramziy
ma’nolari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
rang ramziyati,
qizil,
ingliz tili,
qoraqalpoq tili,
madaniy ramziylik,
lingvistik tahlil,
metafora,
frazeologiya,
qiyosiy tilshunoslik,
kognitsiya,
til va madaniyat.
Ushbu tadqiqot ingliz tilida “red” va qoraqalpoq tilida “qizil”
so‘zlarining rang ramziy ma’nolarini, ularning universal va
madaniy o‘ziga xosliklarini o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan.
Tilshunoslik, madaniyat va tarixiy manbalarni qiyosiy tahlil
qilish orqali qizil rangning hayotiylik, kuch va kuchli
hissiyotlarni ifodalashdagi o‘rni o‘rganilgan. Ingliz va
qoraqalpoq tillarida qizil rang sevgi, xavf va ehtiros bilan bog‘liq
bo‘lsa-da, ushbu rang ramziyligi bo‘yicha sezilarli madaniy
farqlar mavjud. Ingliz tilida qizil rang ham ijobiy, ham salbiy
ma’nolarga ega bo‘lib, individual his-tuyg‘ular va jamiyat
ogohlantirishlarini aks ettiradi. Qoraqalpoq madaniyatida esa
qizil rang asosan ijobiy ma’nolarga ega bo‘lib, farovonlik,
hayotiylik va jamiyat quvonchini, ayniqsa bayram va
marosimlarda ifodalaydi. Tadqiqot til, madaniyat va tafakkur
o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqlikni ta’kidlab, rang nomlari umumiy
kognitiv ildizlarga ega bo‘lsa-da, ularning ramziy ma’nolari har
bir tilning madaniy qadriyatlari va an’analari bilan
shakllanishini ko‘rsatadi. Natijalar rangning til va muloqotga
ta’sirini chuqurroq tushunishga hissa qo‘shib, turli tillarda rang
ramziyati bo‘yicha qo‘shimcha tadqiqotlarni rag‘batlantiradi.
Символизм красного цвета «red/ qizil» в английском и
каракалпакском языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
символика цвета,
красный,
английский,
каракалпакский,
культурная символика,
лингвистический анализ,
метафора,
идиомы,
сравнительное
языкознание,
когниция,
язык и культура.
Данное исследование посвящено символике цвета
«красный» в английском языке и в каракалпакском языке,
с анализом как универсальных, так и специфических
культурных значений. Через сравнительный анализ
лингвистических, культурных и исторических источников
исследуется, как красный цвет символизирует жизненную
энергию, силу и сильные эмоции в этих языках. Хотя и в
английском, и в каракалпакском языках красный цвет
ассоциируется с любовью, опасностью и страстью,
значительные культурные различия проявляются в
символике этого цвета. В английском языке красный
связан как с положительными, так и с отрицательными
коннотациями, отражающими индивидуальные эмоции и
общественные предупреждения. В то же время в
каракалпакской культуре красный цвет преимущественно
несет
положительную
символику,
связанную
с
процветанием, жизненной энергией и радостью, особенно
в контексте праздников и ритуалов. Исследование
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 1 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
67
подчеркивает взаимосвязь между языком, культурой и
познанием, демонстрируя, что, несмотря на общие
когнитивные корни цветовых терминов, их символическое
значение формируется культурными ценностями и
традициями каждого языка. Результаты исследования
способствуют более глубокому пониманию влияния цвета
на язык и коммуникацию, а также приглашают к
дальнейшим исследованиям символики цвета в различных
языках.
INTRODUCTION
Color symbolism is a fascinating area of study within linguistics, as it reflects the
intricate interplay between language, culture, and human cognition. Therefore, colors
carry rich symbolic meanings that vary across different cultures and linguistic contexts.
They often serve as metaphors and tools to express abstract concepts, emotions, and
societal values. For instance, the color "red" may symbolize love, passion, or danger in
Western cultures, whereas in China, it is often associated with good fortune and
celebration. This diversity in interpretation underscores the importance of cultural and
linguistic frameworks in shaping color symbolism.
Linguists have explored color symbolism as a lens to understand the relationship
between language and perception. Berlin and Kay’s seminal study
Basic Color Terms:
Their Universality and Evolution
laid the groundwork for this field. They proposed that
languages universally categorize colors into basic terms, suggesting a shared cognitive
basis for color perception [1,7-8]. However, the specific associations and connotations of
colors are deeply influenced by cultural and historical contexts. For instance, Wierzbicka
(1996) argued that color terms are embedded within cultural scripts, revealing societal
norms and values [2,130-132].
In addition to linguistic and cultural analyses, color symbolism has practical
implications for communication and branding. For example, in advertising, certain colors
are strategically chosen to evoke particular emotions or behaviors. As noted by Kress and
van Leeuwen in
Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design
, color choices are often
used to create cultural resonance, establishing connections between products and
audiences [3, 243]. These findings highlight how the study of color symbolism extends
beyond linguistics, intersecting with fields such as semiotics, psychology, and marketing.
Thus, the study of color symbolism in linguistics not only illuminates the ways in
which people use language to categorize and interpret the world but also provides
insights into the cultural and cognitive underpinnings of human interaction. By
examining color symbolism, researchers can better understand the nuanced relationship
between language, thought, and culture.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The color red holds significant linguistic and cultural symbolism in both English
and Karakalpak languages, reflecting universal perceptions as well as culture-specific
interpretations. In linguistics, the study of color terms serves as an essential framework
for exploring how language encodes sensory and cultural experiences. The universality
and variation in color symbolism have been analyzed in the seminal works of Berlin and
Kay, who argued that basic color terms evolve along predictable stages across languages,
with red being one of the earliest colors to be named due to its biological salience. [1,7-8]
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
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In English, the color red often symbolizes strong emotions such as love, passion,
and anger, as well as danger or warning. For instance, expressions like "seeing red"
denote anger, while "red flag" conveys caution or warning [4, 380-382]. The association
of red with emotions is also evident in cultural contexts, such as Valentine’s Day, where
red symbolizes love and affection [5, 610-611]. These meanings reflect the duality of red
as both positive (e.g., passion and celebration) and negative (e.g., danger and aggression),
shaped by historical, cultural, and societal influences.
In contrast, the Karakalpak language offers a unique perspective on the symbolism
of red, influenced by the cultural and historical context of the Karakalpak people. The
term "qızıl" (red) is deeply rooted in expressions of wealth, prosperity, and vitality. For
instance, the phrase "qızıl ton" (red dress) often signifies beauty and celebration,
particularly in traditional ceremonies [6, 65-67].
Additionally, red is frequently associated with the sun, life, and energy in Karakalpak
folklore, highlighting its positive connotations. However, like in English, red can also carry
negative meanings, such as bloodshed or conflict, depending on the context.
The divergence and overlap in the symbolism of red between the two languages
demonstrate the interplay between universal human cognition and cultural specificity.
Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory provides a useful lens for analyzing
these differences. According to their theory, metaphorical mappings arise from shared
human experiences, such as associating red with warmth or danger due to its connection
with fire or blood [7, 50-52]. At the same time, cultural narratives and traditions shape
how these metaphors are expressed in different linguistic communities.
METHODOLOGY
The study of the color symbolism of "red" in English and "qızıl" in Karakalpak
languages employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and comparative
linguistic analyses. This methodology is designed to examine the semantic, cultural, and
cognitive dimensions of the color red across the two languages.
The first step involves a
lexical-semantic analysis
of the words "red" in English
and "qızıl" in Karakalpak. Drawing on linguistic corpora, dictionaries, and cultural texts,
the analysis investigates the primary and secondary meanings of these terms. For
English, standard resources such as the
Oxford English Dictionary
are used, while for
Karakalpak, local linguistic references like
Qaraqalpaq Tiliniń Túsindirme So‘zligi
serve as
key sources. These resources help identify the range of meanings and contexts in which
"red" and "qızıl" are used, highlighting both universal and culture-specific connotations.
Next, a
comparative cultural analysis
examines the symbolic roles of red in
traditional and contemporary contexts. This includes analyzing idiomatic expressions,
proverbs, folklore, and rituals that feature the color red in both languages. For instance,
English expressions such as "paint the town red" or "red-letter day" [8, 240-242] are
compared with Karakalpak idioms like "qızıl shaqa" (red branch), which refers to a newborn
baby [9, 205-206]. Ethnographic studies and historical literature are also reviewed to
understand how cultural traditions influence the perception and use of the color red.
A
survey and interview method
is employed to gather native speakers’
perceptions of the color red in both linguistic communities. Respondents are asked to
describe the emotions, values, and associations they link to red or "qızıl" through open-
ended questions. This data is analyzed qualitatively to identify recurring themes and
patterns. Special attention is given to how age, gender, and social background influence
color symbolism.
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и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 1 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
69
Finally,
conceptual metaphor analysis
is used to explore the cognitive aspects of
color symbolism. This approach is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of metaphor,
which suggests that color terms often serve as metaphors for abstract concepts [4, 380-
382]. For example, red in English might metaphorically represent love (e.g., "red heart")
or danger (e.g., "red alert"), while in Karakalpak, "qızıl" is metaphorically linked to
prosperity or energy, reflecting its cultural context.
MATERIALS
To analyze the symbolism of the color "red" in English and "qızıl" in Karakalpak, a
variety of linguistic, cultural, and ethnographic materials were selected. These materials
represent both historical and contemporary sources to provide a comprehensive view of
how the color red is perceived and used in these linguistic communities.
Linguistic Resources
The primary linguistic materials include dictionaries, corpora, and idiomatic
phrasebooks. These sources provide the foundational meanings, variations, and contexts
of the terms "red" and "qızıl":
Dictionaries:
1) The
Oxford English Dictionary
(OED) is utilized to trace the historical evolution
and contemporary meanings of "red" in the English language This source identifies
primary definitions, such as "the color of blood or fire," and its figurative uses, such as
"red with anger" [8, 240-242].
2) The
Qaraqalpaq Tiliniń Túsindirme So’zligi
serves as the corresponding resource
for the Karakalpak language, offering insights into the lexical and cultural nuances of
"qızıl." For instance, the dictionary reveals that "qızıl" is frequently associated with
wealth, beauty, and celebration [9, 205-206].
Corpora:
1) The British National Corpus (BNC) is used to explore collocations, idiomatic
expressions, and metaphorical uses of "red" in English texts. ³ It includes examples such
as "red alert" (danger) and "red carpet" (special treatment).
2) A locally compiled corpus of Karakalpak literature and media texts is utilized to
identify comparable uses of "qızıl." For instance, it captures phrases like "qızıl kün" (red
day) and "qızıl ton" (red dress), which reflect cultural significance in ceremonial contexts.
Literary and Folklore Texts
The study draws heavily on literary and folklore texts to examine how red is
symbolized in narratives, proverbs, and poetry. These texts highlight the cultural
embedding of color in traditional and modern storytelling.
English Literature:
1) Classic works, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s
The Scarlet Letter
, use red as a
symbol of sin, passion, and shame, reflecting its complex emotional and moral
associations [11, 1-3].
2) Contemporary literature and poetry often link red to love, danger, or revolution,
emphasizing its enduring metaphorical richness [12, 110-112].
Karakalpak Folklore:
1) Karakalpak oral traditions, including epic poems like
Qırk Qız
(Forty Girls),
frequently reference "qızıl" to symbolize beauty, vitality, and wealth [13, 65-68].
2) Proverbs such as "Qızdıń kózi qızilda" meaning "A young lady looks at red or red
color attracts a young lady" illustrate the cultural significance of the color as a symbol of
prosperity [14, 90-92].
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Ethnographic and Historical Materials
Actually, ethnographic studies and historical records provide a contextual
understanding of the role of red in societal practices and rituals.
English Context:
1) Historical accounts reveal that red has long been used in Western societies to
signify power and authority. For instance, royal garments and military uniforms often
featured red dye, derived from costly sources like cochineal [15, 45-47].
2) Rituals such as weddings and holidays, including Valentine’s Day, show the
association of red with love and festivity.
Karakalpak Context:
1) Karakalpak wedding traditions feature "qızıl ton," a symbolic red garment worn
by brides to represent joy and prosperity [16, 52-53].
2) Red is also prominent in Karakalpak art and textiles, with vibrant red patterns
symbolizing vitality and fertility in traditional carpets and clothing [17, 88-90].
Visual and Media Materials
To understand more clearly the contemporary use of red, visual and media
materials were also analyzed:
English Media:
1) Advertisements often use red to evoke excitement, urgency, or passion, as seen
in branding for products like Coca-Cola [18, 243].
2) Red is also widely used in traffic signals and warning signs to communicate
danger or alertness.
Karakalpak Media:
1) Local advertisements and public symbols frequently use "qızıl" to represent
value, celebration, and vitality. For example, red is a dominant color during Navruz
festivities, symbolizing renewal and energy [19, 32-35].
2) Nowadays red is also widely used in traffic signals and warning signs to
communicate danger or alertness.
By integrating linguistic, literary, cultural, and visual materials, this study ensures
a comprehensive analysis of the color symbolism of "red" and "qızıl." These diverse
sources highlight the universal aspects of red as a color of strong emotional and cultural
significance, as well as the unique ways it is embedded in English and Karakalpak
linguistic traditions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study of the color "red" in English and "qızıl" in Karakalpak languages reveals
both universal and culture-specific aspects of color symbolism. Key findings are
summarized below:
1. Semantic Similarities.
Across both languages, the primary meaning of "red" and
"qızıl" relates to the color of blood and fire. This association forms the foundation for
metaphorical extensions such as life, energy, and passion. In both linguistic communities,
red is a highly emotive color, symbolizing vitality, strength, and strong emotions such as
love and anger [1,5-7].
2. Cultural Divergences.
While English often associates red with danger and
warning, Karakalpak culture emphasizes its positive symbolism. In Karakalpak, "qızıl" is
frequently linked to wealth and celebration, as evidenced by expressions like "qızıl til"
(red tongue), which marks eloquence, impudence, and fluency in speech. Conversely,
English idiomatic expressions, such as "red tape" (bureaucratic obstacles) and "red flag"
(a warning sign), highlight negative associations.
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и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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2. Symbolism in Rituals and Traditions.
In English-speaking societies, red is often
connected to holidays like Valentine’s Day, where it symbolizes love and romance. In
Karakalpak culture, red plays a central role in traditional weddings and Navruz
celebrations, symbolizing renewal and prosperity. For example, the bride’s "qızıl ton"
(red dress) represents beauty and vitality
3. Conceptual Metaphors.
Both languages use red to conceptualize abstract ideas
through metaphor. In English, red is metaphorically linked to emotions ("seeing red" for
anger) and urgency ("red alert"). In Karakalpak, metaphors often emphasize youth and
beauty, such as "qızıl gúl" that means youth (red flower).
Furthermore, the findings highlight the interplay between universal cognitive
patterns and cultural specificity in the symbolism of red.
Universality of Red as a Basic Color Term.
The prominence of "red" and "qızıl" aligns
with Berlin and Kay’s theory of basic color terms, which identifies red as one of the
earliest colors named across languages due to its perceptual salience. The association
with blood and fire, as life-sustaining and protective elements, underscores the
evolutionary and biological basis for red's prominence in human cognition.
1. Cultural Shaping of Symbolism.
Despite shared biological foundations; cultural
differences significantly shape the symbolic meanings of red. In English, the color often
connotes danger, stemming from its use in warning signs and alerts. This contrasts with
Karakalpak, where red is predominantly associated with positive traits like prosperity
and celebration, reflecting the cultural emphasis on community and traditional
ceremonies.
2. Role of Idioms and Metaphors.
Idiomatic expressions in both languages
encapsulate the cultural significance of red. English idioms such as "red-carpet
treatment" convey exclusivity and honor, while Karakalpak phrases like "qızıl alma" (red
apple) often denote beauty and perfection in folk songs and stories. ⁸ These metaphors
demonstrate how red is deeply embedded in everyday language to represent complex
ideas and emotions.
3. Red in Rituals and Practices.
Cultural rituals further emphasize the divergent
symbolism of red. In English-speaking contexts, red is often associated with individual
emotions (e.g., love or anger), reflecting the Western focus on personal expression. In
contrast, Karakalpak traditions highlight red's role in collective celebrations, such as
weddings and Navruz, where it symbolizes communal joy and renewal. These findings
illustrate how societal values influence the use of color in ritual contexts.
4. Contemporary Usage and Media.
In contemporary settings, red retains its
symbolic power in both languages. Advertising in English often uses red to evoke
excitement or urgency, as seen in brands like Coca-Cola. Similarly, in Karakalpak media,
red is prominently featured in designs for festivals and public celebrations, reinforcing its
cultural association with vitality and prosperity. ¹¹
CONCLUSION
Having analyzed one may conclude that the color symbolism of "red" in English
and "qızıl" in Karakalpak reveals both universal and culture-specific interpretations of
this vibrant and emotionally charged color. Across both languages, red serves as a symbol
of vitality, power, and strong emotions, such as love and anger. These shared meanings
are rooted in the color’s biological associations with blood and fire, reflecting a deep
connection to life, energy, and survival.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue – 1 (2025) / ISSN 2181-3701
72
However, cultural differences shape the nuances of red’s symbolism. In English,
red is often linked to both positive and negative connotations, such as love and danger,
respectively, reflecting Western societies’ dual focus on individual emotions and societal
warnings. In contrast, in Karakalpak culture, red predominantly conveys positive
symbolism, emphasizing prosperity, vitality, and communal joy, especially in the context
of celebrations and traditional rituals like weddings and Navruz. The term "qızıl" is
deeply embedded in Karakalpak folklore and customs, where it is associated with wealth,
beauty, and renewal.
The study demonstrates how the meanings of colors are not just linguistic but are
intricately tied to the cultural, historical, and social contexts in which they are used.
Through the examination of idiomatic expressions, cultural rituals, and media
representations, this research highlights the importance of understanding color
symbolism as a bridge between language and culture. The findings underscore that while
color terms like "red" and "qızıl" may share common cognitive roots, their metaphorical
and symbolic meanings are deeply influenced by the cultural narratives and values of
each language community.
This comparative analysis of English and Karakalpak color symbolism contributes
to broader discussions in linguistics, semiotics, and cultural studies. It invites further
exploration of how color, as a powerful semiotic tool, shapes communication, perception,
and identity across different languages and cultures. Future research could expand this
study by exploring other colors and comparing them across different linguistic and
cultural groups, thus enriching our understanding of the interplay between language,
culture, and cognition.
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и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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