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COOPERATION’S DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN UZBEK-
FRENCH RELATIONS
Makhmasobirova Y.U.
doctoral student
University of World Economy and Diplomacy
France was one of the first countries that established official diplomatic
relations with all the former Soviet republics in Central Asia since their
independence.It is one of the main drivers of European integration, a permanent
member of the UN Security Council, a country of rich historical and cultural
heritage, socio-political traditions and innovations. It is the world’s seventh largest
economy by GDP per capita and the second largest in the European Union [1].
However, because of France’s general activity in world politics and
Uzbekistan’s active and effective political and economic relations with major
actors such as the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, the United
States, India, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Japan and Turkey, Uzbek-French
cooperation may not seem to be a priority for France or Uzbekistan. For a long
time, there were two main problems in Uzbek-French relations:
1. Natural barrier - geographical location of countries.
It is known that Uzbekistan does not have direct access to the sea routes, and
Central Asia and Western Europe are not neighboring regions. Uzbekistan, is
280
geographically far from France: in order to move from one country across the
continent to another, one must pass through at least five countries that differ
greatly from each other in socio-political and economic terms. Also, Uzbekistan
has no direct access to the region other than access to South Asia via Afghanistan;
due to the lack of market integration in Central Asia, Uzbekistan cannot provide
foreign partners with access to third country markets. However, the evolution and
state of relations between France and Kazakhstan can be cited as an example of the
fact that such natural barriers do not hinder cooperation between not neighboring
countries. As it is known, there are similar natural and geographical barriers
between France and Kazakhstan, but the single trade turnover between the two
countries in 2017 exceeded the average Uzbek-French foreign trade turnover by 10
times ($ 3 billion) [2].
2. Problems in determining the priorities of cooperation, its specific
“algorithm”.
For a long time, the main challenge in developing relations between
France and Uzbekistan has been to set priorities. France which made republican
regime “based on broad democracy, on parliamentarism, political and ideological
pluralism, open struggle of ideas and political parties, change of power during the
electoral struggle of political parties, and not class organizations”[3] an ideal in
international relations; and which is “struggling to portray itself as a multi-faceted
actor with a modest and contradictory role in Central Asia and a key player in
influencing regional societies” [4], believes that the main issue in relations with
Uzbekistan should be the internal organizational, administrative and legislative
reforms of Uzbek society and political elite. Due to the lack of internal financial
resources in the construction of a new independent state, the main topic of
discussion for Uzbekistan was always investment and trade. From the earliest days
of Uzbek-French relations, this difference of views in relation to the cooperation
agenda has hindered the full coordination of interaction.
However, the positive trend in the development of bilateral relations in recent
years, changes in the foreign policy rhetoric of the parties indicate an improvement
in relations. On the one hand, Uzbekistan has realized that modernization means
not only political and administrative modernization. On the other hand, France
realized that it could miss out on many potential business projects by interfering in
the internal affairs of states. The growing number of countries such as China,
India, Japan and Germany investing in other countries not only in terms of
democratization but also in terms of stability, and the fact that such countries
dominate the economies and investment markets of many developing countries
have become the basis in order for France to understand that it is missing the
opportunity to expand the zones to ensure its economic interests. In particular,
France is now choosing a neutral partner in relations with Central Asia [5].
The dynamics of relations was also influenced by Uzbekistan’s long-standing
policy of “investment” isolation, and the nature of France’s foreign policy in
general. As the President of the Fifth Republic Charles de Gaulle wrote in his
memoirs, “France that has lost its greatness is not France” [6]. As France’s foreign
policy has a glorious past, the notion of a “centre of great power” is firmly
281
ingrained in the minds of French officials, and preserving France’s “greatness” and
uniqueness has always been a priority in political decision-making. All this led to
“the predominance of stagnation over dynamics” [7] in the country’s foreign
policy. This conceptual feature of the foreign policy of the Fifth Republic can also
explain the long and debilitating stagnation in Uzbek-French cooperation.
As the above problems began to be addressed, a number of new problems of
narrow areas that negatively affected the state of relations come to the fore. These
problems have mostly organizational and institutional character rather than
intersectional: updating the legal framework for cooperation, maintaining
information and statistics, and monitoring mechanisms etc.
First of all, France has not yet fully conceptualized its foreign policy towards
Central Asia. The questions, such as,“How does the French government plan to
implement cooperation in the regional format?”, “What will be the direction of
bilateral cooperation?” remain open. In the foreign policy of the French Republic,
the evolution of the Central Asian vector is based on inconsistent and rather
chaotic decisions that contradict each other and certain uncertainties. Therefore,
France’s current positive rhetoric for Central Asia, free from a “didactic” agenda
and based on a neutral partnership without interfering with domestic policy, is
may change if it does not become a strategy.
Outdated legal framework
for cooperation is another problem. The conceptual
and legal basis of cooperation between Uzbekistan and France –“Treaty of
Friendship and Cooperation” was signed in 1993, in a political process and
conditions significantly different from the current state of international relations.
Given the rapid development of relations between the two countries in recent years
and the ongoing negotiations between Uzbekistan and the European Union on the
signing of a new expanded agreement, it is time to sign the resulting Extended
Partnership Agreement, or a new conceptual agreement between Uzbekistan and
France.
Problem of control and monitoring of joint projects.
The main problem of
cooperation of any country, which organizes economic cooperation with foreign
countries mainly through state-owned enterprises and agencies, depends on the
level of organization of the executive mechanism. In Uzbekistan, the number and
volume of “entrepreneur-to-entrepreneur” projects in cooperation with France is
low, mainly or only state-owned enterprises are involved. Cooperation projects
with private French enterprises or control over them are entrusted to state
organizations [8].
There are two reasons why agreements reached in France with Uzbekistan and
control over projects are not as problematic as in Uzbekistan. First, in the French
Republic, the country’s Parliament, and in practice the Senate, has more control
over foreign affairs. The working div of the Senate on these issues is the
Commission on Foreign Affairs, Defense and Armed Forces. The Senate, like the
President of the country, may appoint a special representative for a limited period
of time to develop or regulate relations with a particular issue, region or state, if
necessary. Such an open and transparent control system greatly facilitates the
282
status of interstate projects. Second, most of France’s current projects with
Uzbekistan (with the exception of the French Development Agency) are being
implemented by the private sector, which reduces the burden on French officials to
oversee bilateral projects.
In this context, the private sector in Uzbekistan faces the problem of a low
share and number of international cooperation projects. State bodies, as a key
player in business and entrepreneurship, trade and the economy may increase the
level of project assurance. But over time, cooperation can become a “donor-
recipient” and lead to a slowdown in diversification. The share of the private sector
in Uzbekistan, especially small and medium-sized businesses, in the country’s
gross domestic product has consistently exceeded 50% since 2015. In 2020 alone,
the share of small businesses in GDP was 53.9%. The main sectors in the structure
of trade with France falls on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, investment and
industry, and the share of the private sector in these areas in Uzbekistan is as
follows: in the fish and agricultural sectors - 97.0%, services - 51.4%, investments
- 49.7%, industry - 27.5% and imports - 51% [11]. This is a huge potential of
Uzbekistan, but it is not fully realized in international cooperation and in
cooperation with France in particular.
Conclusion.
Natural and geographical barriers, problems with coordination of
actions in determining the priorities of cooperation, Uzbekistan’s long-standing
closed policy in foreign relations, especially on investment, and the predominance
of the idea of "stagnation" in the foreign policy of the French Republic had a
negative impact on Uzbek-French cooperation. The fact that the main obstacles to
cooperation are organizational, institutional and cross-sectoral issues related to the
general problems and the internal situation in Uzbekistan proves that the decisive
step in Uzbek-French cooperation often depends on Uzbekistan.
France has not always been a clear, comprehensible and “loyal” partner for
Uzbekistan. However, the fact that Uzbek-French cooperation is free from the
threat of geopolitical, military and geostrategic goals and secret plans ensures that
the relations between the two countries are promising in all circumstances. In
addition to external factors and institutional problems, cooperation with France not
only brings economic and financial benefits to Uzbekistan, but also attracts
cautious and conservative Western investors and entrepreneurs to Uzbekistan,
providing a “reputable dividend”.
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Мўминов У.
ўқитувчи
Қарши Давлат университети
Шаҳарлар йирик савдо марказлари сифатида ҳам муҳим аҳамият касб
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катта ўрин тутган. Қарши шаҳри катта карвон йўлининг чорраҳасида
жойлашганлиги туфайли бу йўл орқали шаҳар шарқ ва ғарб, жануб ва
шимолий ўлкалар ва мамлакатлар билан доимий алоқада бўлган. Қарши
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Қарши Самарқанд билан асосан Жом йўли билан боғланган. Бу карвон
