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UDC: 81`2
STUDY OF TOPONYMIC VARIABILITY AND LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA
Khamidova Kamola Mamirovna
Kokand State University of Languages and Literatures (PhD), Associate Professor.
ORCID: 0009-0007-3161-2164, Email:
kamolaxonhamidova@gmail.com,
Melikuziyeva Movluda Abdukhafizovna
Associate Professor of Kokand State University.
Annotatsiya:
maqolada toponimik variantlilik va boshqa lisoniy hodisalar: sinonimlik,
antonimlik, omonimlik va paralellik hodisalari yoritilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
toponim, polisonim, polindrom, variant, adabiy variant, fonetik, fonetik shakl.
Аннотация:
в статье описывается топонимическая изменчивость и другие языковые
явления: синонимия, антонимия, омонимия и параллелизм.
Ключевые слова:
топоним, полисоним, палиндром, вариант, литературный вариант,
фонетика, фонетическая форма.
Abstract:
the article describes toponymic variability and other linguistic phenomena:
synonymy, antonymy, homonymy and parallelism.
Key words:
toponym, polysonym, palindrome, variant, literary variant, phonetic, phonetic form.
INTRODUCTION. When discussing synonyms, antonyms and homonyms in scientific sources
on linguistics, proper nouns, that is, onomastic units, are usually ignored. According to R.
Khudoyberganov, this is done from two points of view:
1) proper nouns do not have a lexical meaning, and therefore it is difficult to determine similar
and opposite meanings in them;
2) it is considered that synonymous, antonymic and homonymous relations do not exist in the
system of proper nouns.
However, homonymy and synonymy are also observed in onomastic units.
LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND METHODS. As E. Begmatov shows, the issue of synonymy
of nouns requires taking into account two phenomena:
a) the relationship between the word on which the noun is based and the name formed from it
(jora - Jo'ra);
b) the relationship between synonymous names (Jora - Companion; Hamdam - Friend; Friend -
Friend; Jora - Hamdam; Yor - Friend).
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According to the author, the base word for a name and the name formed from it cannot be
synonymous, since in speech it is impossible to use one of them interchangeably. If the base
word for a name expresses a generalized meaning, the name means an individual, single
concept. In our opinion, the same considerations apply to toponyms.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS. The phenomenon of variantness in the onomastic system is
close to the term "parallels". The lexical unit parallel is derived from the Latin word parallilos,
which means going side by side. This term refers to the fields of linguistics, geometry and
geography, and in linguistics it denotes sentences and phrases that have the same structure.
The term parallelism is used in linguistics in the sense of “the fact that adjacent sentences,
phrases have the same syntactic structure”.
Linguistic parallelism, its essence, synonyms, invariants and variants were specially studied by
R.M. Shukurov. The scientist defines the phenomenon of parallelism as follows: “Parallelisms,
that is, lexical-morphological and syntactic units that are close in function and meaning, but do
not have the same form, are a complex of effective and expressive methods that have formed in
the national language over several periods”.
Or: “Parallelism is two or more phenomena that repeat each other in form and content. It is a
method of poetic expression of thought through the juxtaposition of a state or thing”.
The author notes the following features characteristic of parallel means (parallels):
1. Parallels are close in function and meaning, but do not have the same form.
2. The concept of parallelism is broader and deeper than the concept of synonymy.
3. Parallelism occurs both within the content of expression and within the means of expression.
4. It is divided into parallelism and substantive (semantic) parallelism.
5. Syntactic parallelism (repetition of a sentence with the same pattern, a phrase) is manifested
in the form of parallelism and repetition of meaning, concept, thought.
6. Parallelism is the juxtaposition of two or more phenomena, situations that repeat each other
in form and content.
7. Substantive and formal parallelism are necessary tools for methodology, “If substantive
parallelisms create the possibility of choice, formal parallelism, firstly, makes speech
expressive and attractive, musical and melodious, and secondly, ensures that the language text
is impressive and memorable.”
1. Synonyms are also parallelism. However, not all synonyms are parallelism, parallelism is a
broader concept than the concept of synonymy.
2. Syntactic synonymy and syntactic variants, according to some generalization property, are
combined into a certain generality - invariant.
3. Syntactic synonymy and syntactic variants do not deny each other, they are combined into
one generality. Taking this into account, they can be called "parallel syntactic wholes".
According to R. Khudoyberganov, combining synonymy, variants and parallelism into one
generality is controversial, since the mentioned concepts are different phenomena in terms of
their source, reason for emergence, linguistic (material) material, functional-methodical, social
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communicative function and branching (differentiation) in the language system, as well as in
terms of their existence in one language and more than one language (sister languages). Such a
difference is especially clearly visible when synonymy, variants and parallelism are studied on
the basis of onomastic material.
Parallelism, parallelism are characteristic of all levels of language. For example, lexicology
talks about lexical parallels. For example, about the parallels inherent in the Uzbek and
Mongolian lexicon, E. Begmatov writes the following: “...there are words in the Uzbek lexicon
that are used in both languages. For example, the words syyreg (sparse), tailag (tailoq), tang
(tanglay), tomuu (tumov), elchin (elchi), ert (erta), xox (blue), khunjit (sesame) exist in both
Uzbek and Mongolian and are used in the same or similar meanings in these languages. If
Mongolian were understood as a Turkic language, a sister language, the words cited would
belong to the general Turkic lexical layer. However, in linguistics, Uzbek and Mongolian are
considered languages belonging to different systems. These words cannot be said to have
been adopted from Mongolian into Uzbek or, conversely, to have been adopted from Turkic
languages into Mongolian. For this reason, such words are called "companion words" in
linguistics, "Turkic-Mongolian lexical parallels."
In linguistics, a lot of work has been written about linguistic parallels in the field of lexicon,
terminology, especially geographical terms. There are also some such works on the example of
toponyms, anthroponyms, ethnonyms.
G.I. Meshadiev, speaking about “lexical parallels” in the toponymy of the Azerbaijani, Uzbek
and Kyrgyz languages, cites as examples the toponyms Agdash (Azerbaijani) // Oqtash (Uzbek),
Guba (Azerbaijani) // Kuva (Uzbek), Poladly (Azerbaijani) // Polatchi (Uzbek). Of the above,
the name Polatchi may be an example of a morphological, not a lexical, parallel. The scientist
does not explain the concept of “parallel”, calling the given toponyms “homonymous”
(“одноименные топонимы”).
S.A. Khapaev notes that a number of hydronyms in the territories inhabited by the Karachay-
Balkars are identical in form to hydronyms in Central Asia (Uzbekistan) and calls them
“Uzbek-Karachay-Balkar parallels”. According to his observations, such names as Kumariq,
Toshariq, Oktuproq, Tolbuloq, Qamishbulaq, Karasuv, Oksuv occur in the toponymic systems
of both languages and form a group of parallel hydronyms.
S.A. Khapaev classified such hydronyms according to their topography. The author did not
state the reasons for the emergence of these parallels, limiting himself to simply noting their
existence.
Y.B. Yusupov, S.K. Kerimov, reflecting on the toponymic parallels in the Azerbaijani and
Uzbek languages, explained the reasons for the emergence of toponymic parallels as follows:
1. Since the Azerbaijani and Uzbek languages belong to the same language - the Turkic
language family, it is natural that some objects are named the same, similar words, the same
way.
2. There is a commonality in the names of the tribes and peoples (ethnonyms) that are part of
the Azerbaijani and Uzbek people. Therefore, common ethnonyms, which form the lexical basis
of toponyms, gave rise to common ethnonyms in both languages.
3. The Arab invasion left its mark on the languages of both peoples. In Azerbaijani and
Uzbek toponymy, there are toponyms formed from Arabic or Mongolian words of the same
form: Ziyarat (mountain) - Ziyarat (village), etc.
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According to F.G. Garipova, in the Volga region (Povolzhye) there are toponyms that are
identical and similar in form to names in other languages, and these constitute toponymic
parallels, but the author did not cite any toponyms as evidence for this.
Writing about parallels in the field of geographical terms, S.A. Khapaev analyzed geographical
terms and toponyms formed on their basis in the Bashkir and Karachay-Balkar languages. He
cited more than 70 topoparallels found in the languages mentioned in the article. The
scientist considers the reason for the emergence of parallels to be the similarity of the
geographical environment, common places in farming, animal husbandry, and historical reasons.
According to R. Navruzov, about 100 toponyms found in the Azerbaijani language are found in
the Omsk and Tyumen regions of Russia (18), Ukraine and Moldova (14), and the Krasnodar
Territory (9). It is important to study such proximity and parallels in toponymy. The author
cites 7 types of such parallels, and seeks to reveal the reasons for the emergence of some of
them.
T. Jonuzakov identifies ethnonyms such as Naiman, Kerey, Jaloyir, Mangit, Tulengut, which
are found in the Kazakh and Mongolian languages, as “parallels”.
CONCLUSION. From the ideas expressed in the above-analyzed works on toponymic parallels,
the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Onomastic parallels are the simultaneous occurrence of names that are identical or similar in
form in different languages.
2. Languages in which parallel names occur can be sister languages belonging to the
same system or languages belonging to different systems.
3. Parallel names are names formed from the material of their own layer (for example, a name
belonging to the Turkic layer found in two Turkic languages), words borrowed from other
languages: they are found in Uzbek and Kazakh.
4. Parallel names live independently in the onomastic environment of two or more languages
and are considered to be their own onomastic unity for each language.
5. Onomastic parallels are an independent interlingual phenomenon. However, parallel names
can also exist within the dialects and dialects of one language.
6. The form of the name that appeared in ancient times in the Turkic language was equally
preserved in the onomastic system of independent Turkic languages (Uzbek, Kazakh,
Kyrgyz, Turkmen, etc.) after their formation.
7. If parallel names are interlingual, the linguistic material of the name is similar in form,
identical. For example, the names Turdi, Tursun in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, if a parallel name
occurs in languages with different systems, the linguistic material of the name may be
different; for example, Oqsuv (Uzbek) - Belaya voda (Russian). Such names can be called
spiritual (semantic) parallels.
Onomastic, including toponymic parallels, are one of the laws that express the peculiar way of
life of the system of proper names.
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