Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): International journal of artificial intelligence

This article explores the significant contributions of Alisher Navoi to the development of the Uzbek language, particularly focusing on his influence on modern Uzbek linguistics. It examines Navoi's role in the standardization of the Chagatai language, the precursor to contemporary Uzbek, and how his works enriched the language’s vocabulary and structure. The article discusses Navoi's impact on lexical enrichment, phonetics, morphology, and the evolution of syntactical structures, highlighting his lasting legacy in both the literary and linguistic fields. Moreover, it analyzes the stylistic and linguistic elements of his writings, offering insights into the transformation of Uzbek from a regional dialect to a refined literary language. Finally, the article addresses the continuing relevance of Navoi’s works in contemporary Uzbek linguistic education and their importance in the study of comparative linguistics. Through his monumental contributions, Alisher Navoi remains a central figure in both the cultural and linguistic development of Uzbekistan.

This article reflects on the priority issues of improving the activities of music education circle training, as well as on the development and enrichment of the ability to musical creativity, the formation of music perception skills, their implementation of amateur activities on a consistent system,as well as on modern teaching trends.

this article covers the issues of developing thinking skills in the performance process,based on the imagination in the art of music, as well as the creative imagination, the description of some novelty with a word or its conditional reflection (picture, musical note, etc.). 

In this article, new methods and means of implementing the educational task of teaching technology to primary school students, as well as directions and methods of forming the creative abilities of primary school children, as well as a system based on certain theoretical principles and technology theories, are presented. Information on the increase is provided.

Currently, the demand for the use of innovative technologies in the education system is increasing. This process is especially important in improving the skills of primary education teachers and ensuring their competitiveness. Innovative technologies play an important role in making the educational process more effective and interesting, ensuring the active participation of students and developing their ability to think independently in the learning process.

This article discusses the importance of teaching preschool children to visual arts, the role of visual arts in a child's life, methods and techniques for teaching visual arts, practical methods, oral methods, conversational teaching methods, and the development of aesthetic perception in children.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges of starting a family for university boys and ways to solve them. The article examines factors such as students, financial situation, personal development, stereotypes in society, and family values, and proposes problems and solutions for each aspect. The difficulties of finding a balance between studying and starting a family and the need for students to properly distribute their time are considered.

Determining and establishing the legal force of digital evidence in international commercial arbitration is one of the key issues of the modern era. This article analyzes the legal status of digital evidence in international commercial arbitration and within the legal systems of various jurisdictions, including the USA, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the European Union, as well as national legislation. The article follows the IMRAD structure and is based on scientific literature, foreign and national articles, and legislative sources.

This paper explores the applications and implications of Ohm's Law when applied to specific portions of electrical circuits rather than the entire circuit. Through comprehensive literature analysis, the study examines how localized applications of Ohm's Law affect circuit analysis, design optimization, and troubleshooting methodologies. The findings demonstrate that understanding Ohm's Law at the component level enables more precise circuit design, more accurate fault detection, and improved power management strategies.

Physical education classes are important for schoolchildren and play a major role in their physical development, healthy lifestyle and development of social skills. In this study, the issues of clarifying the attitude of students to physical education classes are highlighted.

In this article, the study of M.Abdurashidkhanov's life, pedagogical activities and socio-pedagogical views is a social necessity, as a methodological basis in the works of our president Sh.M.Mirziyoyev.
 Also, the possibility of using Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov's "Adibi Sany" and "Yer Yuzi" textbooks in primary classes was highlighted.  Experimental-test works in the city of Karshi, Kashkadarya region 7-; 3- in Nishan District; 32 in Kasbi District; 1- in Mirishkor district; 2-; It was held in 6th general secondary schools. Experimental work gave a positive result. Conclusions and suggestions are given in the article.

This article examines the life and literary legacy of Uzbekistan’s national poet, Erkin Vohidov. It provides an in-depth analysis of the poet’s role in national literature, as well as his creative inquiries into the themes of homeland, language, people, and spirituality. The article serves as a valuable resource for enthusiasts of his work, students, and all readers who wish to gain a deeper understanding of the role of the mother tongue in society. The poem “Ona tilim o‘lmaydi,” which expresses his boundless devotion, pride, and call to preserve our native language, is also analyzed.

This literature review explores the impact of game-based learning (GBL) strategies on early reading instruction. Drawing on recent studies, the paper examines the use of games targeting phonics, sight word recognition, reading comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and reading fluency. Findings suggest that incorporating games into reading instruction can enhance learner motivation, improve foundational literacy skills, and support student engagement—especially among young learners with limited attention spans. The review also highlights the importance of aligning games with pedagogical goals to maximize educational outcomes.

The information presented in this article is analytically illustrated from the results of several studies conducted, and opinions are given on the importance of soybean, agrotechnology of cultivation, growth and development, requirements for light, soil, and the importance of Rizovit-AKS biological fertilizer in obtaining pure grain yields from soybean.

In today’s increasingly globalized society, proficiency in foreign languages has become essential for communication, academic success, career advancement, and cross-cultural understanding. However, the process of acquiring a new language often poses challenges due to differences in linguistic systems, learner motivation, and learning environments. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the most effective strategies and methods for improving foreign language learning. The study explores communicative language teaching, immersion and study-abroad programs, the use of technology and mobile applications, memory-based strategies, psychological factors, and innovative pedagogical techniques such as shadowing and blended learning. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of learner-centered, context-driven approaches that integrate modern tools with established pedagogies for optimal language acquisition.

This article will talk about the role and role of the Great Emir Temur the head and patron of Science, who formed a great empire in his time, took a worthy place in Uzbek statehood and world history, in Uzbek and world historiography. goes. It is suggested that he, as ruler of the state and patron of Science, left an indelible mark on history, the importance of Timur personality in the science of history at all times. Some information about the scientific research of the Sahibqiran and his history in world history given.

The ecological situation, its concept, the ecological situation and the aggravation of relations between nature and man, environmental pollution are covered by the author in this article.

In this article, the author discusses the current attention paid to natural monuments, the use of natural monuments for scientific, aesthetic, cultural, travel, ecotourism, recreation, and educational purposes.

 In the realm of second language acquisition, various teaching methodologies and activities have been developed to enhance the learning experience. One such approach that has gained widespread popularity in recent years is task-based learning (TBL). Task-based activities center around the completion of specific tasks that simulate real-life situations where language is used for communication. These tasks emphasize practical language use rather than merely focusing on grammatical forms, offering learners a dynamic and engaging way to learn English. This essay explores task-based activities, their usage in English learning lessons, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.

This article explores effective methods for enhancing the methodological training of future primary school teachers to foster the development of 4K skills—critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration—within the teaching of native language and reading. As education systems worldwide shift toward competency-based learning, equipping teacher candidates with pedagogical tools to integrate 4K into early literacy instruction becomes essential. The paper outlines the theoretical foundation of 4K education, examines didactic strategies, and presents practical activities for primary literacy classes. It also offers a model of interdisciplinary integration that enables future teachers to create dynamic, student-centered environments that promote 21st-century skills through native language learning.

This article discusses spina bifida, one of the neural tube defects. Special attention is paid to the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnostic methods and modern treatment and prevention measures. Rehabilitation approaches aimed at improving the quality of life of children born with spina bifida are also highlighted.

the ways in which individuals from Eastern and Western cultures perceive and understand the world diverge significantly, and these differences are deeply embedded in their languages. Eastern cultures, often influenced by philosophies such as Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, emphasize collectivism, fluidity, and interconnectedness. In contrast, Western cultures, shaped by Cartesian rationalism and individualism, focus on the self, linear progression, and objectivity. This paper explores how these divergent worldviews shape language structures, communication styles, and linguistic expressions, particularly in the context of English, a language spoken globally. By comparing the linguistic nuances that arise from these cultural worldviews, the study seeks to highlight the ways language acts as both a reflection of cultural beliefs and a medium for shaping cognitive processes. The findings underscore the crucial role of worldview in language learning, translation, and cross-cultural communication.

This article covers the current issues of the development of educational services and entrepreneurial activity. The article considers the current state of financing higher education institutions, ways to attract extrabudgetary funds and issues of organizing commercial activities in educational institutions. It also analyzes the importance of motivation in improving the quality of educational services, methods of motivating employees and the introduction of a self-financing system in the education sector. The authors offer various forms of establishing entrepreneurial activity in educational institutions and develop practical recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of educational services.

in the article for the last years following the prioritization of the development of friendly and mutually beneficial relations with the neighboring Central Asian states as the main priority of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy and also thanks to measures and initiatives in this priority direction, political dialogue and mutual trust have been strengthened in the region. Consultative meetings of the Heads of Central Asian States was established, the exchange of mutual official visits at various levels were intensified and transport links between countries and cities were restored. Moreover, solutions were found to such complex issues as water use, delimitation and demarcation of state borders, border crossing, and the use of transport communications at the regional level.

This article is dedicated to the theoretical and practical foundations of effectively organizing the educational and developmental processes of primary school students. The article discusses the role of the primary education stage in the modern educational system, its importance in shaping the student's personality, and the main directions of the pedagogical process. Since primary school students are sensitive, curious, and impressionable due to their age, the education and upbringing provided to them require a specific approach. In this regard, the article elaborates on the teacher's professional competence, educational methods, the use of interactive methods in the classroom, and the significance of upbringing based on national and universal values. Additionally, the article analyzes in depth the development of students' speech, the formation of their moral views, respect for work, study, and adults. Special attention is given to the development of students' independent thinking, increasing their social activity, and promoting a healthy lifestyle through extracurricular educational activities. The article concludes with recommendations on how to achieve the holistic development of primary school students by harmonizing education and upbringing. This article serves as a useful methodological resource for educators, primary school teachers, parents, and researchers in the field of education.

This paper investigates the influence of artificial intelligence on the most vital aspects of human life, rather education and medicine , providing real-based examples of its effect. Through case study , it outlines how AI is reshaping these two spheres, as giving a helping hand to teachers as well as students and its downsides, carrying out mind blowing surgeries and managing the patient data. The paper concludes by proposing effects of Al in the future, which can be detrimental if we do not take the precaution of it and how it can flourish if we implement it in the valid way.

This article presents analytical views on the issues of stylistic, substantive and aesthetic coherence in the process of translating works of Eastern literature into the Uzbek language, the translators' fidelity to the original, their approaches to preserving national-aesthetic values, as well as how the author's style is reflected in the Uzbek language. During the research, translation styles were studied based on samples taken from the literary heritage of the peoples of the East, such as Persian-Tajik, Arabic, and Indian. The possibilities of fully conveying the content in translated works and awakening the spirit of the original work in the reader by adapting aesthetic means of expression are discussed. The article presents scientifically based conclusions from the point of view of literary criticism and translation theory.

This article explores the significance of analyzing technological processes across various industries, emphasizing the importance of key technological parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, energy consumption, and material properties. It delves into the role these parameters play in optimizing process efficiency, maintaining product quality, reducing costs, and ensuring safety and compliance. Additionally, the article outlines several techniques for analyzing these processes, including data collection, statistical process control, simulation, root cause analysis, and predictive analytics. Through understanding and managing these parameters, industries can enhance operational performance, reduce waste, and stay competitive in the modern market.

This article analyzes the translation strategies of cultural words in the process of audiovisual translation, in particular, in films, documentaries and other audiovisual products translated from Arabic into Uzbek. The adequate expression of words related to non-alternative units, religious and social lexicons, national traditions and realities, which are characteristic of Arab culture, in Uzbek is considered an important problem. The article studies translation methods - such as interpretive translation, adaptation, transcription and finding equivalents - through practical examples. It also discusses semantic ambiguities arising due to intercultural differences and ways to eliminate them. The results of the study serve as a theoretical and practical guide for translators.

This article analyzes the possibilities of personalizing the process of learning a foreign language using artificial intelligence, in particular, modern language models such as ChatGPT.  It reveals that artificial intelligence serves as an effective tool in forming an individual approach to the language learner in accordance with his age, level of knowledge, interests and learning style. The article shows the advantages of AI-based technologies in personalized exercises, real-time feedback, interactive communication, and the development of written and oral skills. Attention is also paid to the problems that may arise when using AI tools and their solutions.

This article analyzes the importance and effectiveness of teaching English lexicon through cultural realities. It shows the need for the teacher to present the cultural context, to take into account not only the grammatical and syntactic aspects of the language, but also cultural norms in language teaching. The harmony of linguistic and cultural elements is important in highlighting the uniqueness of lexical units, that is, the system of words and phrases. The article provides practical recommendations aimed at more effective development of students' language skills in teaching English by using a linguocultural approach.

This аrtiсle exаmines the proсess of trаining сreаtive professionаls in Uzbekistаn, foсusing on the сountry's eduсаtionаl institutions thаt trаin professionаls in the аrts, сulture, аnd сreаtive fields. It highlights the vаrious progrаms offered by universities аnd voсаtionаl sсhools speсiаlizing in suсh disсiplines аs musiс, theаter, аnd design. The аrtiсle аlso disсusses pedаgogiсаl аpproасhes to аrt eduсаtion, the role of distаnсe leаrning, аnd stаte initiаtives to improve the quаlity of сreаtive eduсаtion in Uzbekistаn.

This article discusses the role of innovative activity in the preschool education system, the formation of practical skills through a deep analysis of the essence of innovative activity in preschool education, the effective use of innovative approaches in solving problems in the educational process. 

This article explores the growing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the judicial system, examining both the positive and negative implications of AI’s role in legal decision-making. It discusses the transformative potential of AI in streamlining case management, increasing efficiency, and reducing human biases, referencing examples from countries like India, China, and Colombia. However, the article also raises significant concerns about AI’s ability to accurately interpret the law, maintain judicial independence, and be held accountable for its actions. The article advocates for using AI as an assistive tool rather than a substitute for human decision-making in the judiciary, emphasizing the importance of human oversight to ensure fair and ethical legal processes. It concludes that while AI can aid in administrative and procedural tasks, the ultimate responsibility for legal judgments should remain with human judges.

This article explores the legal aspects of cross-border electronic commerce contracts, focusing on the applicable legal frameworks and international regulations. It examines key legal instruments such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), and the EU eIDAS Regulation (2014). The study highlights jurisdictional challenges, the recognition of electronic contracts and digital signatures, and intellectual property protection in cross-border e-commerce. The findings emphasize the necessity of harmonizing national regulations with international standards to ensure legal certainty and enhance global e-commerce efficiency.

The expeditious enlargement of online markets has transfigured international trading, reshaping consumer behaviour, business tactics, and economic topographies. This study examines the key drivers of this transfiguration, including e-commerce development, digital discharge systems, and supply chain transformation. Using a mixed-methods produce, we examine market movements and their consequences and results for various territories. Our discovery recommended that digital marketplaces are fostering economic inclusivity but also position provocations such as market monopolization and cybersecurity unpredictabilities.

This article explores the role of innovative technologies in modern music education, with a particular focus on the formation of teacher competence through simulation-based and reflective analysis approaches. In the rapidly evolving educational landscape, the integration of digital tools, virtual platforms, and simulation technologies has become an essential component of effective pedagogical practice. These technologies offer music educators immersive and interactive learning environments, allowing future teachers to practice classroom strategies, refine musical skills, and develop critical thinking in a safe and flexible setting.

The study emphasizes the value of combining simulation with reflective analysis, a process that encourages pre-service music teachers to assess their own performance, identify areas for improvement, and deepen their understanding of pedagogical principles. This dual approach not only supports professional growth but also fosters autonomy, self-awareness, and adaptability—core qualities of a competent 21st-century music teacher.

Through the analysis of contemporary research, teaching models, and practical experiences, the article presents evidence-based strategies for effectively incorporating these technologies into music teacher training programs. The findings demonstrate that the use of simulation and reflective tools contributes significantly to the holistic development of teaching competencies and prepares future educators to meet the challenges of modern classrooms.

This article explores the effectiveness of interactive methods in teaching moral and cultural values to preschool children, emphasizing the importance of engaging educational strategies in fostering ethical development and cultural awareness at an early age. Interactive methods such as role-playing, storytelling, group discussions, and creative activities are examined for their ability to facilitate children's understanding of moral virtues (e.g., kindness, honesty, respect) and cultural values (e.g., traditions, heritage, diversity). The study also assesses how these methods promote social interaction, empathy, and respect for different cultural perspectives. Through a review of empirical studies and case examples, the paper demonstrates that interactive approaches enhance children's moral reasoning and foster a deeper understanding of cultural diversity, creating a foundation for lifelong moral and cultural competence. The article concludes with recommendations for integrating these methods into preschool curricula to maximize their impact on young learners.

This article explores the methodological foundations for enhancing the use of simulative technologies in the training of future music teachers through an integrative approach. The paper analyzes the role of simulation-based learning in developing pedagogical, musical, and communicative competencies in teacher trainees. Special emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of integrative strategies that combine music pedagogy with digital tools and interactive teaching methods. The study highlights how simulative technologies can bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, creating a more engaging and student-centered learning environment. Recommendations are provided for the improvement of curricula and teacher preparation programs in higher education institutions.

This article explores the methodological foundations and practical significance of organizing native language lessons in primary school using interactive teaching methods. It emphasizes the importance of shifting from traditional, teacher-centered instruction to student-centered learning environments that actively involve young learners. The study highlights how interactive techniques such as pair work, group discussions, role-playing, and educational games contribute to the development of students' communicative competence, critical thinking, and engagement. The role of the teacher as a facilitator is also analyzed, alongside the psychological and pedagogical benefits of interactive learning for primary-aged children.

The mortgage lending process is an important and often complex stage for many people wishing to purchase a home. This process typically involves several stages, including the preparation of large amounts of documentation, communication with banks and credit institutions, and waiting for decisions. However, in recent years, digital technologies, particularly online platforms and mobile applications, have significantly simplified this process. Now, users can accelerate the credit acquisition process, evaluate their possibilities, and easily access all the necessary information.

Online platforms and mobile applications not only improve the efficiency of the mortgage lending process but also provide convenience, ensure security, and make the process more transparent. This article discusses the role of online platforms and mobile applications in simplifying the mortgage lending process, their advantages, and future opportunities.

In this article, the author comprehensively considers the problems of reforming education to the modern level, raising its quality to a high level of demand, and widely covers national and international experience in training highly qualified personnel. The article shows the development of skills that determine the quality of the educational process in the training of highly qualified personnel, and the support that represents the basis of the quality system in a higher educational institution.

This article provides information about the emergence and reasons for the development of Zoroastrianism, as well as its beliefs. One of the main aspects discussed is the deities in Zoroastrianism. Finally, the article presents comprehensive information about the important sources of Zoroastrianism, their structure, composition, and the circumstances under which they were written.

The article is devoted to studying the dependence of the maximum flow rates of water discharged into the lower pool through reservoir dams on weather and climatic conditions, using the Tokhtogul reservoir as an example. For this purpose, a statistical assessment of the relationship between air temperature and maximum water flows discharged from the Tohktogul reservoir in the autumn and winter seasons into its lower pool () was carried out and a regression equation for this relationship was obtained. As a result, it was possible to predict the maximum water flows of the Naryn river in the autumn-winter seasons depending on air temperature.

This article provides information about speech underdevelopment in children, its levels, speech characteristics, and the technology of teaching word formation to children with underdeveloped speech.

The article explores the role of international economic organizations in addressing the problem of poverty worldwide, with a specific focus on Uzbekistan. The paper examines how global institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) contribute to poverty reduction through economic and developmental assistance, policy advice, and technical expertise. In the case of Uzbekistan, these organizations have played a pivotal role in supporting the country’s transition to a market economy, providing financial aid for sustainable development, and implementing poverty alleviation strategies. The paper discusses the challenges faced by these organizations in the context of Uzbekistan’s unique socio-political landscape and economic structure, and it evaluates the effectiveness of international economic cooperation in combating poverty.

This essay uses Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of dialogism to analyse the subversive potential of minor characters in Anne Brontë's Victorian novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) and Cholpon's Soviet Uzbek novel The Night and Day. By comparing seemingly "flat" characters—Victorian gossip and Soviet officials—it argues that their narrative exclusion hides their polyphonic capacity to subvert monologic control. By close readings and theoretical synthesis, the study reveals how these figures generate heteroglossia that resists patriarchal and authoritarian ideologies. Findings indicate minor characters, despite narrative concision in space, play crucial roles in subverting commanding discourses and offering a cross-cultural model through which marginality in literature might be understood.

This study explores the use and function of epithets in newspaper-journalistic and scientific genres. Epithets, descriptive terms or phrases that accompany a noun, serve diverse purposes depending on the context and genre. In journalistic texts, epithets often carry subjective, emotional, or evaluative connotations, aiming to influence readers' perceptions and elicit emotional responses. By contrast, epithets in scientific writing are typically more restrained, used to describe phenomena or findings with objectivity and precision. This paper examines the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features of epithets across both genres, highlighting the differences in their frequency, emotional impact, and function. Through a comparative linguistic analysis, the study demonstrates how epithets contribute to tone, reader engagement, and meaning-making in journalistic and scientific communication. The findings underscore the contrasting linguistic strategies in conveying information, where journalistic texts prioritize persuasion and emotional appeal, while scientific texts emphasize clarity and factual representation.

This article scientifically analyzes the content and essence of the internship system in higher education institutions, the mechanisms for its organization, and its role and impact on shaping students' qualifications.     Additionally, proposals and recommendations for improving the internship system are provided.

The main part (about 50%) of the 4304.32 thousand hectares of irrigated land of our republic is saline soils to varying degrees, which reduces the overall productivity of agricultural crops in irrigated areas. This article provides detailed information on the irrigated soils of the Olot district and their properties. In addition, measures to improve soil fertility are presented.

This article analyzes the implementation strategies for the "New Uzbekistan - Third Renaissance" national concept, examining its historical foundations, modern approaches, and future prospects. Through comprehensive literature analysis, the research identifies key factors contributing to successful realization of this concept: educational reforms, cultural preservation initiatives, technological advancement, and international cooperation. The findings suggest that effective implementation requires a balanced integration of historical values with contemporary global practices while maintaining Uzbekistan's unique cultural identity. This research contributes to understanding the practical execution of national development concepts within post-Soviet Central Asian contexts.

This article explores the pedagogical and cultural significance of intangible cultural heritage in fostering the spiritual and aesthetic development of students and youth. Drawing on theoretical frameworks and practical applications, it highlights the role of traditional storytelling, music, rituals, and folk knowledge in shaping national identity, emotional sensitivity, and moral consciousness. The article also discusses methods for integrating heritage education into modern curricula to enhance personal growth and cultural continuity.

Music teаchers аre increаsingly using technоlоgy tо develоp new strаtegies tо engаge students. Where оnce we cоnsidered аcоustic instruments, pens аnd pаper аs the mаin teаching аids, nоw with the help оf technоlоgies such аs the iPаd аnd educаtiоnаl prоgrаms, it is pоssible tо engаge students in the creаtive study оf music. the effectiveness оf which is discussed.

In recent years, the integration of digital tools into language learning has transformed traditional teaching methodologies. This study examines the impact of various digital tools – such as mobile applications, online platforms, and artificial intelligence-based system – on language instruction and learner engagement. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative assessments and qualitative feedback from university-level English language learners. Results indicate that the use of digital tools enhances learner motivation, promotes autonomous learning, and supports communicative competence. However, the effectiveness of these tools largely depends on how well they are integrated into pedagogical practices. The study concludes with practical implications for educators and recommendations for the optimal use of technology in language education.

Currently, conducting classes in accordance with the requirements of world educational standards means organizing classes based on pedagogical technologies. Therefore, pedagogical technologies as a discipline are deeply embedded in the education system, starting from the higher education system, because the implementation of innovative educational technologies in the pedagogical process through a technological approach to education is showing its effectiveness. Therefore, providing students with knowledge based on new and latest pedagogical technologies and training them as mature individuals on this basis is a requirement of today. In the context of accelerating scientific and technological progress, didactic materials are gaining special importance.

This article analyzes the current reforms of our developing country, analyzes the Action Strategy, Development Strategy, and 5 important initiatives related to reading and youth, and presents ideas and comments on the future effectiveness of these reforms on an analytical and scientific basis. 

This article defines the clinical signs, diagnostics and preventive tasks of the disease ephemeral fever of cattle, which is one of the common diseases that has not yet been studied by our scientists in Uzbekistan.

Seasonal and temporary settlements are also built in the mountainous regions of the Northern Surkhan oasis. Most of the people of the oasis went to the pasture on the mountain to graze their cattle and lived in black houses, which were seasonal houses.

Strategy general in a way of the firm position strengthening , consumers requirements satisfy and placed to goals to achieve aimed at management It is a plan . Clearly strategy choice - development possible was various roads and methods from within the most acceptable selectively to take means . The firm management plan following main function and divisions own inside receives : supply , production production , finance , marketing, personnel , scientific research and developments . Strategic to choose is business solutions and to competition tolerance their actions into a single system tie that means .

This in the article tax of the policy economic to progress impact is studied . Tax system main duties , tax types and their to the economy impact wide analysis Uzbekistan tax system to oneself typical features and his/her entrepreneurship and to investments impact in detail will be covered . In the article tax of the policy budget stability provision , social PCB increase and economic growth in support role also seeing is removed . From this outside , international tax experience and In Uzbekistan done increasing tax reforms analysis will be done .

This article analyzes the concept of green economy, focusing on the main stages of its formation and development, where the conservation of natural resources and minimizing harm to the environment are recognized as the main principles of this economic model. The article explores the scientific and political factors influencing the formation of the green economy, particularly the impact of the industrial revolution and ecological crises, the reasons for its development, economic and social consequences, the introduction of environmentally clean technologies, and the importance of policies based on the principles of sustainable development in the global economy.

This article discusses the system of activities for learning English effectively. It explores listening, speaking, reading, writing, and grammar-focused activities, emphasizing interactive and communicative methods. The role of modern technology, cultural immersion, and real-life practice in enhancing language proficiency is also analyzed. The study highlights challenges in learning English and provides strategies to overcome them.

Widespread propaganda of legal, economic and other measures aimed at protecting human health from the negative effects of alcohol and tobacco products is relevant. This article discusses the negative impact of alcohol and tobacco products on the body.

This article describes the process of desertification and the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting it, the causes and consequences of the problem of desertification, and their geographical aspects.

As we all know, special attention is paid to local budget issues in our country. Large-scale work is being carried out. This article also provides information on the structural structure of local budget expenditures and their management.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the aesthetic-functional and semiotic dimensions of clothing representations in Oybek’s historical novel “Navoi”. Through the depiction of garments, the author conveys not only the sociocultural features of the historical period but also the individual characteristics and social statuses of the characters. The research interprets the poetic function of clothing within the narrative structure of the novel, its role in revealing psychological portraits, and its compatibility with the principles of historicism, employing contemporary literary and theoretical methodologies.

Article Uzbekistan fine and applied arts mytho-epic Hamda folklore thematic study of culture, development of literature and analysis of environmental dynamics. While in other countries, such as India, it currently does not exist.

This article analyzes some of the historical films that have received great attention in Uzbek cinema in recent years. Such important features as issues of historicity and artistry, artistic integrity, and a modern view of history are investigated and considered from the point of view of the most important places.

The article deals with a unique form of theatrical art - puppet theater. The author of the article examines the unique development, problems, and prospects of the national puppet theater based on today's realities.

In this article, the author analyzes the development of the Uzbek theater scenography using the performances of the 1920s and 1930s as an example. The author studies the artistic design of the performances, the gradual acquisition of acting skills and stage culture of the European model, that is, work with large texts, theatrical vocabulary, stage speech and diction, etc. The author studies the methods and practice of using scenery, stage equipment, costumes and makeup when creating images. The studio members, referring to the traditions of Russian and world theater and examples of performing arts, sought to create their own national stage culture, a unified direction and new theatrical aesthetics. The artists who worked on the stage scenery closely collaborated with the directors, bringing their creative searches to life.

article Aristotelian "Poetics" of the work, theory of literature, Ya. alphabet of the, theater artistic development, drama genre development intensified, truth developed.

This article discusses the importance, methods, and parental role in developing literacy skills in early school-age children within the family environment. The concept of literacy is thoroughly explained, with a focus on the significance of a supportive home learning environment and parental responsibility.

This scientific article discusses the discoveries of actress Rimma Ahmedova in her acting career in Uzbek theatre. It analyzes her unique style of performance through the plays she has performed in.  

This article discusses the issues of upbringing and morality, the fact that upbringing is a broader concept than education, and that it includes personal qualities, knowledge, professional skills, manners, and the cooperation of family, neighborhood, community, and school in moral education

This article will talk about the importance of our national symbols in preserving our national culture and spirituality in the national spirit and bringing it to the future generation.  

This paper explores the potential of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) technology as a sustainable, non-thermal method for food processing. PEF applies short, high-voltage electric pulses to liquid and solid food products to achieve microbial inactivation, enhance mass transfer, and preserve nutritional and sensory qualities. The study highlights the working principles of PEF, its integration into industrial systems, and its effectiveness in improving oil extraction and minimizing energy consumption. PEF is shown to be a promising technology for meeting the growing consumer demand for minimally processed, high-quality foods.

The article is devoted to the determination of the coefficient of thermal conductivity of materials by the method of continuous heat flow. Two types of materials were tested in the experiment: textolite and fluoroplast, which are both heat-insulating and antifriction. The experiment was conducted at the department of "Fundamentals of mechanics and engineering graphics" of the Tashkent institute of chemical technology on a standard laboratory stand. The results of the experiment are presented in the form of summary tables and a graph. 

This article is devoted to the study of methods for investigating the physico-mechanical properties of heat-resistant concrete. The research utilized literature analysis, experimental testing methodology, physico-mechanical tests, and statistical analysis to determine the behavior of concrete under high-temperature conditions. Samples prepared from local raw materials (cement, gravel, sand) and heat-resistant additives (aluminum oxide, shungite) were tested at temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. The results revealed that as temperature increased, compressive strength decreased by up to 53%, while additives improved stability by 10-15% (p < 0.05). The article analyzes the advantages and limitations of the applied methods and evaluates the potential for utilizing local resources in Uzbekistan. The findings contribute to the adoption of environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials in the construction industry.

This article discusses the works of Isajon Sulton, with a particular focus on his novel “Onaizorim.” It explores how various psychological devices are used to artistically express the emotional experiences of the characters’ inner worlds. Special attention is given to the author's use of nature imagery to reflect the spiritual state of the protagonists.

This article studies the phytochemical composition of the Azolla plant and its antifungal and antibacterial properties. During the study, the bioactive components of Azolla (flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids) were analyzed and their effect on pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated. The plant composition was studied using modern research methods - GC-MS, HPLC, FTIR methods, and antimicrobial efficacy was determined by disk diffusion, MIC and MBC tests. The results showed that Azolla extract can significantly suppress the growth of bacteria and fungi. This study opens up prospects for the development of new biological antimicrobial agents based on Azolla.

The article examines the role of the teacher in the formation of value orientations of younger schoolchildren. The analysis of pedagogical literature, normative documents and empirical studies confirming the importance of educational work in the educational process is carried out. The research used questionnaires, pedagogical observation and experimental methods to evaluate the effectiveness of various pedagogical technologies. The results of the study are presented in the form of tables confirming the positive influence of interactive techniques and the personal example of the teacher on the development of moral guidelines in children. In conclusion, recommendations are formulated to improve the educational activities of primary school teachers.

With the recent migration worldwide, different cultures have begun to live together. This situation has led to the emergence of various concepts such as multiculturalism, interculturalism, and sensitivity to cultural values. When these concepts are examined, it is revealed that there are some similarities and differences between them. The purpose of this study is to examine the concepts of multiculturalism, interculturalism, and sensitivity to cultural values ​​and to reveal the similarities and differences between them by addressing these concepts from an educational perspective. The conceptual scanning model was used in the research. When the concepts were examined in terms of Turkish educational culture, it was observed that many people prefer to live in harmony with the local culture rather than concentrating in a certain region. Therefore, there is intercultural interaction. When viewed from this perspective, it can be said that the concepts of multiculturalism and interculturalism are more appropriate than the concepts of culturalism. In order for students studying in Turkey, which has very different cultures, to be equipped with high-level skills, to have universal values, to understand and respect differences, educational policies that are sensitive to cultural values ​​should be developed and implemented. As a result, when multicultural structures are considered together, it can be said that there is a need for education that is sensitive to cultural values ​​in terms of combating inequality, discrimination, alienation, social integration and creating integration awareness in students.

This article discusses the importance of "Temur's Regulations" as an important source of Amir Temur's teachings on state and law, his views, ideas, and thoughts on state and law. The organization of the state, forms and methods of state governance, the structure of state bodies, the functions of officials, the territory of the state, the system of government, the procedure for determining and collecting types of taxes, the protection of the rights and interests of ordinary citizens, the attitude to human rights and freedoms, their contribution to the development of political and legal teachings, the goals and objectives of state and law, the content and essence of law are put forward.

This article explores the ongoing structural transformations in the global services market, the driving trends behind its rapid evolution, and the potential future directions for its development. Drawing upon recent reports from the WTO, IMF, and academic sources, the paper highlights the role of technological innovation, digitalization, and global integration in reshaping the services sector. It also discusses opportunities and challenges for developing economies in leveraging service exports as a tool for sustainable economic growth.

Understanding cultural differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication. This is true of communication in the English language, particularly speech, which is one of the two ways to communicate through language writing being the other. Diversity in speech styles encompasses      non-verbal behaviors like kinesics, proxemics, and paralinguistic elements        in addition to verbal communication.

Students in senior secondary school need to learn phonetics for the purpose of to improve their pronunciation, listening comprehension, and general communication skills. Given the complex relationship that exists between English spelling and pronunciation, phonetics is an essential tool for assisting students in understanding and producing English sounds correctly.

This article examines rigorous approaches to teaching English phonetic features, emphasizing strategies that may be used in the classroom to promote improved intonation, vowel and consonant distinction, stress patterns, and pronunciation.

The use of modern methods in the training of primary school teachers plays an important role in improving the quality of the educational process. Teachers should act not only as educators, but also as guides in the personal and social development of students. Modern methods allow teachers to take into account the individual characteristics of students, to provide education in accordance with their interests and needs. This makes the educational process interesting and effective. This article provides information on the use of modern methods in the training of primary school teachers.

The article examines the issues of translating paremiological units based on the material of the English and Russian languages. It analyzes aspects of selecting lexical equivalents, national features of the meaning of proverbs, and grammatical methods of their expression.  

The impact on the climate is increasing as a result of anthropogenic and technogenic factors. Due to the development of industry and the increase in motor transport, a large amount of carbon dioxide gases are being emitted into the atmosphere. In this article, the author discusses climate change and demographic problems.

The article deals with psycholinguistic patterns of mastery of a second foreign language. In the process of forming metalinguistic consciousness, many mental properties of a person take part and develop: her attention, memory, thinking, motivation, abilities, etc. The presence of metalinguistic consciousness is clearly manifested in real, "natural" bilinguals, that is, people who have spoken two or more languages   since childhood.

Muhammad Yusuf is one of the prominent figures in Uzbek poetry, whose works stand out due to their popular melodies, simple and expressive style. His poems are characterized by the use of popular lexicon, symbolic meanings, poetic symbols, and vivid imagery, all of which directly influence the reader. In his works, the poet skillfully expresses national values, patriotism, love, the depiction of nature, and human emotions. This article will analyze the use of lexical units in Muhammad Yusuf’s poetry, their role in shaping poetic content, and their artistic impact.

This study examines the impact of interactive technology on student engagement and motivation. The findings of an experimental study indicate that classrooms using interactive tools showed higher participation and motivation levels. Additionally, the research provides key recommendations for the effective use of technology in education.  

This article analyzes the lexico-stylistic features of speech communication in literary translations. The study discusses how the semantic and stylistic features of speech communication are preserved or changed during the translation of literary texts. The main attention is paid to the translator's lexical and stylistic choices, contextual adaptation in the process of communication, as well as cases of loss or change of meaning. The article examines the linguistic features of literary translations based on discursive and corpus analysis, and also analyzes the cultural and communicative aspects of translation. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of linguistic and stylistic problems in the process of literary translation and are of great importance for the theory and practice of translation.

The article examines the themes, diversity of characters and relationships between characters in the prose and poetry of Anvar Obidjon. Examples are used to substantiate the meaning of nicknames given to the characters in the work, as well as the manifestation of features characteristic of the folk epic in the writer's work.

In this article, we consider the role of personalized offers in direct marketing and their impact on consumer behavior. We analyze modern approaches to personalization based on data and artificial intelligence, as well as their effectiveness in increasing sales and building customer loyalty. We provide examples of successful personalization strategies used in email marketing, SMS mailings, push notifications, and targeted advertising. Particular attention is paid to the impact of personalized offers on consumer engagement, their trust in the brand, and long-term relationships with the company.

This article is about diplomatic discourse which is a fundamental component of international relations, shaping the communication between states, international organizations and diplomatic representatives. This article examines the nature, characteristics, and significance of both types of diplomatic communication, emphasizing their role in negotiation, conflict resolution, and international cooperation.

This paper explores the linguistic politeness strategies employed in spontaneous speech interactions. Drawing on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, the study investigates how speakers maintain social harmony through face-saving strategies in unplanned conversations. Using naturalistic data from informal conversations among university students, the research identifies common politeness strategies and contextual factors influencing their use. Findings highlight the significance of cultural norms, social roles, and speech context in shaping politeness behavior.

This article explores current trends and challenges in population employment in Uzbekistan, focusing on socio-economic changes, government initiatives, and structural issues in the labor market. It analyzes the employment dynamics across different demographic groups, the impact of labor migration, and the role of education in employability. The research also identifies barriers such as regional disparities, skill mismatches, and informal employment, providing insights into potential solutions to ensure inclusive and sustainable employment opportunities.

The article discusses the experiences gained over the years by the Berdaq named Karakalpak State Academic Musical Theatre, its achievements in acting, directing, and dramaturgy, as well as the characteristics of new performances and interpretations in the present day.  

“This article provides information about the early creative works of Xudoybergan Devonov, the founder of Uzbek documentary cinema. It discusses the functions and categories of early documentary films, their significance, and the unique characteristics of the development of the field.

the article provides information on the development of express physiological methods for assessing the physiological characteristics of the effect of salt stress on the physiological parameters and productivity of winter wheat varieties in the conditions of the Bukhara region, as well as determining the resistance of wheat to this factor.

The article describes in detail the classification of the main irrigated soils distributed in the Bukhara oasis, including old irrigated swamp-meadow, barren meadow, barren, barren, barren-meadow, sandy-desert, gray-brown, gray-brown meadow soil types.

This article explores the international experiences of utilizing labor potential for the development of small businesses and entrepreneurship. It highlights strategies and policies from countries such as Germany, South Korea, the United States, Israel, Singapore, and India, focusing on how they leverage human capital to foster entrepreneurship. The article emphasizes the role of education systems, government support, skilled labor markets, and innovation ecosystems in creating conducive environments for small business growth. By examining foreign models, the article offers valuable insights into how countries can align their labor potential with entrepreneurial needs to stimulate economic growth, innovation, and job creation.

This article explores the critical relationship between working conditions, production culture, and labor productivity. It highlights how improving physical and psychological workplace environments, fostering a positive organizational culture, and applying key performance indicators can lead to enhanced workforce efficiency and overall output. The article also outlines practical strategies for organizations seeking sustainable productivity growth through human-centric management practices.

This article analyzes the processes of formation of pedagogical training of primary school teachers for work in the conditions of inclusive education.

This аrticlе аnаlyzеs thе sеmаntic structurе оf sоmе mоtiоn vеrbs in thе Еnglish lаnguаgе, оn thе bаsis оf which spеcific sеmаntic еvеnts оf thе vеrbs оf mоvеmеnt аrе dеtеrminеd. Thе mаin аttеntiоn is pаid tо cеrtаin structurеs аnd bоundаriеs оf vеrbs, thаt is, thе sеmаntic fiеld оf vеrbs bеlоnging tо this grоup, аnd thе sеmаntic clаssificаtiоn оf lеxеmеs оf this grоup оf vеrbs tо idеntify thеir cоmmоn, unifying, diffеrеntiаting sеmаntics. Frоm this аrticlе wе cаn sее whаt thе mеаnings оf thе vеrbs usеd in Оld Еnglish tо this dаy hаd, аnd by аttаching grаmmаticаl fоrms tо thеsе vеrbs, sоmе vеrbs аcquirеd аdditiоnаl mеаnings. Vеrbs usеd during thе pеriоd оf Оld Еnglish hаvе bееn studiеd in diffеrеnt dirеctiоns аnd thе scоpе оf thеir mеаning hаs bееn аnаlyzеd. In sоmе cаsеs it hаd diffеrеnt mеаnings in diffеrеnt cоntеxts.

Special pedagogy is a field focused on working with children who have disabilities or developmental impairments, and its effectiveness largely depends on psychological approaches. These approaches allow educators to consider the individuality, needs, and developmental dynamics of each child. This article analyzes the main psychological approaches applied in special pedagogy and their significance.

This article highlights the literary and aesthetic views of Abdurauf Fitrat, a prominent figure in 20th-century Uzbek literature, science, and culture, based on his "Rules of Literature" and other literary works. The article analyzes the scientific heritage and treatises of the prominent scholar on literary studies.

This article about dictionary is an important source of improving spelling literacy and expanding vocabulary. Because working with dictionaries brings out the ability of observation in students, improves their speech culture, expands their thinking and outlook ,increases their vocabulary , improves students' ability to write words correctly, and develops their creativity. In this article, the methods and a methods of using the dictionary in the process of teaching students are disclosed.

This article today's that day world finance system and economic progress banking and financial processes institutions role, commercial banks deposit base their main financial funds, commercial banks deposit base formation and manage improvement in accordance with theoretical basis coverage, current situation analysis to do and modern approaches based on improving the way​ working Exit in particular the word goes.

This article aims to analyze the role of digital technologies in assessing the knowledge of primary school students, to show their place and potential in the educational process. The effectiveness of digital assessment tools, interactive tests, virtual and discovery learning, approaches that are appropriate for individual learning styles of students, and the importance of using digital resources are presented. It also shows the need to improve the digital competence of teachers and create new assessment systems when integrating digital technologies into education. The article analyzes the possibilities of improving the quality of education by introducing new innovative methods for assessing students.

This article analyzes the problems encountered in the process of forming the personal educational direction of future teachers. The principles of personalization, its influence on the effectiveness of education, and obstacles to the implementation of an individual approach in pedagogical activity are studied. During the study, the possibilities of using pedagogical technologies, taking into account the individual characteristics of students, as well as modern information and communication tools, were analyzed. The article presents the results of a survey based on the opinions of student-teachers and proposes the main problems in the personalization process and ways to eliminate them.

This article analyzes the epic tradition, one of the largest and oldest branches of Uzbek oral folk art, as well as its regional schools. The main attention is paid to the Fergana and Khorezm epic schools, and their artistic features, system of images, linguistic and dialectal features, as well as the performance styles of epic poets are scientifically examined. The historical and spiritual values transmitted through folk epics, as well as the significance of these epics as a cultural heritage, are highlighted. The article makes a scientific contribution to the study of epic schools within the framework of Uzbek folklore studies.

The article addresses the common challenges faced by English as a Second Language (ESL) learners in mastering English pronunciation. It explores how various factors, including native language interference, phonetic differences, and auditory perception issues, contribute to difficulties in pronunciation. The paper emphasizes the importance of targeted pronunciation instruction, highlighting methods such as phonetic training, visual aids, and the use of technology to support pronunciation practice. It also discusses the role of the teacher in providing effective feedback and creating an encouraging environment that fosters confidence. By implementing effective strategies and addressing pronunciation challenges, learners can significantly improve their speaking skills and become more confident communicators in English.

The excitatory system is composed mainly of nerve and muscle fibers, which respond to internal influences and the organization. Three articles consider the physiological processes in the excitatory system and their channels, the protection of ion channels, the absorption of membrane potential, the important role of nerve impulses in the recovery of the nerve impulse. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the specific features of the nerve and muscle fibers, the degree of excitability and the role of these processes in the life of the organism. help, the electrophysiological properties of the excitatory reaction, the protection of individual parts and biochemical processes through them.

This article analyzes the interconnectedness and role in development processes of Uzbekistan's "Action Strategy" implemented during 2017-2021, the "Development Strategy" planned for 2022-2026, and the subsequently adopted "Uzbekistan-2030" strategy. Through evaluation of strategic documents and their implementation, the research demonstrates the continuity of reforms in the country and their results. The paper systematically examines the content of these strategies, implemented reforms, and future plans, revealing their significance for Uzbekistan's development.

The text discusses the key aspects of online marketing, its role in modern business, and its impact on consumers. Various tools and strategies are analyzed, such as SEO, SMM, email marketing, contextual advertising, and others. There is a strong focus on the benefits of online marketing, including interactivity, targeting, analytics, and cost reduction. Innovative promotion methods such as the use of non-standard advertising media, web conferencing and mobile advertising are also discussed. The importance of social networks and their impact on interaction with customers and the formation of competitive advantage are emphasized. In conclusion, it is noted that Internet marketing has become an integral part of modern business, allowing companies to effectively interact with consumers and achieve success in the digital environment.

A brand is a set of characteristics, associations and values that distinguish a product, service or company from competitors. In the international market, brand plays a key role in the successful promotion of goods as it provides recognition, generates trust and helps to build consumer loyalty, as cited in this article. 

Prices and pricing policy are among the key components of marketing activities. This article describes the essence and purpose of pricing policy in international marketing, which involves forming a flexible price for goods in accordance with the constantly changing demands of consumers. This pricing policy should ensure competitiveness and a stable position for the product in the international market.

Marriage discourse is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by various cultural contexts. This article explores how cultural norms, values, and practices shape the language and narratives surrounding marriage. By analyzing different cultural frameworks, we highlight the significance of context in understanding marriage communication. The findings reveal that cultural context not only informs the structure and content of marriage discourse but also affects interpersonal relationships and societal expectations. This study contributes to the fields of linguistics, anthropology, and sociology by emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive approaches to marriage discourse analysis.

In this article, cases of trauma found in the practice of forensic examination were studied. The study analyzed statistically and analytically the 200 cases of forensic trauma reported during 2022-2023. The trauma was studied grouped by cause, type, severity, and demographics. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that traffic accidents, crime-related injuries and domestic trauma are the most common factors. It was noted that men, especially individuals aged 15-45, were more likely to experience trauma. Based on the results, proposals were developed for preventive measures, ensuring safety and improving the quality of forensic examination.

This study explores the forensic medical examination of living individuals, focusing on both physical and psychological trauma resulting from accidents, criminal acts, and workplace injuries. A total of 200 cases were analyzed, revealing the prevalence of physical injuries such as fractures, soft tissue damage, and internal injuries, with a significant portion of the cases involving psychological trauma, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive medical evaluations that integrate both physical and psychological assessments. Gender differences in injury types were observed, with females more likely to suffer psychological trauma and males more prone to physical injuries. The study emphasizes the need for standardized forensic examination practices, particularly in high-risk occupations, and advocates for the inclusion of psychological assessments in forensic medical investigations. The results provide a valuable insight into the role of forensic medicine in legal and healthcare settings.

This article covers the anatomical structure of the human eye, common eye diseases, as well as modern methods of their treatment. Complex eye structures and their harmonious functioning have been analyzed, examining the main diseases affecting vision — such as myopia, hypermetropia, cataracts, glaucoma and conjunctivitis. Treatments have been reported for each disease, including optical media, medication, laser, and surgical procedures. At the end of the article, the importance of prevention is highlighted and recommendations for maintaining eye health are presented.

The author of the article reveals one of the current topics of our time. As information significantly influences our life choice, the level of our socio-political activity.The role of media culture as a catalyst for many social processes is growing, which undoubtedly influenced not only the development of the country, but also the formation of a new media environment. The fact that media culture changes the world of human relations brings specific features to its consciousness.

This article discusses motivation and its scientific-theoretical study, particularly focusing on the motivational readiness of teachers for their professional development in the educational process. The processes of globalization and economic as well as cultural integration between countries necessitate the creation of new approaches and pedagogical conditions in the field of education. Through concepts such as motivation, need, motive, and motivation enhancement, the driving forces and reasons for teachers' self-development are analyzed. Various forms of motivation, factors that influence activity enhancement in the educational process, and their scientific foundations are presented in the article.

Entrepreneurial talent or entrepreneurial personality, businessman or businessmen. The author provides information about the formation of entrepreneurial skills in students of vocational schools, improving entrepreneurial talent and the attention paid to entrepreneurship in our country.

In this article we will talk about Khorezm epic schools and their peculiarities. It is said that the ethnogenetic history of the people has a significant impact on the formation of different schools of epic poetry, as any ethnic group preserves its ancient traditions, which can be clearly seen in the epic schools of Khorezm.Also, art critic B.Matyokubov in his pamphlet divided the Khorezm epic into three shops based on the information given by Bola Bakhshi, folklorist S.R.Ruzimbaev also commented on Khorezm epics, Bakhshi schools, and there are two traditions of epic poetry in the oasis. The article is analyzed on the basis of the classification of traditions of epic poetry of South and North Khorezm, the similarities and differences of epic schools are proved by examples taken from Khorezm epics.

This article examines the clinical course and interaction between rheumatic valvular heart disease and coronary heart disease (CHD). The coexistence of these two conditions presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, as rheumatic valve lesions may exacerbate myocardial ischemia, and CHD may complicate the hemodynamic burden of valve dysfunction. The study highlights pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and management strategies, emphasizing the need for individualized care in patients presenting with both conditions. Modern diagnostic tools and surgical interventions have improved outcomes, yet prognosis largely depends on timely recognition and comprehensive treatment approaches.

This article analyzes the elements of sentimentalism in the works of the Uzbek writer Olmas Umarbekov. Based on the novella “Sevgim – sevgilim” (“My Love – My Beloved”), it explores the artistic portrayal of human emotions, love, conscience, honor, and inner experiences. The study highlights the distinctive features of how emotions are represented in Uzbek prose through the author’s characters. Umarbekov's use of nature imagery and psychological analysis aligns with the aesthetic principles of sentimentalism. The research also references literary critics’ opinions to present a thorough analysis of Umarbekov’s artistic approach.

:This article offers a data-driven analysis of innovation’s role in economic growth, emphasizing implementation’s critical function. Integrating statistics—e.g., 1% R&D increasing GDP by 0.3%, high patent activity correlating with 1.5–2% growth—it bridges theory and evidence. Its global scope, comparing high-income (South Korea) and developing (Nigeria) contexts, reveals universal and context-specific insights. Strengths include robust regression analysis and policy relevance, though aggregate data may mask firm-level nuances. Ideal for researchers and policymakers aiming to optimize innovation ecosystems for sustainable growth.

This article explores the role of physical education in the rehabilitation of children with flat feet, a common orthopedic issue among preschool and school-age children. The study focuses on how specialized physical exercises and movement-based therapies can help restore the natural functions of the foot, strengthen muscles and ligaments, and improve postural and locomotor skills. The article highlights the importance of an individualized approach, combining therapeutic games, massage, and corrective movement techniques, supported by modern rehabilitation technologies. The findings demonstrate that early intervention using targeted physical education methods yields significant improvements in the condition of affected children.

This article examines modern text-based learning technologies and their role in developing reading comprehension, analytical thinking, and student engagement at school level. With the increasing integration of digital tools into the educational process, text-based technologies such as annotation platforms, adaptive reading applications, and collaborative digital environments are reshaping the way students interact with written materials. The article provides a comprehensive literature analysis, discusses various tools and methods, and presents findings from recent educational practices to demonstrate the effectiveness and challenges of these technologies.

The green economy provides many benefits, such as creating new jobs, developing innovative technologies, promoting sustainable business practices, and improving ecosystem services. The green economy also helps solve social and environmental problems such as poverty, climate change, and biodiversity loss. The article discusses the green economy, in addition to the granting of green entrepreneurship status in Uzbekistan.

This in the article small business and private entrepreneurship develop directions , small business national in the economy place and importance economic indicators through lit. Small​ business and private entrepreneurship market to the environment fast adapt to get , to get busy to provide , income formation and this through his/her inequality soften and middle owners layer decision in the delivery advantages open given .

This article explores strategies that banks can adopt to maintain and enhance their competitiveness in a rapidly evolving financial landscape. It examines the impact of digital transformation, customer-centric approaches, regulatory compliance, and innovative financial products. The article incorporates statistical data and analyses to highlight trends and challenges, offering actionable insights for banking institutions to thrive amidst competition from traditional and non-traditional players like fintech companies.

This article covers a wide range of processes of metabolism in the cell, their stages, chemical bases and physiological significance. Metabolism is the main biological process of the cell, which continues its vital activity through the production of energy and the synthesis of essential biomolecules. The article provides scientific analysis on the processes of catabolism and anabolism, the enzymes that regulate them, cellular organelles and diseases related to metabolism. Based on the studies, methods that assess metabolic activity as well as modern treatment approaches have also been considered.

This article analyzes the issues of developing creative competencies of technological education teachers in traditional and modern education systems. Effective ways to develop teachers' creative competencies through the use of modern educational technologies and methods are considered, including design, problem-based learning, group work, interactive methods, and the use of ICT. In addition, the importance of the educational environment in developing teachers' creativity, the promotion of independent thinking in the learning process, the use of creative tasks, and the application of innovative approaches are highlighted.

The article presents the opinions of expert scientists on the main functions of strategy and marketing, the author's approaches to this issue. Also, market opportunities in beekeeping are classified. In addition, based on theoretical knowledge, marketing strategies for beekeeping products are developed in accordance with the basic principles of marketing.

based on modern pedagogical approaches to Language Teaching in native language lessons, it is illuminated that the targeted use of didactic tools and interactive educational methods gives effective results in the development of speech skills in students, such as the structural elements of speech competence: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Growing the speech of students in native language classes, teaching them the correct pronunciation Standards, expanding vocabulary is the main task of every native language teacher.

The article discusses the theoretical and applied foundations of algorithmization of tax control of settlement transactions of business entities. The need to strengthen the analytical component in tax control in order to increase its efficiency and prevent tax evasion is substantiated. An algorithm for tax control of settlement transactions is proposed, based on the analysis of the financial and economic activities of business entities, taking into account risk factors and the use of modern digital technologies. The stages of the algorithm are disclosed, including the identification of objects of control, collection and analysis of information, conducting office and on-site audits, as well as the formation of recommendations for eliminating the identified violations. The importance of an integrated approach to ensuring the transparency and legality of settlement transactions in order to improve tax discipline is emphasized.

It is important to know how our rapidly growing hotel business will respond to these challenges and what trends it will define for its future. Below are some facts about the impacts on the hotel business and the new era of hospitality. This article also contains information about the attention being paid to the hotel business in Uzbekistan.

This paper delves into the role of proper nouns in phraseological units (idioms), metaphors, and expressions, analyzing how these elements transcend their basic reference function and evoke deep cultural, historical, and symbolic connotations. By focusing on examples from English, Russian, and Uzbek, the study illustrates how personal names embedded in idioms not only represent individuals but also convey broader societal meanings, collective memories, and values. The research underscores how proper nouns in idiomatic expressions act as powerful symbols, cultural markers, and conveyors of moral messages, offering insights into the intersection of language, culture, and collective memory.

This article explores the vital role of microeconomic analysis in enhancing economic efficiency through a deep understanding of market equilibrium. It examines how the interaction between supply and demand determines price and quantity in markets and how equilibrium leads to optimal resource allocation. The paper highlights key microeconomic tools, including demand and supply models, elasticity, and behavioral analysis of consumers and producers, to explain how market imbalances can be identified and corrected. By combining theoretical insights with practical applications across different sectors, the study emphasizes the importance of microeconomic frameworks in shaping effective economic policies and achieving sustainable growth.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of the innovative environment in industrial enterprises, and the main systemic problems in its development are considered. What kind of environment should be created in industrial enterprises for the effective implementation of innovative processes, existing obstacles and important ways to overcome them are analyzed. The importance of a systemic approach to increasing the innovative capacity of industrial enterprises in changing economic conditions is also emphasized. The article identifies problems in stimulating innovation and introducing advanced technologies and gives recommendations for their solution.

This article discusses the current development of the digital economy in Uzbekistan, focusing on government strategies, e-commerce, digital banking, education, and challenges like digital inequality. The paper emphasizes the role of public and private sectors in building digital infrastructure and highlights the need for further improvements to reach full digital inclusion.

The article discusses the reflection of national values in Uzbek cinematography. Specifically, it addresses the representation of national values in our films and the moral and educational significance of these films.

This article examines the fact that in modern Uzbek cinema there is a certain consistency in creating the character of heroes and characters. It is analyzed that the characters on the screen have such characteristics and features that they embody the worldview, spiritual world and national consciousness typical of the Uzbek people, and have a national character.

This article supports the concept of transformative education, which is considered a process that encourages raising consciousness, critical thinking, personal development, and individualization. Through this, art and culture also impact a person’s spiritual life by fostering aspirations toward higher goals, promoting goodness, and enhancing feelings of kindness and compassion towards others.

This article analyzes the technical skills of the conductor in managing the Auftakt, the initial downbeat of a musical composition. Auftakt plays a crucial role in guiding the orchestra to start the performance on time and in the correct manner. The study focuses on the conductor's hand movements, rhythmic precision, tempo control, and dynamic management, all of which are essential for delivering a precise and effective Auftakt. Additionally, the article explores how a conductor's expertise and thought process contribute to providing clear and timely instructions to the orchestra. This work aims to explore the methods and technical abilities of conductors, advancing their approach to controlling the Auftakt and enhancing their overall musical leadership.

This scientific article discusses the requirements and recommendations for musical theatre actors, as well as the achievements made in this field and the issues that need to be addressed in the future.

The article deals with teaching English for business communication in a high institutions. The result of the work of specialists in this field became the creation of a holistic idea of   the boundaries of the English language of business communication, its functional varieties and the developing of a step-by-step methodology for teaching it.

This article explores the importance of listening comprehension in learning English and how it affects language learning, cognitive growth, and cultural awareness. Like speaking, writing, and reading, listening is a complicated skill that is best honed via constant practice. The foundation of effective communication and a prosperous professional career is the ability to listen. The capacity to absorb and adjust to new information, knowledge, and abilities is improved by effective listening skills. Understanding what is being said is only one aspect of listening comprehension. It involves matching speech to background information, or what the audience is already aware of regarding the topic.

This paper explores various methodologies in the teaching of English, with a focus on contemporary and traditional approaches. It aims to provide educators with insights into effective practices and evolving trends in English Language Teaching (ELT). By reviewing existing literature and analyzing practical outcomes, the study evaluates the effectiveness of methods such as the Grammar-Translation Method, the Direct Method, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), and Task-Based Learning (TBL). The results suggest a shift toward learner-centered methodologies that emphasize communication and interaction.

This article explores the contemporary motives behind personal naming practices in English-speaking countries, with a focus on sociolinguistic, cultural, psychological, and media-driven factors. Modern naming trends increasingly reflect global influences, individual identity, popular culture, and socio-political changes. The study analyzes how parents choose names based on uniqueness, cultural heritage, celebrity impact, and phonetic preferences. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, the article highlights the shift from traditional naming conventions to more personalized and diversified patterns. This research contributes to onomastic studies by providing insight into the evolving dynamics of name-giving in a globalized context.

The development of regional innovation infrastructure is a key component in enhancing the competitiveness of national economies and ensuring sustainable growth. This article explores the methodological foundations and models used to assess the socio-economic efficiency of innovation infrastructure at the regional level. Drawing upon international practices and the context of Uzbekistan, the article proposes an integrated approach for evaluating efficiency based on quantitative and qualitative indicators.

This article discusses the importance and methods of developing critical thinking skills in primary school students. Critical thinking helps children develop a culture of problem solving, independent thinking, and communication. The article focuses on asking problematic questions, organizing debates and discussions, creative tasks, and the role of the teacher. Teachers are recommended to use various innovative methods to develop critical thinking. This article can also be useful as a methodological guide for educators.

This article is about the history, performance style, and professional characteristics of the Uzbek traditional puppet theater.

This article analyzes the stages of development of acting and special schools in the Uzbek puppet theater. It also shows the physical and spiritual preparation of actors, their attitude to the profession, and their importance for the future of the theater.

This article delves into the linguocultural features of gastronomic metaphors in the English and Karakalpak languages, focusing on their usage in artistic texts from the 21st century. Gastronomic metaphors, as expressions of culinary terms that transcend their literal meanings, provide insight into cultural values, worldviews, and societal norms. The study examines how gastronomic metaphors are employed in both languages and explores their linguistic and cultural significance. Through the analysis of various literary texts, the paper highlights the similarities and differences in metaphorical usage and their role in shaping cultural identity. The research contributes to the understanding of the intersection between language, culture, and the world of gastronomy.

Pronunciation plays an important role in oral communication, but it is one of the most challenging aspects of second language learning, especially for adult ESL (English as a Second Language) learners. Effective feedback mechanisms can help learners develop accurate pronunciation and intelligible speaking skills. This article reviews various feedback strategies that can help improve pronunciation, including precision correction, recasting, meta-linguistic feedback, and self-monitoring techniques. It also discusses the use of speech recognition software and artificial intelligence-based pronunciation apps that provide real-time, personalized correction

       The results of the study show that the combination of the lecturer is significantly increases the phonetic accuracy of students. This article emphasizes how important it is when they provide practical recommendations for language teachers, especially the timely, timely and constructive focusing on developing pronunciation.

This article explores the impact of financial technologies (FinTech) on the economy, the traditional banking system, and financial services. It discussed the role of FinTech in the global economic system, its main directions, development trends, and future opportunities. Additionally, existing challenges in the  sector and their solutions, investment opportunities, and suggestions for improving effeciency in financial technologies are presented.

This scientific article explores the current state of women's participation in the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, the challenges they face, and strategies for overcoming these barriers. The study analyzes existing scientific literature, statistical data, international experiences, and practical initiatives. It identifies factors hindering women’s entry into these fields—such as gender stereotypes, educational disparities, labor market inequalities, and the lack of supportive systems. Additionally, strategic measures are proposed to increase female engagement, including ensuring gender equality in education, launching mentorship programs, promoting women-led research, and highlighting successful female role models. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to ensure inclusivity in AI and robotics.

A study was conducted on negative relationships between children and their parents in Uzbek families and their psychological consequences. Several methods and techniques are proposed to prevent these relationships or provide effective solutions to them. The main goal of the article is to positively resolve conflicts and problems in the family and offer new solutions. The elimination of problems is studied with a creative approach to family disagreements. In addition, the psychological consequences of any problems are analyzed in depth

This study investigates the effectiveness of interactive training systems in developing professional competences among university students. Through a mixed-methods approach involving 245 participants across different disciplines, we analyzed how various interactive learning technologies impact skill acquisition, professional identity formation, and workplace readiness. Results demonstrate significant improvements in technical proficiency, problem-solving abilities, and soft skills among students exposed to comprehensive interactive training programs. The findings suggest that strategic implementation of interactive systems, when aligned with industry requirements and pedagogical best practices, substantially enhances students' professional development and employability prospects.

This article discusses the concept of psychological climate in educational teams, its impact on effective pedagogical activity, and the important factors in its formation. The author analyzes the conditions necessary for creating a healthy psychological environment in educational institutions, leadership approaches, interpersonal relationships among teachers, and motivation methods.

This article analyzes the literary influences and stylistic features in Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's "Baburnama." The research identifies the work's genre characteristics, artistic language devices, content and formal uniqueness, as well as its influence on Eastern and Western literature. The analysis confirms that the work is not only of historical value but also represents a masterpiece of literary and artistic merit.

In this article, the issue of notating examples of Uzbek folk music heritage and works of Uzbek composers using Uzbek national melisms on modern notes is put forward. It envisages the use of the works of Uzbek composers kept in the phonoarchive of Radio Uzbekistan and the performances of folklore groups in the regions related to the heritage of folk music, as well as the publication of works taken on notes in the form of an audiovisual collection.

This article explores the pedagogical aspects of family upbringing in the context of globalization. It examines issues such as enhancing parents’ pedagogical knowledge and skills, preserving national values, and preparing children for social life.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has gained significant attention in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. By integrating the learning of content subjects, such as science, history, or mathematics, with the acquisition of a foreign language, CLIL provides learners with a holistic approach that enhances both language proficiency and subject knowledge. This article explores the theoretical framework of CLIL, its implementation in EFL contexts, and its benefits for learners in terms of cognitive development, language acquisition, and academic performance. Furthermore, the challenges and limitations of integrating content and language in EFL classrooms are discussed, along with recommendations for effective CLIL implementation.

This paper explores the use of authentic materials—texts, audio, and video—in enhancing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. Authentic materials, defined as content originally created for native speakers, are often hailed for their potential to offer realistic language exposure and cultural insights. However, their integration into EFL classrooms raises both benefits and challenges. This article examines the advantages of using authentic materials in terms of linguistic skills development, motivation, and cultural understanding, while also addressing the challenges that teachers and learners face when employing such materials. Finally, recommendations for effective implementation are provided.

This article explores the fundamental principles and operational methods of Islamic banking, which functions in accordance with Sharia law by prohibiting interest (riba) and emphasizing ethical, interest-free financial practices. It discusses the reliance on primary Islamic sources—the Quran and Hadith—for guidance in banking operations and outlines key financial instruments used by Islamic banks, such as mudarabah, musharakah, murabaha, ijara, rahn, and bai al-dayn.

This article will consider modern hardware and software for water level control, which is one of the most pressing problems in agriculture. The hardware and software complex offered in this work differs from other water table management systems in a number of advantages. The automatic water level monitoring system proposed in this study is versatile and easy to use. The hardware and software system in question can be used in monitoring processes of various sectors of the economy.

The sensitive poet of Uzbek literature, Rauf Parfi, is considered a significant phenomenon both in terms of form and content in his time. The new poetic genres introduced by Rauf Parfi in Uzbek literature from the 1960s to the 1980s have distinctive features. Possessing profound literary potential, the poet reveals his uniqueness by artistically synthesizing Eastern and Western literary traditions. The entry of Turkish poetry into 20th-century Uzbek literature is associated with Rauf Parfi. He was awarded the Mahmud Kashgari literary prize in Turkey. Parfi established strong ties with contemporary Turkish poets and translated their works. He transleted Nazım Hikmet’s epic “Mamlakatimdan inson manzaralari” and poems by poets like Behçet Necatigil and Orhan Veli to Uzbek readers. He also acknowledged Tevfik Fikret, a leading poet of the Servet-i Fünun period in Turkey, as his mentor and noted that he enjoyed reading his works. These literary translations contributed to strengthening cultural ties and expanding ideological influence. This article discusses such literary interactions.

This paper explores students’ perceptions of the most and least motivating teaching strategies in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes. Drawing on learner-centered principles, it identifies task-based learning, use of authentic materials, and technology-enhanced instruction as highly motivating strategies. In contrast, traditional, lecture-based approaches and irrelevant materials are viewed as demotivating. The paper emphasizes the importance of aligning instruction with students' professional goals, providing meaningful feedback, and fostering interactive classroom environments. Understanding learners’ views enables educators to tailor ESP instruction more effectively, enhance motivation, and support learners' academic and career success in specialized fields.

Creative writing in German language classes is a powerful tool that enhances linguistic competence, cultural awareness, critical thinking, and motivation. Unlike rote learning methods, creative writing allows learners to engage with the language on a personal level, apply grammar and vocabulary contextually, and explore cultural narratives. It also reduces anxiety and fosters a supportive learning environment. By promoting expression, empathy, and intercultural understanding, creative writing plays a central role in modern language pedagogy. Teachers can implement various strategies and adapt tasks to all proficiency levels, making it an inclusive and effective educational approach.

Needs analysis is a fundamental step in the design of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses, ensuring that instruction aligns with learners’ academic, professional, and occupational language requirements. This paper explores the critical role of needs analysis in shaping ESP curricula, teaching strategies, and assessment practices. By gathering data from learners and relevant stakeholders, educators can identify linguistic gaps, tailor authentic materials, and promote learner motivation. Although challenges such as time constraints and mixed-proficiency groups exist, needs analysis remains an essential tool for creating relevant, goal-oriented ESP instruction that enhances communicative competence in real-world contexts.

Many multi-storey residential buildings​ design years during noticeable to changes face it came , this technology achievements , marriage style change and stability about of worries increase with depends . World population in urbanization continue enough because , high dense , effective and ecological clean to buildings demand no when current not been . This article many multi-storey in residential buildings architectural design the complexities learns , form , function and stability between complicated relationships learns .

In second language (L2) acquisition, the integration of listening with other language skills—speaking, reading, and writing—has gained increasing attention in recent years. This integrated approach is based on the understanding that language skills do not function in isolation but interact dynamically during real-life communication. This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of integrating listening with speaking, reading, and writing in the English language classroom. It examines the cognitive, pedagogical, and linguistic benefits of such an approach and provides recommendations for teachers on how to effectively incorporate integrated language activities to enhance students’ overall language proficiency.

 This article explores the implementation of the case study method in teaching the topic “Biogenic Elements and Their Importance in the Human Body” to schoolchildren. By engaging students with real-life scenarios, such as health-related issues caused by element deficiencies, educators can promote deeper understanding, critical thinking, and active participation. The method allows students to connect theoretical knowledge of elements like iron, calcium, iodine, and others with practical health and nutrition concerns. This learner-centered approach proves especially effective in biology and health science education, fostering curiosity and long-term retention of material.

 In the rapidly evolving global landscape, second language acquisition (SLA) and language education are experiencing a paradigm shift driven by technological innovation, cognitive science, and inclusive pedagogies. This paper explores the most significant contemporary trends impacting language learning, including technology-enhanced and mobile-assisted learning, learner-centered and communicative methodologies, and the integration of cognitive neuroscience insights. The increasing role of multilingualism, translanguaging, and culturally responsive teaching is also examined, highlighting their importance in diverse educational settings. Furthermore, the paper discusses how data-driven instruction and blended learning models are reshaping the teaching and learning experience. These trends collectively point toward a more personalized, inclusive, and effective approach to second language education, preparing learners for active participation in a globalized, multicultural world.

The state discusses the fact that microorganisms are one of the most important and widespread representatives of their nature and that they are of great importance not only in the processes of decomposition, but also in the muscular, medical, ecological and food spheres. In recent years, special attention in science and practice has been attracted by pigment-producing microorganisms, antioxidant and antibacterial pigments have the potential for wide application in pharmaceuticals.

This article covers the content of the discipline of art pedagogy, its main tasks, and the scientific and methodological foundations of individual work with students in art education. Also, modern methods used in art pedagogy, the advantages of an individual approach, and issues of psychological support are analyzed.

Business analysis is a cornerstone of informed decision-making, enabling businesses to evaluate performance, optimize resources, and forecast future trends. Beyond traditional approaches like horizontal and vertical financial statement analysis, special methods of economic analysis offer deeper insights into complex economic processes and uncover hidden patterns. This article explores key special methods, their features, and practical applications.

This article aims to inform readers what is culture and it explores the word culture as a central element of human life, examining its definition, components and impact on humans and their identity. It examines how culture is expressed through language, food, clothing and beliefs.

This article scientifically covers the role and significance of digital design tools in the system of technical education, the possibilities of improving the quality of education by integrating them into the educational process. In particular, on the basis of statistical data, the effectiveness of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) technologies in the development of students' technical thinking, strengthening their ability to find solutions in problem situations and the formation of practical skills are analyzed. The experience of foreign countries, the reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan and the role of modern digital educational tools in technical and vocational education are analyzed. The article is enriched with methodological and strategic proposals for the development of digital-based education.

This article discusses the origins, melodies, and deep historical musical culture of the Karakalpak people's national and folk songs, as well as their origins and unique characteristics.

The relevance of the article is associated with the priority of education at the present stage of education development, its leading role in the formation of a citizen capable of innovatively transforming himself and society, responsible for preserving the natural and cultural wealth of the Motherland; the fragmentary use of the educational potential of the historical-cultural heritage, which contains cultural-historical memory, spiritual-moral values, traditions, moral and environmental requirements. The purpose of the article: to develop and substantiate the technology of educating students on the basis of historical and cultural heritage in the context of the ideas and rules of an integrated approach, cultural and personal-activity educational paradigms. The article discusses the main theoretical and methodological provisions of the study, the specific features of the integrated approach as the basis for educating students on the basis of historical and cultural heritage;  The developed integrated-differential mechanism for educating students on the basis of cultural heritage is presented; The features and structure of the holistic cultural-educational technology are considered, which ensures the formation of knowledge, value relations, experience of responsible creative and constructive activity in the preservation of heritage objects. The specific features of the developed technology are considered. The materials of the article are of practical importance for educational organizations, teachers of additional educational institutions and students of pedagogical universities.

This article analyzes the socio-economic history of the Chagatai tribe, land relations and tax system during the Mongol period.  After the death of Genghis Khan, the role of Mahmud Yalavoch in Movarunnahr, the introduction of new forms of taxation (for example, "kalon", "kopchur", "tamg'a") and land reforms are shown.  The Mongols' policy of tax collection and land management, and the plight of artisans and peasants, are discussed.  Also discussed is the decline in trade and the derailment of money circulation.  The article contains important information about the socio-economic system of the Mongol period.

This article covers the topic "Inflammatory markers and their diagnostic significance in acute inflammation". The article analyzes in detail the physiological basis of inflammatory processes, clinical manifestations of acute inflammation and the role of diagnostic markers. In particular, information is provided about inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, pentraxin 3 and serum amyloid A. These markers are important in determining the intensity, cause and prognosis of inflammation. The article highlights the clinical significance of these markers in the effective management and treatment of inflammatory processes.

This study explores how the use of diplomatic terminology enhances communicative competence in English, particularly in professional and international contexts. Emphasis is placed on the role of diplomatic language in improving learners’ pragmatic awareness, negotiation skills, and cross-cultural communication. The paper discusses teaching strategies for incorporating diplomatic terms into English language instruction and evaluates learner responses and performance in diplomatic simulations.

This article comprehensively studies laminitis disease in cows, analyzing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, modern treatment approaches, and preventive measures. Within the scope of veterinary microbiology, mycology, virology, and immunology, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease are also highlighted.

Just like domestic markets, international markets also require segmentation. International market segmentation is the process of dividing foreign markets into distinct groups of buyers (countries) based on specific characteristics. This article discusses the features and the necessity of certain criteria and principles used in segmentation, which are applied when selecting the appropriate target segment.

This article analyzes the unique characteristics of botanical terminology in the Uzbek language. The botanical terminology, enriched with specific linguistic and scientific foundations, plays a significant role in linguistics, especially in the fields of natural science and biology. The article discusses the development of botanical terminology in Uzbek, its structural characteristics, lexical-semantic changes, and linguistic features. Additionally, the article examines how these terms reflect modern changes and their importance in linguistics.

Motivation plays a crucial role in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) as it significantly influences learners’ engagement, persistence, and ultimate success in mastering a foreign language. For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, motivation not only drives their willingness to engage with the language but also determines the strategies they employ, the goals they set, and the outcomes they achieve. This article examines the various motivational theories and their application to SLA, explores the different types of motivation in the EFL context, and presents evidence-based insights into how motivation affects language learning. By analyzing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, integrative and instrumental motivation, and the role of self-determination, this article emphasizes how EFL educators can harness motivation to enhance language learning outcomes.

The integration of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in history courses offers new opportunities and challenges for developing students’ writing skills in English. History, as a content-rich and interpretation-driven subject, requires learners to engage in sophisticated academic writing that combines factual accuracy, critical thinking, and structured argumentation. This paper explores effective pedagogical strategies for teaching writing in CLIL-based history courses, focusing on the development of genre awareness, scaffolding techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Drawing on recent research in language and content integration, the study emphasizes how well-designed instructional practices can enhance both historical understanding and academic literacy among EFL students.

Honoré de Balzac, a prominent figure in French literature, was born in Tours, into a not very wealthy family of a civil servant, descended from a peasant family. He could not fully realize his ambitious plan, but the 95 novels written for the "Comedy of Humanity" reveal the true face of French society at that time, which Balzac himself called "the great comedy of our century" or "the devil's comedy". In addition to the 95 novels united under the title "Comedy of Humanity", Balzac created dozens of works, five plays, critical articles and a collection of short stories "Ominous Stories". Among these works is the work "The Prayer of an Atheist". This article contains information about the forms of appeal to women in the work "The Prayer of an Atheist".

This article explores international practices in promoting sustainable economic development through the implementation of resource-saving management systems. It delves into the theoretical foundations of sustainability, the practical implications of rational resource usage, and the comparative strategies employed by developed and developing nations in integrating eco-efficiency with economic growth. Emphasis is placed on policy mechanisms, technological innovations, institutional reforms, and market-based instruments that have proven effective in fostering a green economy. Through a detailed case-study-based approach, the article illustrates how countries such as Germany, Japan, Sweden, and South Korea have successfully transitioned toward sustainable development while maintaining economic competitiveness.

This article explores the significance of authentic materials in enhancing listening competence. The use of authentic materials is essential in enhancing listening abilities, particularly in language learning and communication skills development. Authentic materials refer to resources created for real-life communication rather than for educational purposes, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, films, and conversations. These materials offer learners exposure to natural language, diverse accents, colloquial expressions, and contextual usage that are often absent in traditional learning materials. By engaging with authentic materials, learners not only improve their listening comprehension but also gain insights into cultural nuances and practical language usage. This approach fosters a more immersive learning experience, enabling learners to adapt to varied speaking styles and contexts they are likely to encounter in real-world situations.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of using interactive methods in teaching biology on improving the quality of education and on the personal development of students. These methods encourage students not only to actively participate in the lesson, but also to test their knowledge in practice. This approach develops creative and critical thinking in students, increasing their skills in effective cooperation and teamwork. Interactive methods also form students' independent thinking, decision-making and communication skills, which greatly contributes to their personal development. The article also provides detailed information on various forms of interactive methods and how they can be effectively used in biology lessons.

The image of an intellectual in modern Uzbek stories is one of the important topics of modern literature. Within the framework of this topic, the authors highlight the social role of the intelligentsia in Uzbek society, its conflicts with moral values ​​and its personal choice. In the stories, an intellectual is often depicted as a symbol of spiritual quests, changes in society and the desire to find one’s place. The study analyzes artistic interpretations of the image of an intellectual in modern Uzbek stories, examines its psychological depth, socio-cultural context and literary styles. The main attention will be paid to the works of such authors as Alisher Bakhodir, Zulfiya Kurolboy kyzy and Ulugbek Khamdam. The study is designed to identify the unique place of the image of an intellectual in Uzbek literature and reveal its reflection in modern society.

This paper discusses blended learning as a widely adopted instructional approach in higher education, particularly for initial and continuing education. Despite its global relevance, there is limited implementation between different international regions, particularly involving developing countries. The focus is on exploring blended learning courses for international teacher professional development. The paper outlines theoretical and operational principles based on a socio-constructivist approach, presenting a blended design within an international project. It emphasizes the potential for global collaboration and cooperative growth in blended learning environments.

            This article examines the issues of signatures on documents and their examination. A signature is an important means of identification, and its authenticity is of great legal and economic importance. Detailed information is provided on the methods of analyzing signatures in the framework of document science and forensic examination, their accuracy and cases of forgery. The research analyzes the examination methods, technological tools, and modern digital signature systems used.

            This article analyzes the leading scholars who contributed to the development of the section of syntax in Uzbek linguistics and their scientific heritage. Syntax plays an important role in the study of the grammatical structure of the Uzbek language. This study provides information about Uzbek linguists who have covered issues of syntax, their research areas, and their main scientific works.

The article discusses society, ideology, ideological immunity, the unification of our people around the idea of "Human interest above all else", ensuring complete freedom of citizens in our society today, the reforms being implemented, the formation of ideological immunity in the younger generation, the mature political consciousness of citizens, and national and universal values.

The article analyzes the spiritual and moral qualities of leaders and specialists of professional educational institutions on the basis of scientifically and theoretically clear proposals, recommendations and conclusions. The pedagogical methods of the management skills of leaders of professional educational institutions and the skills of pedagogical staff in the teaching process, pedagogical ethics, and spiritual qualities are substantiated.

The article discusses the stages and principles of constructing parallel text corpora used in linguistic research and educational applications. It outlines the key stages in corpus creation: from selecting representative texts in the source language to aligning them with translations in other languages and implementing multi-level annotation. Criteria ensuring the representativeness and target orientation of the corpora are described, including genre diversity, types of linguistic data, and machine-processability. Special attention is given to characteristics that define the functionality of parallel corpora, such as contextual alignment, textual synchrony, and adaptation to profession-oriented tasks. The paper analyzes the didactic potential of parallel corpora, which enables precise study of linguistic patterns and lexical variability.

This article analyzes the factors influencing the development of the management culture of preschool education institution leaders and examines the ways to improve it. It also explores the theoretical and practical foundations of effective management, advanced international experiences, and approaches adapted to the national education system. As a result, scientific and practical recommendations are developed for shaping the management culture of preschool institution leaders, highlighting the impact of this process on education quality and child development. This research contributes to increasing the quality and efficiency of the preschool education system.

The mechanisms of cooperation between the kindergarten and the family in preparing preschool children for school are described in detail, and the tasks of parents and the kindergarten in preparing a child for school and their views on education and upbringing are analyzed on the basis of scientific and practical pedagogical laws.

The article examines the theoretical aspects of the digitalization of accounting and auditing in Uzbekistan. Particular attention is given to the analysis of conceptual approaches, the features of implementing digital technologies, and their impact on the efficiency and transparency of financial control. The article also discusses the prospects for the development of digital systems within the context of the modern economy, as well as potential risks and areas for further research.

This article explores the role of government policy in promoting financial stability within the road construction sector. It examines regulatory frameworks, investment incentives, risk management mechanisms, and public-private partnerships (PPPs) through international case studies including Uzbekistan. The study highlights best practices, identifies challenges, and provides strategic recommendations for strengthening financial resilience in infrastructure development.

The article examines the main types of modeling and their application in the educational process of primary school. Special attention is given to modeling as an effective teaching method that promotes the development of cognitive motivation, logical thinking, and social skills in young learners. The paper presents practical examples of using physical, game-based, mathematical, computer, and simulation models at different stages of the learning process.

This article explores how adolescents conceptualize and linguistically express their worldview through a psycholinguistic lens. It examines the interplay between cognitive development, emotional maturity, and linguistic choices in adolescent discourse, emphasizing the dynamic relationship between language and individual perception of reality. Drawing on corpus-based observations and psycholinguistic theory, the study highlights the unique features of adolescent language, including lexical innovation, metaphorical framing, emotional expressiveness, and social positioning. The findings provide insight into how adolescents construct their identity, relate to their environment, and shape their understanding of the world through language.

This article explores the linguistic consequences of prolonged contact between Turkic languages and three major linguistic traditions: Persian, Arabic, and Russian. It examines the nature and depth of lexical, morphological, phonological, and syntactic borrowing, alongside sociohistorical factors that have shaped these processes. The paper highlights the asymmetry of influence, the domains most affected (religion, administration, education, and science), and the strategies of linguistic adaptation within Turkic language systems. The study contributes to our understanding of how language contact shapes structural and semantic developments across typologically diverse linguistic families.

This article discusses the current issues of aesthetic education among young people through several works of Matnazar Abdulhakim.

This article explores the terminology of a relatively young aspect of Uzbek musical culture – pop music – and its associated terms such as «light», «mass», «beat», «rock» and «everyday music».

The article reflects on the contribution of Uzbek classical literature to world civilization, their rich cultural and spiritual heritage, interpretations of the works of Alisher Navoi on the Uzbek theater scene.  

This article focuses on the life and scientific work of Imam al-Bukhari, one of the brightest representatives of the Renaissance in the region of Mowarannahr in the 9th-12th centuries, one of the great representatives of religion.The main goal of the research is to further study the exemplary life and fruitful activities of Imam Bukhari and popularize them among readers. In addition, it is necessary to study the activities of such great people as Imam al-Bukhari as a descendant, as well as their creativity

 This article explores the psychological dimensions of professional activity among women and girls, focusing on how gender roles, societal expectations, and internal psychological factors influence their career development and professional experiences. It examines the impact of early socialization, self-efficacy, and gender stereotypes on career choices and advancement. The article also highlights common challenges faced by women, such as role conflict, work-life balance, and the glass ceiling, as well as internal struggles like imposter syndrome. Additionally, it outlines empowering strategies, including mentorship, supportive policies, and leadership training, that can help women overcome these barriers and thrive in professional environments. The goal is to foster a deeper understanding of the psychological mechanisms at play and to promote gender equality in the workplace.

Assessment is a cornerstone of the educational process, serving as both an evaluative measure of student performance and a dynamic tool for instructional enhancement. This article delves into two fundamental assessment types formative and summative shedding light on their distinct purposes, methodologies, and implications for both educators and learners. Summative assessment primarily gauges student learning at the culmination of an instructional period, while formative assessment offers continuous, real-time feedback to guide the learning journey. The discussion underscores the necessity of harmonizing these assessment strategies to achieve robust educational outcomes and foster a learner-centered environment.

This article is devoted to the specific aspects of the naturalistic literary movement that emerged at the end of the 19th century. Naturalistic works show how human behavior, life, and destiny are shaped by external factors — environment, heredity, and society. A person often seems helpless in front of forces beyond his control. The article analyzes important aspects of naturalistic literature with examples.

 this article analyzes the pedagogical, creative and practical significance of the general piano Science for students studying in the direction of variety singing. The article also highlights the role of piano lessons in expanding the repertoire of pop singers, developing musical thinking and hearing, strengthening technical and aesthetic skills.

In recent years, along with all spheres of national culture, a number of measures have been taken to support theatrical art, in particular, to improve its material and technical base, to stimulate creative workers of the stage. This article analyzes the significance of Uzbek theatre in contemporary socio-cultural processes.

This article provides information about the modern approach of students to organizing spiritual work in extracurricular educational processes.

The formation of a harmonious personality in all respects is important for the stability and future of society as the main goal of National Education. This article analyzes the concept of a harmonious personality, its main features and ways of formation. Areas such as spiritual and moral education, physical education, cognitive and intellectual development, social activities and civil education, creativity and culture are covered in detail. The role of the family, school, national and religious values in the education of the individual and the importance of this process for society are also indicated. The opinions presented in the article are enriched by recommendations aimed at further improving the national education system.

As medical care for stroke patients improves and mortality decreases, the proportion of patients with cognitive disorders will increase. An important factor contributing to the increase in the number of this category of patients is the change in The demographic situation in the world is an increase in the number of elderly and senile people. In elderly people, even a small ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke can worsen the existing slight decrease in cognitive functions associated with age-related changes, chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency, hidden by the current neurodegenerative process. At the same time, cognitive decline worsens the quality of life of patients, leads to impaired social activity and disability.

Habits play a crucial role in shaping behavior,self-discipline,and overall well-being. This article explores the science behind habit formation and its importance in achieving lasting change. Drawing from James Clear’s Atomic Habits and contemporary psychological studies,it highlights how small, consistent actions can be more impactful and effective than ambitious, short-term goals. Habits develop through repeated actions and reinforcement, eventually becoming automatic, as explained by the habit loop (cue → craving → response → reward).The article outlines strategies like habit stacking, designing supportive environments, and using tracking tools to encourage good habits and reduce harmful ones. It emphasizes the value of focusing on systems and processes rather than outcomes,aligning behaviors with personal identity, and adopting proactive methods to minimize reliance on willpower. Challenges such as delayed results and resistance to change are addressed through techniques like the TwoMinute Rule, implementation plans, and self-reflection supported by tracking technologies. The idea of “effortless self-control”is also explored, revealing that people with strong self-discipline rely more on ingrained habits than one constant effort. Research findings, including studies on using technology for tracking and reflection, demonstrate how habits can positively influence areas like academics, financial management, and healthy living. By shifting focus to identitybased change and celebrating small wins, the article concludes that sustainable habits can drive significant improvements across all aspects of life.

Nowadays, in world literary studies, much attention is paid to the issue of character, the artistic development of the national character, its importance in revealing a work of art, and the assessment of the level of literature in reflecting universal and national values. Today, it has become necessary to study the skill of writers to create a national character, to promote the national values ​depicted in works of art.

This article delves into the evolving public service system in Uzbekistan, focusing on the rights, duties, and responsibilities of public servants. It explores the core legal and ethical principles that guide their work, including ensuring job security, fostering professional growth, and upholding accountability and transparency. The piece also sheds light on significant challenges that hinder progress, such as corruption, regional inequalities, and inefficiencies within bureaucratic processes. Amid these hurdles, the article highlights ongoing reforms aimed at modernizing public administration. These include initiatives like digitalizing services, implementing capacity-building programs, and fostering greater public trust in governance. The discussion concludes with actionable recommendations to enhance oversight, streamline regulations, and encourage active citizen participation in decision-making processes. By tackling these issues, Uzbekistan has the potential to strengthen its public service sector, ensuring fairer and more effective service delivery while building a stronger bond of trust between the government and its people.

This article provides information on teaching mathematics to primary school students using interactive methods.

In 1824, the four eldest girls (excluding Anne) entered the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, which educated the children of less prosperous members of the clergy, and had been recommended to Mr Brontë. The following year, Maria and Elizabeth fell gravely ill and were removed from the school, later dying on 6 May and 15 June 1825, respectively. 

This article analyzes the objective and subjective factors behind the emergence of the philosophy of education, its necessity, formation as an independent field of knowledge, structure, modern development trends, its important role in social life, and improving the quality of education, as well as its prospects.

This article examines the impact of globalization on the structure of contemporary society, explores the reasons behind the emergence of global factors, their specific characteristics, interrelations, transformation, criteria, and the dialectic of objective and subjective elements. It also studies the dynamics of the influence of global factors on societal development.

This article analyzes the education system in the Bukhara Emirate at the end of the 19th century. It discusses the structure of schools and madrasas, curricula, the activities of teachers, and the role of education in society. The article also examines the initiatives of reformist intellectuals in the field of education and their contributions to the development of modern science. Based on historical sources, the article reveals the differences between traditional and modern educational approaches at the end of the 19th century.

AI enhances the accuracy and consistency of language assessments. Personalized, adaptive tests meet learners where they are, ensuring more effective evaluation. Real-time feedback accelerates learning and improvement. This article provides information about future trends in international language assessment standards.

The reactivity of cotton pulp during chemical processing is significantly lower compared to celluloses obtained from other cellulose-containing plants. An increase in the reactivity of cotton cellulose improves the quality of the resulting product, and also increases labor productivity.

The aim of this work is to increase the reactivity of cotton cellulose for chemical processing, improve the quality of the resulting product and increase the reaction.

In this work, methods were used to determine the composition and structure of cotton cellulose samples. The reactivity of the obtained samples to acetylation was studied.

The increase in reactivity was evaluated by the reduction of crystalline regions based on diffractograms that were recorded on an XPD-6100 controlled computer instrument (Shumazu, Japan).

A method is proposed for increasing the reactivity of cotton cellulose by treating it with high-voltage electric charges, in which crystalline regions sharply decrease, which reduce the reactivity.

The following optimal activation parameters of cotton cellulose were found: voltage - 11-13 kV; the number of pulses - 22-24; required capacitance - 0.6 μF.

Thanks to the use of this method, it was possible to increase the reactivity of cotton cellulose to chemical processing, in particular to acetylation. This allowed us to improve the quality indicators of cellulose acetate, increase the productivity of the finished product due to improved filtration of cellulose acetate.

This article analyzes the importance of the effective functioning of the motivation system in the socio-economic system, its role in increasing productivity among people and effectively managing labor resources. The influence of motivation on socio-economic stability and what positive changes it brings to the individual and collective mental state in society are also considered as important aspects.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word. This article explores the various types of morphemes in the Russian language, focusing on their classification and functional roles in word formation. The study categorizes morphemes into free and bound morphemes, inflectional and derivational morphemes, and examines their significance in linguistic structures. The findings aim to enhance the understanding of morphological processes in Russian and contribute to the broader field of linguistics.

This article explores the multifaceted challenges that adult language learners face in developing effective listening comprehension skills. It begins by emphasizing the significance of listening as an active, meaning-making process essential for communication and language development. The discussion highlights several common difficulties such as memory limitations, fast speech, limited vocabulary, pronunciation issues, and cultural unfamiliarity. Drawing on various studies, the article further examines how age-related cognitive and sensory decline affects auditory processing and comprehension, especially in second language (L2) contexts. It also reflects on the role of metacognitive strategies and learner confidence in overcoming these obstacles. The article concludes by urging educators to apply appropriate teaching methods and strategies that consider the diverse needs and limitations of adult learners to foster effective listening comprehension.

The paper presents the results of selecting the composition of composite gypsum materials using inorganic fillers - ash microspheres, which are formed during the combustion of coal at thermal power plants. Based on the laboratory studies, composite compositions have been developed for obtaining heat-insulating building products with low bulk density. The rheological properties and physical and mechanical properties of mortar mixtures have been studied and the optimal compositions of composite gypsum mixtures for the production of heat-insulating materials using aluminosilicate ash microspheres have been determined.

In this article, effective methods of educating students in the spirit of patriotism are analyzed based on a systematic approach. It is known that patriotic education in educational institutions is aimed not only at the physical and moral formation of young people, but also at instilling in them a sense of responsibility towards the national idea, human rights and historical memory. The article examines the possibilities of forming a sense of nationalism and patriotism in young people through the formation of a vertical model and the introduction of a systematic approach in the educational process. Also, issues of improvement of the education system, implementation of modern methods and practical ways of education based on the Presidential decrees (PK-393 and PK-270) are covered.

The article shows that education system the concept of "University 3.0" in the development role and innovation universities importance illuminated. "University 3.0" is modern education technologies and scientific and innovative processes activity integration to do aimed at new approach students and teachers​​ activity improvement, scientific research and industry with cooperation strengthening, as well as global competitiveness to provide goal The article also discusses innovative​​ universities science and technology current in the making role in society and the economy to changes how answer give their education and training quality in improvement opportunities seeing The concept of "University 3.0" is emerging. education in the system new opportunities creation, modern knowledge students and society for further effective in a way presented to grow for important platform is considered.

This article discusses the types of natural resources and their rational use, natural resources in Uzbekistan, and the impact of fossil fuel use on the environment.

This article describes the process of desertification and the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting it, the causes and consequences of the problem of desertification, and their geographical aspects.

Hypodynamia is one of the modern diseases of the 21st century - the century of information technology. Hypodynamia is a violation of human health, due to low movement of muscle mass.  The article shows the results of the study of the degree of sedentary behavior of the first-year students of the 128-group of Samarkand State Medical University.

This article highlights the importance of problems in developing students' analytical, creative, and independent thinking skills. Problem-based learning is an important tool in the educational process to expand students' thinking and enhance their creative abilities. Problems provide students with the opportunity to analyze logically, solve problems, and express their thoughts independently. This article also provides information on methods to increase students' motivation and encourage them to express their thoughts freely while working on problems.

This article analyzes foreign experiences in improving product quality and creating a competitive environment in manufacturing enterprises. Improving product quality and ensuring its efficiency, based on modern import-export experience, is important for increasing competitiveness in the global economy. The article examines quality management systems, innovative technologies, and strategies for strengthening competitiveness on the example of foreign countries. It also identifies problems in the business environment of Uzbekistan and ways to solve them.

This article analyzes foreign experience in improving the mechanisms for implementing quality management in construction enterprises. Quality standards and management systems are of great importance in the construction industry, which allow improving project results and meeting customer needs. The article reviews quality management practices in the United States, the European Union and other developed countries, and presents examples of their successful experiences and achievements. It also discusses modern trends, innovations and methodologies related to quality management. It is expected that this study will be useful in more effective implementation of quality management in construction enterprises.

intellectual competence is an essential component of effective teaching, including cognitive skills, critical thinking skills, and lifelong learning. Developing intellectual competence for future teachers is critical to adapting to a dynamic learning environment and supporting student growth and achievement.

The AUS preposition is an important word in German that expresses location, action, and other states. The correct translation and use of this preposition in Uzbek varies depending on its context. During the learning process, students will learn more about the meaning and use of the AUS preposition to correctly understand actions and states occurring in German. This will also help improve their language skills.

The postmodernist alteration of perception and the integrity of style in English and Uzbek writing are examined in this essay. Highlighted are the distinctive and similar features of the two literary schools, the way of thinking that characterizes postmodern literature, and the harmonization of artistic means and styles. Prose samples are used to examine how postmodern techniques have affected the writing process.

In today's rapidly evolving educational landscape, addressing the diverse needs of learners has become a critical priority. This paper explores innovative and inclusive teaching methods that aim to support students from various cultural, linguistic, cognitive, and socio-economic backgrounds. Emphasizing student-centered learning, the study highlights strategies such as differentiated instruction, universal design for learning (UDL), technology-enhanced teaching, and culturally responsive pedagogy. Through the integration of these approaches, educators can create more equitable and effective learning environments that foster academic success and social-emotional development for all learners. The findings underscore the importance of teacher training and institutional support in implementing inclusive practices across contemporary educational settings.

This research explores the impact of ChatGPT on language learning in higher education. ChatGPT is a large language model that can generate natural and fluent texts on many topics. It can be used to support students in developing reading and writing skills by providing personalized feedback and authentic language input. However, it sometimes struggles with complex or abstract ideas. The study discusses both the benefits and challenges of using ChatGPT in education, including concerns about replacing human teachers and ethical issues. Finally, the paper suggests directions for future research on ChatGPT-assisted language instruction.

This article describes methods for solving integrals using Function deduction with respect to a point at infinity. This article can be a great guide for independent learners

This article shows how to solve non-standard examples of second-order lines. This article can be a great guide for independent learners.  

Queueing theory is a field of probabilistic systems that studies random demand flows and service processes. This theory was developed based on A. Erlang’s research on telephone exchanges and is applied in various fields such as telecommunication, commerce, transportation, maintenance, and others. The main elements of the system include: incoming flow, queue, service node, and outgoing flow. The incoming flow represents the process of random demand arrivals, while the queue reflects the order in which services are awaited. The service node may consist of one or multiple channels, and the outgoing flow represents the served demands. The Poisson process is the most common type of incoming flow, characterized by stationarity, ordinariness, and lack of aftereffects. Service time often follows an exponential distribution. The efficiency of the system is assessed using indicators such as the utilization coefficient, waiting time in queue, time spent in the system by requests, and both relative and absolute throughput. Queueing systems can be open or closed, with or without waiting, and single-channel or multi-channel. The theory plays an important role in managing queues, optimizing resources, and improving service quality in practice.

This article examines the significance of digital transformation for a country’s economy in today’s global environment and familiarizes readers with the work carried out and ongoing efforts in Uzbekistan to digitalize its economy in recent years.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming modern industries by enhancing efficiency, automating tasks, and introducing groundbreaking innovations. AI is widely used in healthcare, education, business, and transportation, with applications ranging from medical diagnosis to self-driving cars. However, AI also presents challenges, including ethical concerns, data privacy issues, and workforce disruptions. This paper explores AI’s impact across various sectors, analyzing its advantages, risks, and long-term implications.

This article explores religious perspectives on envy, highlighting its spiritual interpretations across different belief systems. Furthermore, it presents the views of prominent philosophers regarding the nature and psychological impact of envy. The analysis emphasizes how envy manifests in emotional reactions, interpersonal dynamics, and social structures.

This paper discusses the comparative error-correcting ability of block codes such as Hamming, Golay, BCH, and Reed-Solomon codes. The introduction emphasizes the importance of ensuring reliable data transmission under real-world interference conditions such as thermal noise, multipath propagation, and impulse interference. Methods for improving noise immunity are discussed, including convolutional and block coding. The paper presents analytical formulas for calculating the probability of errors in decoded messages using various codes. The calculation results confirm that the error-correcting ability depends on the code parameters and the error probability in the channel. A study is conducted on the efficiency of codes in the presence of burst errors of different lengths, including conditions under which decoding remains successful. The paper emphasizes that the choice of the optimal code is determined by the specifics of the telecommunication system and the characteristics of the communication channel.

In this article, the issue of forming mathematical literacy in primary school students is covered from a scientific-theoretical and practical point of view based on international TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) research. The article analyzes the content of the concept of mathematical literacy, its components, and modern approaches to the development of this competence in students. The research results are of practical importance for primary school teachers and play an important role in the formation of students' logical thinking, problem-solving, and mathematical thinking skills.

This article provides information about the didactic features of using paremic tools in educational lessons, as well as the advantages of using them in the lesson process.

In our republic ongoing tax the load to reduce aimed at tax policy in the economy structural changes , economy driver of subjects business activity and financial stability to provide , small business and private entrepreneurship further development to encourage to strengthen , country economy stable activity in the conduct of his/her role to increase , new work their places formation and population busyness to provide , as well as private entrepreneurship activity organization to grow and to conduct for additional accordingly comfortable conditions to create and entrepreneurship of subjects rights and legal in the interests of compliance to be completed to provide service is doing .

This article explores the role of facial expressions in nonverbal communication, emphasizing their linguistic, psychological, and physiological significance. It examines the function of somatic elements such as the eyes, forehead, mouth, and nose in conveying emotions, referencing Paul Ekman’s classification of basic emotional states like anger, joy, fear, pain, surprise, and disgust.

This article is dedicated to E.E. Bertels’s creative work, an orientalist who has scientifically studied the life and spiritual heritage of Alisher Navoi. This scholar studied Oriental poetry and literature throughout his life. According to E.E. Bertels, Alisher Navoi made a huge contribution to the treasury of world literature. The scholar describes Navoi as a great humanist, an original poet. He emphasizes that he is not a translator of Persian literature and proves that he was an independent creator by putting topical issues in his works. The orientalist also draws attention to the fact that Alisher Navoi's socio-philosophical and moral views were expressed in artistic forms.

Content-based learning is one of the most widely studied areas today. This article presents facts and opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of a content-based approach.

This scientific article is devoted to the philosophical analysis of Al-Khwarizmi's geographical views.

This article discusses the process of solving linear programming problems using the simplex method. The main steps of the simplex algorithm, their mathematical foundations and practical applications are considered. In addition, information is provided about the advantages and limitations of the method.

Simplex method – linear programming issues effective solution for used strong is an algorithm . Simplex schedule using iterative calculations done increased , optimal solution This is found in method resources distribution , production release planning and logistics in the fields wide is used . This in my article confectionery factory from resources effective use and maximum benefit to take issue linear programming and simplex method using analysis as I'm leaving .

Decision-making under risk refers to the consideration of risk in decision-making

processes. The Laplace criterion is a method that considers probabilities equal and calculates the average value of each option for each possible situation. The minimax criterion aims to minimize the worst-case scenario under risk. The maxmin criterion is the inverse of the minimax approach. The Savage criterion aims to consider the average and worst-case scenarios in terms of risk in decision-making. The Hurwitz criterion aims to reduce the uncertainty between the average and worst-case scenarios under risk. The approaches presented in this article show what methods can be used in decision-making under risk.

Salesman issues trade in the field of products distribution , sales and transportation costs to calculate These issues trade representative planned routes and work efficiency increase for important is considered . Within the scope of the issue salesman work time , every one the store product sell opportunities , and various to cities to go time determination through total sold products or done affairs This type is issues not only trade representatives efficiency increase , maybe the company general business strategies to optimize help gives .

the Commivoyager issue (TSP) is one of the most common and studied issues in mathematical optimization and computer science. The goal of the matter is to find the shortest route by which one kom-mivoyajor goes to the designated cities, visiting each city only once, and eventually returning to his starting point.TSP is known for its complete combinatorial properties and high level of complexity. This issue is considered an NP-complete issue, meaning that finding an exact solution is greatly complicated as the number of issues increases. A variety of algorithms have been developed to find solutions through computers, including network search algorithms, genetic algorithms, and simulated annealing techniques.The kommivoyajor issue is used in practice in many areas, such as logistics, transport, robotics and various resource management systems. He also optimizes issues and increases efficiency

This the issue of transport in the article theoretical and practical in terms of wide is illuminated . Fergana of the province farmer farms products province in the center to the market the most less cost with to deliver problem analysis The issue is solved step by step with a minimum price . method through solved . Real example optimal plan based on will be compiled and general expenses is reduced .

The article covers the theoretical foundations and practical applications of the Simplex method used in solving linear programming problems. The Simplex method is defined as the process of finding an optimal solution that provides the maximum or minimum value of the objective function through successive approximations. The article describes in detail the two main stages of the method - finding an initial base solution and determining the optimal solution. The structure of the simplex table, algorithms for selecting the decisive element, column and row, as well as the table replacement process are explained. A step-by-step solution of the linear programming problem given as an example using the Simplex method is presented and the practical application of the method is demonstrated. The article serves as a useful resource for students and specialists working in the field of mathematical optimization.

This in the article furniture working in the release optimal allocation of resources issue Simplex method using Furniture​​​ company's six product type ( chair , table , sofa, wardrobe , armchair , bed ) and six resource ( oil , cloth , metal , paint , labor ) power , energy ) based on structured linear programming model analysis The research is being conducted purpose – limited resources under the circumstances weekly profit maximize for the most good working release plan definition . Simplex of the method step calculations resulting in an optimal solution as 10 sofas and 10 wardrobes working release offer is 1100 thousand​​ soum​ maximum benefit brings . Article linear programming theoretical Basics , Simplex of the method practical application​ and his/her working release processes in optimization importance illuminates . Research results in real life economic problems solution in doing mathematician models efficiency shows .​

In this article the theoretical basis of the issues of the central asian countries and its cities of kommivoyajor tatbiqi lit. Various optimization approaches, including traditional, and an intuitive graphical methods are considered. Also, how can these issues in charging through mathematical modeling of logistics system analysis. Is characterized by practical examples, and / orassessed the effectiveness of rning.

The transportation problem is an optimization problem aimed at finding a plan for transporting goods from the points of departure to the points of reception with minimal cost. Based on the given cargo stocks, requirements and transportation prices, the objective function is minimized. An initial plan is created using the “Northwest Corner” and “Small Elements” methods, and the optimal plan is determined using the potential method. In the example, the minimum cost is achieved.

The graphical solution of linear programming problems is based on the geometric analysis of inequalities and the objective function in systems of two variables (n=2). Each inequality represents a half-plane bounded by a straight line, and the conditions represent areas bounded by the coordinate axes. The solution domain of the system, which can have a common solution, is formed as a convex polygon, a single point, or an empty set. The graphical method includes the following steps: constructing graphs of inequalities, determining the solution domain, drawing the objective function vector, finding the extreme point by parallel displacement in the direction of the vector, and calculating the optimal solution. In the example, the system of inequalities is analyzed graphically, and the maximum (3,0) and minimum (0,3) values of the Z function are determined. This method allows you to solve the problem visually and intelligibly, and practically demonstrates the main principles of linear programming.

This article includes a comprehensive analysis of the use of zoonims (animal names) as images in Uzbek folk proverbs. Zoonims are regarded as an important tool that reflects the lifestyle, life experiences, and cultural values of the people. The research highlights the semantic and functional characteristics of zoonims, their role in imagery, and their influence on national consciousness.

Article games​ theory matrix games to the department dedicated to be , to work release and economy in the field conflicted processes mathematician modeling and solution methods seeing It turns out . Matrix of games main concepts , including achievement​ matrix , game lower and high prices , saddle point , maxmin and minimum strategies is explained . If the game saddle to the point has if not , mix strategies method using solution find process is described . Matrix games​ linear programming to the issue to bring methods and this optimal strategies in the process determination algorithms The article is cited . two example through theoretical concepts practical solutions with is strengthened . Used literature list​ the topic deeper study for additional sources presented Article​​ mathematician programming and optimization in the field professionals , students and researchers for useful is considered .

This paper analyzes various approaches to teaching reading and writing competencies to high school learners, focusing on their relevance in Uzbekistan. It provides a worldwide perspective on literacy teaching strategies and assesses their appropriateness for Uzbekistan, taking into account the phonetic and agglutinative characteristics of the Uzbek language. Utilizing comparative charts, research-based suggestions, and references in the Vancouver format, the article presents educators with actionable strategies to improve literacy abilities, tackling obstacles such as limited resources and multilingualism in Uzbek classrooms.

This article explores the opportunities of using Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in the green economy. Nowadays, the role of modern digital technologies is increasing in addressing climate change and environmental problems. The article presents real-world examples from Uzbekistan and global experiences, and includes an analysis based on current statistical data.

In this article, the translation of Mark Rees' work "Such as Life" written by Utkir Hashimov is analyzed. The work highlights the complexity of human life, social problems and relationships between people through individual experiences. Hoshimov shows real life scenes, funny and sad situations in his work and tries to give the reader deep thoughts and feelings. Mark Rees's translation is important to preserve the essence of the work and convey the correct cultural context. In the process of translation, it is necessary to understand the author's language and style, metaphors and figurative elements in the work. Although translation, at first glance, looks like a simple work process, when the work is recreated in another language, the translator is busy with a creative task and, like the author, bears all the responsibility for the reliability of each word, phrase, and sentence.  If he does not see what the author of the root of the word sees, feels what he feels, no matter how well the word is chosen in the translation, the meaning will not be understood. Because the word in the translation should be similar to the original word in all respects and should not contradict the reality.

This scientific article analyzes the importance and effectiveness of financing investment projects at the expense of the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of Uzbekistan. The article examines in detail the role of the Fund in supporting economic development, infrastructure renewal, social sectors and investment projects. The distribution of financial resources of Uzbekistan, the characteristics of the Fund's funds within the framework of the state's economic policy and the main directions of their effective use are analyzed. The article also considers the Fund's successful experience in financing investment projects and its future development prospects. 

This article focuses on the improvement of the rehabilitation process for patients suffering from back pain, analyzing both inpatient and outpatient settings. Back pain is a prevalent condition that affects a significant portion of the population, leading to a reduction in quality of life, productivity, and overall health. The article examines the role of rehabilitation in managing back pain, with an emphasis on the methods and strategies used in inpatient and outpatient environments. The main goal of rehabilitation for back pain is to reduce pain, restore function, and prevent recurrence. Various rehabilitation approaches, including physical therapy, manual therapy, pharmacological treatment, and psychological interventions, are analyzed. The article discusses the benefits, challenges, and outcomes of these treatments in different clinical settings. Finally, recommendations for improving rehabilitation practices are provided, emphasizing the integration of multidisciplinary approaches, patient education, and personalized care plans.

Movement-related issues encompass physical activity and various aspects of it. These include physical exercises, movement control, ergonomics, the impact of physical activity on health, movement development, and rehabilitation. This article explores movement-related issues, their effects on the human body, the importance of physical activity, and methods of movement control using modern technologies. Additionally, methods and techniques aimed at improving movement efficiency are analyzed, along with individual approaches to movement development.

This article analyzes the essence, types, and impact of tax incentives on the investment process. Through tax incentives, governments aim to attract investment, accelerate economic growth, and create new jobs. At the same time, the article also examines the negative consequences of tax incentives, such as reduced budget revenues and their effects on market competition. The study substantiates the role of tax incentives in increasing investment activity and highlights the importance of their effective application.

This article looks at the ecofeminist ideas in the novels of Barbara Kingsolver. Her writing shows how the problems of women and the environment are connected. By reading her books like The Bean Trees, Animal Dreams, Prodigal Summer, and Flight Behavior, we can see how she presents relationships between people, nature, and society. The study uses different kinds of ecofeminist theory, such as cultural, materialist, and intersectional ecofeminism, to understand her message. Kingsolver’s stories show strong women who protect nature and fight against unfair systems. Through her characters, symbols, and natural settings, her novels give a strong voice to ecofeminist thinking.

Empathic feedback plays an important role in the language learning process. Empathy the ability to understand and feel the emotions of others makes communication between language learners more effective and empathetic. This process helps the learner to more correctly understand expressions in language, respect cultural differences, and communicate his thoughts clearly and gracefully. This article considers the advantages of an empathic approach to language learning, methods of its formation, and practical recommendations.

This study explores how technology facilitates the language-learning process, helping both teachers and learners of not only English but also other languages. Having read this article, one can learn the advantageous and disadvantageous sides of technology alongside the ways to keep a balance between them. Moreover, future prospects regarding this topic can not be left behind either.