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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH KOREA
AND UZBEKISTAN
Dr. Aman ,T. Kenjabaev
professor, Head of Marketing and Digital Economy Department, Graduate School of Business
and Entrepreneurship under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Nazarbayev Nursultan
,
Sultonov Khabib, Kuvnakova Dilnoza
Master:of the Graduate School of Business and Entrepreneurship under the
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Annotation :
In recent years, E-government has become an important tool for improving the
efficiency of public services and enhancing interactions between government and citizens.
South Korea and Uzbekistan demonstrate different approaches and results in developing E-
government.South Korea is one of the world leaders in the digitalization of public services,
providing a high degree of accessibility and convenience for citizens. It actively uses mobile
applications, online platforms and cloud technologies, which allows for prompt receipt of
services and information.At the same time, Uzbekistan is at the stage of active
implementation of E- government. There are initiatives to modernize public services, but
the level of their digitalization and accessibility is still significantly lower than in South
Korea. In Uzbekistan, there are positive trends in the use of IT, but further investment and
infrastructure development are needed.This analysis compares the strategies, successes and
challenges faced by both countries in the process of implementing E-government, and also
examines the prospects for the development of digital services in Uzbekistan, taking into
account the Korean experience.
Keywords:
E-government, South Korea, Digitalization, Public services, Mobile applications,
Online platforms,Information technology, Accessibility, Electronic services, Digital
transformation.
INTRODUCTION
According to the United Nations definition of the concept of e-government, or "digital
government", it can be understood as "the use of the World Wide Web to deliver
government information and services to citizens." (United Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005).
The concept of "Electronic Government" (or e-government for short) essentially refers to
the use of various web-based telecommunications technologies to improve and enhance
the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery for the public sector.
South Korean e-government uses technology to ensure smooth functioning of government
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functions and the delivery of government information and services to citizens. E-government
operates through the Internet, IT and ICT, and in some cases also uses telecommunications
technology.
In the modern public sector of today's electronic South Korean e-government, office automation
is greatly increased by using the Internet and wireless technology, as a result of which, telephones,
faxes, printers are linked together via Internet cables or wireless WiFi technology. This is
especially true when some government employees are constantly on the move, such as police
officers and project managers.
The Beginning of E-Government in South Korea (1960s-1970s)
South Korea initially set the task of automating workflow for statistical analysis of
economic indicators at the State Economic Board (EPB) with the introduction of
computers in 1967. At that time, it was the Committee for the Coordination of the Development
of Computerization in Government Departments. The organization was created in 1967 under the
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), which purchased and supplied computers for each
ministry in the government.
In a survey conducted after ten years of supplying and managing computers in government
agencies by MOST in 1977, it was found that computers had contributed greatly to the rapid and
accurate production of results in simple departmental tasks such as payroll and personnel
management, telephone billing, test classification, and so on, in central departments such as the
Ministry of Culture and Education, the Ministry of Communications and the Postal Service, and
the National Tax Service.However, in 1978, the need for information technology, rather than just
automation of menial tasks, led to the launch of E-Government initiatives that could implement
more advanced
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E-Government models
In order to reform the government into a highly efficient, productive and democratic
organization, the South Korean government's ICT strategy has taken shape into
infrastructure projects for the establishment of e-government, leading to the development of
the "Five-Year Basic Plan for Informatization - MOGAHA"public administration
• These efforts to implement “MOGAHA” paved the way for the effective, long-term and
consistent implementation of Korea’s advanced policy on innovative public administration
in the 1980s.
Establishing e-government infrastructure (1980s-1990s)
The South Korean government made a decision to implement the National
Backbone Computer Network project, backed by regulations such as the Information
Security Act, the Computer Network Supply and Use Act, adopted in 1986. In 1987, South
Korean government analysts developed draft laws regulating the provision of technologies
and infrastructure vital for the implementation of e-government.
These efforts created concrete commitments from government members to the National
Computer Network “Magistralnaya” project, which led to the creation of a real system of
communications and information networks for the public sector.
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According to the National Computer Network Backbone project, five national management
networks - finance, education and science, defense and security - were launched in the same
year.
In September 1993, the term “electronic government” first appeared in official
documents, on page 112 of the Clinton Administration’s report on government reforms in the
United States (“Creating
government that works better and costs less: from slogans to
results").
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This period was a turning point for the e-government infrastructure in
Korea. In 1993, the basic plan to create the technical component for the information super
highway – a high-capacity fiber-optic line across the country – was announced and
accepted for implementation by the Ministry of Information and Communications of South
Korea (MIC). Such a line was launched the following year, 1994.
In 1995, the Framework Law on the Promotion of Informatization,
developed by the South Korean Government, was enacted and approved by the National
Assembly of Korea, which became the basis for the policy on informatization and e-
government. Based on this act, the "Informatization Committee" was established with the
function of a national integrator and regulator, together with the "Informatization
Promotion Fund" with the function of attracting public and private investment to finance
these programs, which act as the main responsible div for informatization and e-
government.
In addition, this law also laid a solid foundation for the implementation of
e-government initiatives such as the position of Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the
system. In the latter half of the 1990s, the first informatization promotion conference was
held at the Blue House (BH) in Seoul on October 14, 1996, where President Kim Young-
sam's ideas on e-government were presented to the Korean public in the form of a report,
"Informatization Strategy for Strengthening National Competitiveness."
In 1997, a system for evaluating IT projects was introduced, the
government revised its own IT strategy and moved on to the 2nd stage of introducing
advanced information and communication technologies into public administration.
Full-scale implementation of e-government (2000-2007)
Since the inauguration of Chief of Staff Kim Dae-jung in 1998, the
government's official website has been focused on Internet transparency and providing
citizen services via the Internet, such as real estate registration. Government services have
become easily accessible to citizens. Guidelines for exchanging administrative information
using ICT in the public sector were established by orders of the Chief Executive. The so-
called "principles of the interdepartmental electronic interaction system" - SIEI.
The following year (1999), a comprehensive e-government implementation plan was
created. This was after the government services for citizens based on the integrated civil
information system and the comprehensive statistical information system were put into
operation.
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By 2001, when Kim Dae Jung's term in the South Korean government had passed, Korea had
adopted and approved the first comprehensive law on E-Government, "Transition of the
Government to the Implementation of the Application of Digital Technologies in Public
Administration."2001 was also an active year for SCEG (Special Committee on E-Government)
which began its activities in earnest in February of the same year. Since its establishment, SCEG
held 12 executive and two general meetings where specific and detailed implementation plans as
well as funding for 11 newly selected key e- government projects were developed and
communicated to the President on May 7, 2001.With the beginning of government involvement
in the modernization of governance principles, Based on ICT, e-government policy naturally
became focused on ways to improve the outstanding results of informatization compared with the
previous period of Kim Dae Jung's administration.
In this regard, in order to carry out the government’s mission in implementing innovations
inherited from the previous administration, the former PCGI was transformed into PCGID
(Presidential Committee on Local Government Innovation and Decentralization), covering the
specific responsibility for the establishment and improvement of e-government, administrative
reform, fiscal and tax reform, and municipal government decentralization reform. From each of
the government’s subcommittees in these areas,Their implementation plans were announced as
roadmaps of tasks on the presidential agenda.
The term “e-government” was adopted. The roadmap “Vision and Directions for Development of
e- Government” was announced in May 2003, and later known as the “E-Government Roadmap”.
It was based on the vision of realizing the concept of “A Better Open World of e-Government”
and was launched for implementation in August of the same year.The Roadmap describes very
specific and concrete performance indicators to achieve the vision, this is done with the aim of
building a “Better Open World eGovernment” as follows:
1.
increase the percentage of online utility services to 85%;
2.
climb into the top 10 in the world in business
competitiveness rankings and government support for
business;
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3.
reducing the number of physical visits by citizens to government
agencies in order to receive government services to 3 visits per year;
increasing the utilization rate of e-government programs to 60%.
The roadmap is divided into four sections, 10 agendas, 31 tasks and detailed
plans for the implementation of 45 detailed subtasks.
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To this end, South Korea will create a 100 Mbps wireless network across its entire
territory by 2015. Among the obstacles to overcome on the path to mobile government,
the IT executive cites issues with unique user identification, regulatory frameworks, and
copyrights.
"We need to give the private sector access to government databases," he said. "By 2013,
we will have access to more than 300 types of government data. We will also use the
advantages of mobile technologies such as personalization, location-based services and
augmented reality."The head of the agency names the most popular mobile cloud
government services in South Korea today as a life expectancy calculator, a dictionary on
economics and modern trends, a tourist application "100 mountains" and a women's
calendar.
On March 5, 2012, the UN published a report entitled “E-Government Survey 2012: E-
Government for the People” assessing the readiness of government agencies in 193 countries to
use information technology in providing government services. Compared to the previous year,
the Kyrgyz Republic is in 99th place in this rating. Russia has risen 32 positions in this rating,
jumping from 59th to 27th place. Russia is doing better with e-government than Ireland, Italy,
Greece, Lithuania and Poland, while its BRIC neighbors have fallen hopelessly behind, even
lowering their scores for the year: Brazil now occupies 59th place, China
is 78th, and India is 125th.
The leader of the rating, as in the previous year, was South Korea. Thus, we can speak of the
achievement of the goals set by the Kim Dae Jung government as a fait accompli.
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Figure 4.
http://www.korea.go.kr/ptl/main.do?sso=ok
CONCLUSION
A comparative analysis of the e-government of South Korea and Uzbekistan highlights key
differences and common trends in the development of digital services. South Korea demonstrates
high rates of technology adoption, providing access to government services through innovative
platforms and mobile solutions. Effective integration of information technology into public
administration helps increase transparency, speed up processes, and improve the quality of
service to citizens.
Uzbekistan, in turn, is actively working to modernize its public services and implement e-
government, but faces a number of challenges, including the need to improve infrastructure,
increase digital literacy of the population, and ensure cybersecurity. Applying the Korean
experience can be an important step towards successful digital transformation in Uzbekistan.
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