Vol. 1 No. 5 (2025): International journal of artificial intelligence

This scientific article comprehensively analyzes the role of myths, legends, and folk tales (rivoyat) in literature. The article sheds light on the theoretical foundations of these genres of oral tradition, their distinct characteristics, differences, and similarities. It also demonstrates the influence of mythological motifs, legendary plots, and elements of folk tales on the plot, character system, ideological and thematic direction, and artistic expressive means of literary works. The article analyzes examples of the use of myths, legends, and folk tales in Uzbek classical and modern literature, as well as their significance in reflecting national identity. This article aims to demonstrate the fundamental role of these genres in the development of literature and their contemporary relevance.

Learning a new language is a challenging yet rewarding process. This article explores unique and effective methods for mastering foreign languages, focusing on English, Uzbek, and Russian. It covers unconventional techniques such as gamification, immersion, and technology-assisted learning, providing practical tips for learners at different levels. The article also includes key terms and references to support further research.  

This article explores the theoretical foundations of accounting and analysis in small enterprises. It highlights the significance of accounting and analysis in economic management, as well as their functions and methodologies. Additionally, the paper discusses the peculiarities and challenges of accounting practices in small business entities.

Tourism infrastructure plays a crucial role in the development and diversification of regional economies in Uzbekistan. As the country seeks to capitalize on its rich cultural and natural resources, investments in transport, accommodation, communication, and public services have become essential to support increasing tourist flows. This paper examines how improvements in tourism infrastructure contribute to regional economic growth, job creation, and enhanced connectivity, particularly in less-developed areas. It also discusses the challenges of infrastructure gaps, regional disparities, and sustainable development. By strengthening tourism infrastructure, Uzbekistan can promote balanced regional development, reduce urban-rural divides, and foster inclusive economic opportunities.

The historic Silk Road, once a vital network for trade and cultural exchange, continues to significantly shape modern tourism in Central Asia. This paper explores how the legacy of the Silk Road influences contemporary travel trends, destination development, and cultural tourism across countries such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. The rich historical sites, ancient cities, and shared cultural heritage associated with the Silk Road attract tourists seeking unique and educational experiences. Additionally, regional cooperation in promoting Silk Road tourism has enhanced connectivity and cross-border travel. Despite challenges like infrastructure gaps and political complexities, Silk Road heritage remains a powerful driver of economic growth and cultural preservation in the region.

The article analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence on education. The article reveals the history of artificial intelligence development, provides a wide range of AI solutions aimed at improving the quality of education and optimizing educational processes, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with the introduction of AI in higher education. In addition, the article focuses on the future of AI use, changes in the role of the teacher, and the ethical aspects of AI use.

This article examines the concept of digital education, its role in the modern learning environment, and the integration of digital technologies into foreign language teaching. It provides an overview of the historical development of digital education, tracing its evolution from early computer-assisted instruction to contemporary educational systems powered by artificial intelligence. The paper analyzes the pedagogical, technological, and socio-cultural factors that have influenced the formation of digital education.

 This article analyzes the importance of the family psychological service system, its role in eliminating social and psychological problems, based on foreign and local experiences. At the same time, based on the opinions and views of psychologists in the Fergana region, the current state of family psychological service provision and directions for its improvement are revealed.

The process of acquiring two languages in early childhood is a biologically grounded phenomenon, engaging various regions of the young brain. This article explores the underlying neurobiological and cognitive systems that facilitate early bilingualism, with particular attention to neural adaptability, sensitive developmental periods, and cognitive control mechanisms. Evidence from brain imaging and long-term studies suggests that bilingual children undergo unique neural changes and demonstrate enhanced mental flexibility. These insights indicate that bilingualism is not solely a product of social or educational exposure, but also a reflection of the brain’s natural capacity for multilingual processing. A deeper understanding of these biological underpinnings holds considerable value for shaping educational strategies and informing cognitive neuroscience.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a decisive variable in the economic trajectories of post-Soviet states. Yet the region’s performance is wildly uneven: Kazakhstan’s Astana International Financial Centre channelled USD 3.1 billion in fresh capital in 2024, while sanctions-stricken Belarus saw investor outflows and a technical default on external debt. This article compares state-policy toolkits across seven post-Soviet economies, isolating the measures that either catalyse or repel foreign capital. The analysis finds that transparent incentive regimes, specialised investment hubs, and credible dispute-resolution mechanisms correlate with higher FDI/GDP ratios and lower expropriation risk. Conversely, ad-hoc tax breaks, opaque screening, and politicised courts deter long-term investors. Policy lessons are distilled for governments seeking to balance national interests with global capital flows.

This article explores the significance of planning optimal physical training programs to achieve maximum performance in various sports. It emphasizes the necessity of tailoring training intensity and structure to meet the specific demands of each sport. The article categorizes training programs based on endurance sports, strength and power sports, and skill-based sports, highlighting their unique physiological requirements. It also discusses the role of periodization in organizing training phases—macrocycle, mesocycle, and microcycle—to enhance performance and manage fatigue. Furthermore, the importance of gradual intensity progression, recovery strategies, and cross-training is underlined to prevent injuries and support long-term athletic development. The findings underscore the need for sport-specific training plans that balance intensity, volume, and recovery for optimal results.

This article examines the foreign policy of Libya during the era of Muammar Gaddafi, focusing on his relations with Arab-Africa, the United States, and Western countries. M. Gaddafi promoted the idea of Pan-Arabism in his foreign policy towards Arab states and called for the unification of Arab and African countries. Relations with the West and the United States were complex, prominently reflected in diplomatic conflicts and disputes.

This article provides detailed information about cerebral palsy (CP), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Cerebral palsy is a neurological disease that occurs mainly in childhood and causes difficulties in controlling movements and maintaining balance. The development of the disease is influenced by various factors, such as perinatal injuries, lack of oxygen, infections, and sometimes genetic factors. The article details the main types of CP and their clinical symptoms, such as limitations in motor activity, muscle spasms, and difficulty walking. It also provides information on how the disease is diagnosed, including neurological tests, MRI and other imaging techniques. Various methods are used to treat CP, such as physical therapy, medications, and orthopedic aids. It also emphasizes the need to provide psychological support to families in helping children with the disease and supporting their development. Overall, the article gives a complete picture of the various aspects of cerebral palsy and ways to combat it.

This article highlights the most important and central part of Salah ad-Din Ayyubi's career — the conquest of the city of Jerusalem. It covers his efforts and battles to capture the city. It also describes the assistance he provided to the Crusaders after the conquest of Jerusalem.

This study examines the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the state financial control of Uzbekistan. The focus is on the role of AI systems in detecting financial violations, reducing corruption risks, and optimizing budget savings. The results indicate that AI reduced the time to identify violations by 79%, decreased suspicious tenders by 17%, and increased annual budget savings up to 55 billion UZS. These findings highlight the significance of AI in public finance management.

 This article analyzes the differences between two major technologies widely used in interior design-CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and BIM (Building Information Modeling). A comparative study is conducted on their theoretical foundations, practical applications, documentation capabilities, impact on design efficiency, and the potential for saving time and resources. The advantages of BIM technology in modern interior design are substantiated.

 This paper explores the role of foreign language education in primary schools in the context of globalization. As the world becomes more interconnected, early language acquisition is increasingly recognized as a critical skill for future global citizens. The study highlights the importance of incorporating innovative teaching methods, culturally relevant materials, and communicative approaches in language instruction. It also discusses challenges such as lack of qualified teachers and limited resources. Recommendations are made to improve the quality and effectiveness of foreign language teaching in primary education systems.

In an increasingly globalized world, the demand for English language proficiency has grown exponentially. English is not only the dominant language of international business and diplomacy but also a key medium of instruction in many international educational programs. These programs, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB), Cambridge International Education, and the Advanced Placement (AP) program, offer a structured and culturally inclusive environment that promotes English learning with a global perspective. This article explores the methodologies used in teaching English through these international educational frameworks.

The mass of neutrinos and their oscillation behavior remain one of the most complex and unresolved problems in modern nuclear and particle physics. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a major international scientific experiment designed specifically to address these issues. By determining the hierarchy of neutrino masses, the project is expected to significantly advance our understanding of particle physics and the Standard Model.This paper focuses on the application of artificial intelligence—particularly, an autoencoder model—for detecting rare signals observed in the JUNO experiment. This approach has proven effective in identifying infrequent but scientifically important events that might otherwise be missed. Autoencoders, as unsupervised learning models, enhance the ability to detect anomalies and extract meaningful patterns from large-scale experimental data. It is important to note that JUNO is not merely a study of subatomic particles. Rather, it represents a scientific journey toward uncovering the deeper mysteries of the universe. Sometimes, the quietest and most unassuming signals may hold the key to the most fundamental laws of nature.

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in generative media, has given rise to deepfakes — hyper-realistic digital manipulations of a person’s likeness. This phenomenon challenges the boundaries between intellectual property (IP), privacy, and personality rights. While existing copyright law protects expressions of creativity, it does not squarely address the unauthorized use of a real person’s image or voice through AI. This article explores whether and how personality rights can serve as a legal response to the rise of deepfakes, comparing U.S. jurisprudence with emerging perspectives in jurisdictions like Uzbekistan. The study argues for a reconceptualization of legal identity in digital space, proposing stronger integration between personality rights and IP frameworks.

In the modern digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various sectors, and education is no exception. AI technologies are redefining teaching methodologies, personalizing the learning experience, automating assessments, and enabling real-time feedback. This article explores the multifaceted impact of AI on education, emphasizing how intelligent systems enhance student performance, aid teachers, and support inclusive learning environments. The paper also critically analyzes ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and equity challenges in AI implementation. As educational institutions globally adopt smart technologies, it becomes vital to assess not only the benefits but also the long-term implications of AI in learning ecosystems. Ultimately, the article advocates for a balanced, human-centered approach to ensure that technology enhances educational equity, quality, and sustainability.

In this article, we will talk about the predicative relation, the object relation, the case relation, and the attributive relation. The article analyzes whether the connecting links of the subordinate and ruling parts change the types of relations.

This article examines the impact of internet addiction on the quality of adolescents’ social interaction. A quantitative study was conducted on a sample of 150 adolescents (aged 10–16 years) from the Osh and Jalal-Abad regions of the Kyrgyz Republic. The Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used to assess the level of internet addiction, alongside a standardized scale for identifying social interaction problems. It was found that approximately 13–16% of adolescents exhibit a severe degree of internet addiction, and a substantial share of respondents experience difficulties in face-to-face communication. The data indicate that as the degree of addiction increases, measures of social skills deteriorate: the number of friends decreases and levels of social maladjustment rise. These results confirm previous findings that internet addiction is accompanied by social isolation and disruptions in interpersonal relationships. In conclusion, the consequences of the identified relationships are discussed, and recommendations for preventing internet addiction among adolescents are offered.

This study examined the impact of an eight-week school-based psycho-emotional support programme on the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in displaced children (n = 120; aged 7–11). The programme combined group art-therapy sessions, emotional self-regulation training, and guidance from school mentors. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) and emotional-behavioural problems with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by parents and teachers. After the intervention, CRIES-13 scores declined significantly and SDQ scores showed reductions in emotional and behavioural difficulties. These findings support the effectiveness of a comprehensive school-based approach and provide practical recommendations for implementing similar programmes.

This article analyzes theoretical and practical approaches to modeling the interregional correspondence matrix in the transport sector. The concept of transport demand, the factors that form it, and ways to use it as a means of managing the demand for the transport system in modern urban planning are highlighted. The essence, differences, advantages, and disadvantages of aggregate and disaggregate models used in determining matrix values are considered. Optimized flows from the user and system perspectives are also analyzed based on Wardrop's principles. The need for doset models aimed at identifying potential transport needs, regardless of the network configuration, is substantiated.

This study examines the role of daycare centers for the elderly in the context of active aging strategies. Given the global trend of population aging and the increasing need to ensure a high quality of life in old age, this research aims to assess the impact of daycare centers on the functional status, social activity, and overall well-being of older adults. The study was conducted at a daycare center with the participation of 150 elderly citizens (93 women and 57 men). Methods included questionnaires, analysis, synthesis, and data generalization. The results revealed a predominance of positive attitudes towards retirement age (96.67% of respondents), as well as high engagement in various leisure activities, including attendance at entertainment and social events (95.33%), socializing with family and friends (83.33%), and participation in physical activities (64%). The main motives for visiting the daytime center are maintaining health (88%), spending leisure time interestingly and beneficially (73.33%), and the need for communication (71.33%). Based on the data obtained, the conclusion is made that daycare centers are an effective tool for implementing active longevity strategies, providing opportunities for social integration, physical activity, skill development, and participation in social life. The research results contribute to understanding the importance of developing a system of social services for elderly people aimed at maintaining their health, well-being, and active participation in society. Further research is needed to further analyze the impact of daycare centers on the cognitive functions and life expectancy of elderly people, as well as to develop more effective programs and methods of work, taking into account the individual needs and characteristics of the aging population.

The introduction of the cluster system in agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan is an important stage in modernizing the agrarian sector, increasing production efficiency, and strengthening export potential. The study analyzes the interrelation between agricultural clusters and tax policy, as well as examines the impact of tax burden on their economic efficiency.

The research results show that cotton-textile, grain, fruit and vegetable, and livestock clusters differ significantly in terms of investment attractiveness, tax rates, and profitability. In particular, cotton-textile clusters have attracted the largest investments due to tax incentives and state support, while fruit and vegetable and livestock clusters face a higher tax burden.

This article discusses the development of the Uzbek economy, labor migration, causes, consequences, problems of labor migration, employment problems, negative and positive aspects of migration, the most important economic and social causes of unemployment, ie unemployment, Finding suitable jobs, obtaining higher and secondary special education, ie studying and other types of problems are studied and scientifically based proposals are given to solve the problems.

This article describes the definition and classification of simple statements, the history, origin and opinions of simple statements, and their thoughts on simple statements and proposals on simple statements.

Onion planting methods and their advantages, as well as methods for increasing their yield using new methods.Seed consumption and the effectiveness of planting by seedlings.

Modern pedagogical technologies play an important role in education and make the learning process more interactive, convenient and effective. In teaching musicology, such technologies can be used to create interactive lessons, develop hearing and musical perception, as well as work with audio and video materials. For example, educational programs and online courses allow students to study music theory and the history of musical art in an interesting way, actively participate in discussions and projects. The use of modern technologies also helps teachers analyze student achievements, adapt educational materials to their needs, and maintain constant contact with them. Thus, the use of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching musicology contributes to a more effective and interesting learning process.

We analyze how bank profitability impacts financial stability from theoretical and empirical perspectives. We start by developing a theoretical model that explores the relationship between bank profitability and financial stability. This model elucidates how increased profitability can strengthen a bank's resilience to economic shocks. Additionally, it addresses the potential risks linked to excessive profit-seeking behavior. Excessive profit-seeking behavior can lead to risky lending practices and a focus on short-term gains, which may undermine long-term stability. As a result, our analysis underscores the critical need for a balanced approach to profitability. It is essential for banks to pursue sustainable growth while simultaneously mitigating systemic risks. By fostering a financial environment that values long-term stability over fleeting profits, we can promote a healthier banking sector that contributes positively to the economy as a whole.

This article examines the concepts, types and importance of targeted funding in improving the quality of education. Foreign experience and national practice are described. It is shown that targeted funding of education has a positive effect on the quality of education, and suggestions and conclusions are given for improving work in this direction.

This article provides information about the methodology of teaching younger schoolchildren the ability to solve cognitive tasks of ecological content.

Among the various teaching methods, cognitive tasks occupy an increasing place, as they are a means of activating the activities of students, developing their creative abilities. Due to the increasing role of theoretical knowledge in all types of people's activities, the increasing requirements for the ability to apply them promptly, the school, preparing students for an active creative life, should form the necessary skills for this. Cognitive tasks are a means of enhancing the effectiveness of the theoretical knowledge obtained, a means of forming independence - a quality necessary for constant self-education, acquisition of new knowledge, orientation in the fast-growing flow of new information. In this regard, cognitive tasks and their use in the educational process can be considered one of the main conditions for the success of the entire educational and cognitive process.

The yield of agricultural crops depends on the soil fertility. Among leguminous crops, alfalfa plays an important role in increasing soil fertility. Therefore, in our experiment, we set ourselves the goal of studying the different timing of joint sowing of alfalfa. We studied how these periods affect the germination and viability of alfalfa seeds.

This article describes the form of relationship that parents establish with their child, pedagogical measures to establish a healthy relationship with the child. The psychological risks of an unhealthy relationship with a child are analyzed, and the methods used to build a healthy relationship are shown.

In recent years, E-government has become an important tool for improving the efficiency of public services and enhancing interactions between government and citizens. South Korea and Uzbekistan demonstrate different approaches and results in developing E-government.South Korea is one of the world leaders in the digitalization of public services, providing a high degree of accessibility and convenience for citizens. It actively uses mobile applications, online platforms and cloud technologies, which allows for prompt receipt of services and information.At the same time, Uzbekistan is at the stage of active implementation of E- government. There are initiatives to modernize public services, but the level of their digitalization and accessibility is still significantly lower than in South Korea. In Uzbekistan, there are positive trends in the use of IT, but further investment and infrastructure development are needed.This analysis compares the strategies, successes and challenges faced by both countries in the process of implementing E-government, and also examines the prospects for the development of digital services in Uzbekistan, taking into account the Korean experience.

This paper explores the critical role of cultural considerations in the development of English language teaching (ELT) materials. As language and culture are inextricably linked, teaching materials that lack cultural relevance can fail to engage learners and limit their communicative competence. Drawing on intercultural communicative competence theory, material design frameworks, and examples from practice, this article discusses key strategies for creating inclusive, culturally responsive, and pedagogically effective teaching materials for diverse learner populations.

In this article, the role and importance of innovative educational technologies in the context of large-scale reforms implemented in New Uzbekistan is analyzed scientifically. The results achieved in the development of the intellectual potential of the young generation through the digital transformation of the educational system and the application of modern technologies to pedagogical processes are shown. At the same time, the need to form a mature person in harmony with national and universal values, not only technological knowledge, but also through innovative educational methods is justified. The article analyzes the aspects of the scientific heritage of the great oriental scholar Ahmed al-Farghani, which are compatible with today's educational concept, and the issue of its integration into modern educational programs is also studied. Theoretical and practical recommendations were formed based on the conceptual foundations of intellectual education, the integration of international experiences with the national model, innovative approaches and the interdependence of intellectual development. The article also analyzes the strategic directions of state policy in training competitive, free-thinking, creative youth.

Interactions between national values and global cultures are of great importance in the formation of youth identity in the process of globalization. This article analyzes the impact of national values and globalization on youth identity, and how these processes lead to social and cultural changes. The article examines the role of national values in the formation of personal and social identity of young people, as well as new problems arising in the context of globalization. The study analyzes the impact of globalization processes on the identity of young people and their attitude towards national culture, as well as the importance of state policy.

Proverbs are important part of linguistics. This article presents information about the current role of proverbs in the field of linguistics, their importance in real life, and the division of proverbs into several types. Proverbs have an indispensable place in the life and culture of the people, and in this feature the proverbs of each nation differ from others. In this regard, the culture, lifestyle, customs and traditions of this people are vividly reflected in proverbs. In this regard, the study of proverbs is of great importance.

Technology is a combination of the Greek words techno (art, craft, science) and logos (concept, teaching).
With the help of technologies, intellectual information is translated into the language of practical solutions. Technology is both a method of activity and human participation in that activity.
Modern technologies in education are considered a means of implementing the new educational paradigm. Trends in the development of educational technologies are directly related to the humanization of education, which helps individuals understand and become aware of themselves.
The term "educational technologies" offers more potential than "teaching technologies" as it also encompasses the educational aspect related to shaping and developing students’ personal qualities.

The evolution of artistic space and worldview in society has given rise to new cultural trends, expressed through novel compositional methods, expressive means, and techniques—playing a significant role in the development of fine arts.

This article discusses the purpose of studying the subject of painting: to ensure that future teachers of fine arts deeply master the theory and practical skills of painting, develop their creative abilities, and understand the indispensable role of easel painting in their artistic observations and research processes, particularly in the creation of sketches and large-scale artworks. It emphasizes how the knowledge and competencies acquired in painting support these efforts.

This article  discusses how CLT/Communicative English Language can be used in English classes in Uzbekistan.Although our government is trying  to make some educational reforms ,many schools still use old grammar-based teaching methods.This article explains the main ideas of CLT and also shows how it can be used in current teaching practices.It also gives further information about the disadvantages and advantages of this method  in using Uzbek classrooms.In the end ,the article suggests  using CLT can help students to improve their not only  language skills,b also their communication skills in English

This article explores the role of mobile applications in the integrative development of speaking competence among EFL learners, particularly future English teachers. As mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) continues to gain traction, integrating mobile apps into language instruction offers new opportunities for fostering communicative competence, fluency, and learner autonomy. The study analyzes how selected speaking-focused apps (e.g., ELSA Speak, Speakly, Mondly) support oral language development through real-time feedback, pronunciation modeling, and interactive tasks. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, the research evaluates the linguistic and motivational outcomes of integrating mobile apps into a speaking-focused curriculum. Findings reveal that app-based learning enhances pronunciation, confidence, and speaking fluency when combined with classroom instruction. Additionally, students report higher motivation and engagement due to the flexibility and personalization these apps provide. The article concludes by recommending pedagogical strategies for the effective integration of mobile apps into EFL programs, emphasizing the need for blended learning environments that merge digital tools with communicative methodologies.

This article investigates the impact of interdisciplinary learning on the development of speaking proficiency among English pedagogy students. With an increasing emphasis on communicative competence in teacher education, integrating knowledge from various academic disciplines such as literature, history, psychology, and environmental studies has emerged as a powerful strategy for contextualized and meaningful language use. The study explores how interdisciplinary content enriches classroom discourse, enhances topic-based vocabulary acquisition, and stimulates critical thinking, which collectively improve students’ oral expression and argumentation skills. Using a mixed-methods approach, including classroom observations, pre- and post-assessment of speaking tasks, and student interviews, the article reveals that exposure to diverse academic content fosters deeper engagement and communicative fluency. The findings suggest that interdisciplinary integration not only supports linguistic development but also nurtures academic and professional skills vital for future English teachers. The study recommends curriculum innovations that embrace content-based instruction and transdisciplinary themes to foster sustainable improvement in oral competence.

This article explores the cognitive characteristics of orthonyms, focusing on their role in language comprehension and processing. Orthonyms, words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings, present unique challenges and opportunities in cognitive linguistics. The study analyzes how the human mind distinguishes and interprets these words in various contexts, contributing to a deeper understanding of semantic ambiguity and mental lexicon organization. The findings have implications for language teaching, translation, and artificial intelligence applications.

This article examines written sources related to the mining and metallurgical industries in the territory of Uzbekistan during ancient and medieval times. In particular, it explores information from the first written source on the history of Central Asia — the Avesta — as well as data from the works of medieval historians such as al-Tabari and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni. The article discusses the earliest metal coins, precious stones, and trade routes that facilitated the exchange of goods and culture.

The article discusses methods for assessing harmful dusts generated during industrial activities and suggests ways to improve them. Harmful dusts can have a serious negative impact on the health of workers and the environment, so the importance of their accurate assessment and control cannot be underestimated. The main types of dusts, including physical, chemical and biological, and their impact on health are described. Existing methods for assessing harmful dusts, such as the gravimetric method, risk assessment, toxicological studies and biological monitoring, are considered. The article also suggests innovative approaches to improving assessment methods, including the introduction of real-time monitoring, automation of analysis, multivariate measurements and preventive measures to reduce dust generation. It is expected that the implementation of these methods will improve workplace safety and reduce risks to worker health.

The increasing dominance of English as the global lingua franca of science, technology, and higher education has had a profound influence on the development of scientific vocabulary in many languages, including Uzbek. In the post-Soviet linguistic landscape of Uzbekistan, where Russian previously held a central role in academic discourse, English has rapidly become a primary source of new terminology, especially in disciplines such as information and communication technologies, medicine, engineering, and economics. This lexical shift is driven by globalization, digitalization, and the internationalization of higher education.

This paper investigates the scope, nature, and implications of English-derived scientific terminology in the Uzbek language. It examines the mechanisms through which English words enter the lexicon—whether directly borrowed, phonetically adapted, semantically modified, or translated—and how these terms are integrated morphologically and functionally into Uzbek sentence structure. Drawing on corpus-based analysis, institutional terminology records, and field data from academic environments, the study analyzes the usage patterns and sociolinguistic perceptions surrounding these borrowings.

The findings demonstrate that while English borrowings enrich the Uzbek scientific vocabulary by filling lexical gaps and enabling cross-border communication, they also present challenges related to terminological standardization, linguistic purity, and intergenerational language divergence. Moreover, the lack of consistent institutional policy on terminology development often results in unregulated borrowing and hybrid usage, particularly in media, education, and technology.

Ultimately, this study argues that the influence of English on Uzbek scientific language is both inevitable and potentially constructive—provided that it is guided by thoughtful language planning, inclusive educational strategies, and a balanced respect for native linguistic structures. The article contributes to the broader discussion on language contact, identity, and modernization in post-colonial and multilingual societies.

Assertive speech acts are an essential component of human communication, serving as one of the key means by which individuals convey information, beliefs, and opinions. This article investigates the linguistic and cognitive dimensions of assertive speech acts, focusing on their role in communication, their structure, and how they influence interactional dynamics. By examining these elements, we aim to shed light on the cognitive processes underlying assertive speech acts and the linguistic mechanisms employed in their production and comprehension.

 This article discusses the use of slangs in English and Uzbek languages, particularly in the context of social media and journalism. The research highlights how informal language reflects cultural trends, social changes, and communicative practices of modern society. The study also compares the dynamics of slang usage in both languages and its impact on media discourse.

This аrticle аnаlyzes effective mаrketing strаtegies for developing the аctivities of culturаl аnd аrt institutions in а competitive, sustаinаble аnd innovаtive direction.

The article highlights the ways in which the youth health sector can stimulate innovation, shape consumer experience, and influence the overall business landscape, and makes suggestions for new approaches.

This article discusses the methods of implementing a marketing strategy for the development of services and services in the services market.

The rapid development of the hospitality industry in the context of globalization and technological advancement necessitates the implementation of modern management systems in hotel and restaurant enterprises. This article explores organizational-strategic approaches that enhance operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and competitive advantage. It highlights the integration of digital tools, strategic planning, quality management, and human resource development as essential elements in building adaptive and sustainable management systems. Special emphasis is placed on innovation, leadership, and customer-oriented strategies as driving forces of long-term success in the hotel and restaurant sector.

The article theoretically explores the types of business models based on business criteria, the necessity of transitioning from a "production-oriented" business model to a "customer-oriented" business model, characteristics of business models, and the issues of transforming initial data into economic outcomes.

The article presents the main directions for automating document flow in enterprises, ensuring the joint work of all departments, improving the quality of customer service, and effectively using human, communication, investment and other service resources.

This article analyzes the role of the teacher in the modern educational process, his professional functions and impact on the quality and effectiveness of education. Also, information is provided about various pedagogical approaches - traditional, interactive, constructivist, competency-based approaches, and their role in educational effectiveness is revealed. The article considers the teacher's ability to use modern knowledge, information and communication technologies and innovative methods as an important factor determining the quality of education.

This article analyzes the current state and future prospects of legal regulation of Big Data in e-commerce in Uzbekistan, emphasizing personal data protection, electronic commerce operations, and competition law. Recent legal reforms, particularly the Law “On Personal Data” (№. LRU-547, 2019), the Law “On Electronic Commerce” (№. LRU-792, 2022), and the Law “On Competition” (№. LRU-850, 2023), have established a comprehensive framework addressing data localization, electronic contracts, and anti-competitive practices. The analysis highlights practical challenges, including strict data localization rules and regulatory enforcement difficulties. The article offers recommendations for improving regulatory clarity, enhancing institutional capabilities, and aligning Uzbekistan’s legislation more closely with international standards.

This article analyzes the importance, purpose, and effective ways of fostering a communication culture among students during elementary education. Communication culture is not only about correctly using verbal and written speech, but also encompasses essential social competencies such as respect, active listening, and the ability to express opinions civilly. The study examines the opportunities to gradually develop communication culture through subjects like native language, reading, life skills, and moral education within elementary school lessons. It emphasizes that interactive methods, small group work, role-playing, and discussion-based tasks contribute to students' social and personal development. The article also includes practical recommendations and sample lesson plans, serving as methodological support for teachers.

This article explores the dynamics of management change within organizations undergoing digital transformation. As digital technologies rapidly reshape industries, businesses are compelled to rethink traditional management models, structures, and leadership approaches. The study examines how digital transformation acts as both a catalyst and a challenge for change management, requiring greater agility, innovation, and employee engagement. Through a combination of literature analysis and case study insights, the article highlights the critical success factors for managing change effectively, such as digital leadership, cultural adaptability, and strategic communication. The findings suggest that organizations that embrace proactive change management during digital transformation are more likely to achieve long-term competitiveness, operational efficiency, and workforce resilience.

This article addresses the primary challenges encountered when translating English medical terms into Uzbek, the methods and approaches used in their translation, as well as a stylistic and semantic analysis of linguistic units within the framework of the "foot" concept. It deeply analyzes translation issues based on conceptual analysis, translation theories, lexical, and functional-stylistic approaches. Neurological abbreviations and their Uzbek translations, along with issues of terminological standardization, are also examined. The findings are beneficial for translators, medical professionals, and linguists.

This article examines modern pedagogical technologies for developing creative abilities in children through the process of learning to play musical instruments. Emphasis is placed on the integration of interactive and creative methods in music lessons, particularly for primary and secondary school students. It analyzes the role of improvisation, composition, and digital tools in enhancing musical thinking, emotional expressiveness, and motivation. The study highlights how creative approaches not only improve musical proficiency but also nurture a student’s personality, fostering problem-solving skills and artistic imagination. Empirical data collected from music classes is used to evaluate the effectiveness of creative music instruction.

 this article describes specific systems of pedagogical ability, communicative skills of the teacher and methods of communicative influence, communicative ability, ways of developing the communicative ability of the teacher. 

This article analyzes the importance and effectiveness of interactive learning methods in developing students' oral speech skills. Interactive methods are pedagogical techniques aimed at activating students, forming their independent thinking, and improving their speech culture. The article demonstrates the influence of interactive methods such as group discussions, role-playing games, presentations, and communication exercises on speech development. At the same time, these methods help make the learning process interesting and effective, stimulate mutual communication between students, and increase their ability to express their thoughts clearly and fluently.

This thesis analyzes modern methods used in teaching foreign languages to young children. It explores age-specific characteristics, motivation for learning, and effective approaches such as Total Physical Response, the communicative method, storytelling, songs, and the use of technology. Moreover, the role of modern technologies including mobile applications, online platforms, and virtual reality in the educational process is discussed. The research shows that foreign language teaching can be highly effective when interactive and engaging methods tailored to children are employed.

The professional development of English language teachers has gained growing attention as a vital component in improving language education quality worldwide. This paper explores contemporary trends in teacher development, identifies the key challenges educators face, and highlights the opportunities available for enhancing professional competencies. Drawing on both theoretical insights and practical examples, the study emphasizes the importance of ongoing training, reflective teaching practices, and institutional support. The findings suggest that comprehensive and contextually relevant professional development initiatives can significantly enhance teacher performance and student outcomes.

In modern society, issues of gender sensitivity are becoming increasingly relevant in education, linguistics, and intercultural communication. Particular attention should be given to approaches to teaching and translating gender-related vocabulary, considering cultural, social, and linguistic contexts. This article aims to investigate the characteristics of gender-marked vocabulary, the challenges of translating it, and to propose methodological recommendations for foreign language teachers and professional translators.

This article discusses the role of inclusive pedagogy in the preschool education system, the pedagogical methods and psychological approaches used. Inclusive education is aimed at ensuring that all children receive quality education on the basis of equal opportunities, and is especially important for children with disabilities, developmental delays, or specific needs. Pedagogical methods are selected based on an individual approach, game-based learning, group work, and multisensory methods. The psychological approach aims to create a comfortable and supportive environment for the child, taking into account their emotional state, social adaptation, and self-awareness. The article also compares the experiences of Uzbekistan and Finland and analyzes how the principles of inclusivity are implemented in both systems.

This article examines the technological and ecological importance of production of building materials from industrial waste. Creating cheap, durable and environmentally friendly building materials by processing industrial waste (ash, slag, plastic and metal waste) is one of the important directions. The article discusses construction products such as fly ash concrete, slag bricks, and polymer-based materials from plastic waste obtained from industrial waste. Also, issues of improving the quality of materials obtained from industrial waste through innovative technologies such as nanotechnology, biocomposites, and 3D-printing were considered. This process is described as one of the effective methods of saving natural resources, ensuring environmental sustainability and reducing industrial waste.

This article outlines the main stages of designing a spatial geodetic network during the construction of a multi-storey residential building, methodological approaches, and the accuracy requirements for geodetic measurements. It presents geodetic measurement methods, software tools, and key aspects of the design process, illustrated through practical examples.

Language serves as a mirror of a nation’s spiritual world and is an integral part of its culture. Idiomatic expressions used in literary language encapsulate the worldview, historical experience, and aesthetic values of a people. Many idioms in Uzbek literature carry unique meanings and imagery, which present significant challenges in translation into English. This article analyzes the English equivalents of commonly used Uzbek idioms, focusing on their semantic accuracy and stylistic features.

This article presents information on methods of localization and improvement of the process of production of agricultural products, namely pumpkin puree. At the same time the method of process acceleration by changing the structure of pumpkin crushing device is given.

 This аrticle аnаlyzes the methоds оf оbtаining wаter-sоluble cоmplexes оf the substаnce rаgоsin, their physicоchemicаl prоperties аnd аpplicаtiоns. The results оf the study mаke it pоssible tо increаse the biоlоgicаl аctivity оf rаgоsin by increаsing its sоlubility. Аlsо, the stаbility оf cоmplex derivаtives аnd their stаte in аqueоus envirоnments hаve been determined using spectrоscоpic methоds. 

This article discusses the main insect species that damage grain crops grown in Uzbekistan , their biological characteristics, distribution areas, stages of damage, and methods of their control. In particular, scientifically based information is provided on thrips, grain borers, grain borers, and other dangerous species that threaten wheat and barley crops. The importance of integrated approaches to pest control, including biological and agrotechnical measures, is emphasized.

This in the article useful insects biological and ecological characteristics , their village on the farm importance , living environment and natural to enemies against natural under control role lit. Basically​ pollinators ( e.g. bees ) , biopesticides against natural enemies ( parasites) and predators ) and nutritional on the chain place about scientific information analysis Also , their​​ population protection to do and multiplication measures , human activity under the influence to the surface coming also see the dangers released .

The market of insurance services is a set of economic relations related to the sale of insurance services. Insurers, reinsurers, insurance brokers, and agents are professional participants in the insurance services market.

This study explores the effectiveness of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in improving speaking skills among Uzbek university EFL students. A quasi-experimental design was implemented, comparing a TBLT-based instruction group to a traditional grammar-based group over 8 weeks. Quantitative results demonstrated significant gains in speaking proficiency in the TBLT group, supported by qualitative data indicating enhanced learner motivation and reduced anxiety. The study recommends wider adoption of TBLT in EFL curricula to foster communicative competence.

The article discusses the place of the digital economy in the formation of new types of specialization, as well as new jobs.

Translation plays a huge role in the cultural development of humanity. Thanks to translation, the population of one country becomes acquainted with the life, way of life, history, literature, and scientific achievements of other countries. Translation makes information accessible and unites people. Translation is a new edition of the existing text. Translation theory is considered one of the important disciplines, therefore many studies have been conducted and are still being conducted to solve the problems encountered in translation. Among them are the scientific works of Uzbek translators G.Salomov, I.Gafurov, O.Muminov, N.Kambarov, G.Rakhimov, Russian and English scientists  Z.G.Proshina, N.N.Bobyreva, N.K. Yashina, J.C.Catford, Peter Newmark.

The article examines the essence of transnational organized crime as one of the most dangerous phenomena of the modern globalized world. The author analyzes the characteristic features, forms and methods of activity of transnational criminal organizations, their impact on the economic, political and social stability of states. Special attention is paid to the reasons for the stability of such structures and international counteraction mechanisms. The article substantiates the need to develop a coordinated international approach to combating transnational crime, as well as to strengthen legal and institutional measures at the national and global levels.

This article, on the example of the work "People Walking on the Moon" by Togay Murod, provides an analytical approach to the artistic expression of the national spirit, values, traditions, moral and normative views of the Uzbek people through language. The naturalness of the language of the work, folk expressions and the tone of oral speech serve to awaken the national consciousness. The article presents analytical considerations on the educational, aesthetic and ideological function of the national literary language.

A thorough, comprehensive analysis of Leverage across firms, financial institutions, and national economies is seen in this article, and it emphasizes its strategic significance in promoting financial performance and economic growth. Theoretical frameworks and empirical research are drawn on in this study, and the function of leverage as a financial tool is examined, investigating each level of inherent risk, and highlighting across sectors due to regulatory environments and capital structure macroeconomic conditions, how leverage ratios may greatly vary. According to case studies, ratio-based analysis, and real-world information, this research illustrates that while mitigating systematic vulnerabilities how efficient leverage management can enhance growth. Moreover, in optimizing leverage usage for financial decision makers, the article demonstrates practical insights and policy recommendations to guide, thus preventing the recurring pitfalls monitored in past financial collapses. By combining economic theory with quantitative data, the exploration contains significant contributions for scholars, investors, policymakers, and overall users seeking a sustainable and balanced approach to leverage.

The humor and satire presented in this article are not only about creating laughter, but also serve to rejuvenate a person. It is about the need to pay special attention to such laughter, which is innocent, makes people kind to each other, consequential and friendly.

This article discusses the crucial role of vitamins in maintaining and enhancing human health. It highlights the functions of essential vitamins, the consequences of their deficiency, and the modern challenges related to vitamin intake in contemporary lifestyles. Emphasis is placed on scientific understanding and public health implications of ensuring balanced vitamin consumption for physical and cognitive well-being.

This article is called some comments on new approaches to the syntactic analysis of the sentence and aims to highlight the specific features of the traditional and modern methods of analysis of the linguistic units involved in the structure of the sentence. The opinions of a number of international and Uzbek linguists on the analysis of sentence fragments are also presented.

 This article discusses the growing importance of cybersecurity in the era of digital development. It analyzes major threats in cyberspace such as fraud, phishing, ransomware, and data theft, and outlines preventive measures. The article highlights Uzbekistan’s position and progress in international cybersecurity rankings, provides statistical insights, and suggests measures for further improvement. The necessity of legal regulation and the development of a national cybersecurity strategy is emphasized.

Heart failure is a condition where our heart can’t pump enough heart  blood to meet the body demand. It is also called congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy which represents the weakness of heart muscle . When heart is unable to pump effectively it’s called systolic heart failure or unable to fill properly called diastolic heart failure. In both of the cases blood output is reduced . Ejection fraction in systolic heart failure is reduced and in diastolic heart failure it is preserved . Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome with signs and symptoms that result from any structural and functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood . It’s a growing health and economic burden for the united state . In 2017 , there were 1.2 million heart failure hospitalization in the US among ~1 million patient with diagnosis of heart failure.This shows that a 26% increase in the heart failure hospitalizations from 2013 to 2017 . From 2000 - 2013 the rise was not this much high but lately it has been growing every year so thats why it’s a topic of growing concern and manage it appropriately.Pathophysiology of heart failure involves a vicious cycle in which reduced cardiac output as a compensatory response activates RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system) pathway and Sympathetic system, these system’s causes vasoconstriction,increases heart rate and blood pressure makes even harder for heart to pump , increased aldosterone level also promotes ventricular remodeling, myocardial scarring and vascular injury, hence worsening the disesase. Also on the other hand Natriuretic peptide system is also activated to protect heart which promotes vasodilation, Sodium/water excretion and inhibit cardiac remodelling. So most of the drugs used in heart failure therapy aim to inhibit RAAS Pathway and sympathetic system or /and promotes Natriuretic system. Other drugs increase ventricular contractility or reduce retention which is a major symptom of heart failure.

today, innovative approaches are needed to make the educational process more interactive and effective. The article analyzes methods of teaching English through modern pedagogical technologies, including multimedia tools, online platforms and mobile applications. Modern technologies help to increase students' ability to self-study, expand opportunities for practical use of the language, and facilitate the educational process for teachers.

This article explores how existentialist philosophy shaped English literature in the 20th century. It highlights the integration of themes such as freedom, absurdity, alienation, and identity into literary expression. The works of authors like Samuel Beckett, Iris Murdoch, and Virginia Woolf are examined as case studies to demonstrate how existentialism provided a framework for exploring human experience. Drawing on the ideas of Kierkegaard, Sartre, and Camus, the paper argues that literature served as a powerful platform for existential inquiry in a rapidly changing world.

This article explores the significance of the effective organization of credit operations in commercial banks and addresses the methodological issues essential for ensuring their successful and sustainable functioning. It also examines the management of credit risks, the proper structuring of the lending process, and methods for improving its efficiency. In addition, the article provides conclusions and recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of credit operations within commercial banks.

This article explores the theoretical foundations of accounting and analysis in small enterprises. It highlights the significance of accounting and analysis in economic management, as well as their functions and methodologies. Additionally, the paper discusses the peculiarities and challenges of accounting practices in small business entities.

This article presents an overview and systematization of key approaches and techniques in linguistic research, drawing on the analysis of seminal Soviet works in general linguistics. The contributions of scholars such as B. A. Serebrennikov, Yu. S. Stepanov, V. I. Kodukhov, and Z. K. Tarlanov serve as the foundation for tracing the evolution of methodological classification. The study highlights fundamental methodological principles, with special attention given to the role of dialectical materialism as a philosophical cornerstone. The interconnection between specific analytical methods and the overarching methodology of science is also explored.

This article investigates the multifaceted portrayal of women in the poetry of prominent Uzbek poet Muhammad Yusuf, with a particular focus on his acclaimed poem "Uzbek Women." Through a qualitative analysis of the poem's thematic elements, imagery, and linguistic choices, this study aims to uncover the various roles, virtues, and societal positions ascribed to Uzbek women within Yusuf's poetic universe. The research delves into how Yusuf's work reflects traditional values, national identity, and the idealized image of women in Uzbek culture, while also exploring potential nuances and complexities in his depiction. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of gender representation in modern Uzbek literature and highlight Yusuf's significant role in shaping the literary discourse around Uzbek womanhood.

The article considers the ethnolect 'Kiezdeutsch' – the slang spoken in the multiethnic areas of large German cities – and raises the question of its potentially negative impact on the literary standard of the German language. After considering the main linguistic and stylistic features of slang and analysing how it functions, the author concludes that Kiezdeutsch currently occupies a marginal position within the German language and does not significantly affect literary language.

The increasing global demand for English language proficiency has influenced many countries to incorporate English teaching into early childhood education. This paper explores the use of modern teaching methods in teaching English to pre-school learners (ages 3–6). It provides an in-depth analysis of contemporary pedagogical approaches, including play-based learning, storytelling, Total Physical Response (TPR), technology-enhanced instruction, and multisensory techniques. Through literature review, classroom observation, and teacher interviews, this study highlights the benefits, challenges, and practical applications of these methods. The findings confirm that modern methods, when developmentally appropriate and learner-centered, can significantly enhance young children’s English language learning experience.

this article explores cultural and ideological factors influencing the formation, usage, and interpretation of gendered language in various linguistic cultures. Particular attention is paid to comparing Western and Eastern linguistic practices, as well as ideological models that shape word choice in communication and education.

The article deals with the issue of the formation of toponyms located in the territory of the Chimboy district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. To shed light on the topic, it was revealed that in the formation of toponyms, there is a method of borrowing from other languages in the formation of new names. A description is given to toponyms formed from human names.

Sustainable agriculture is a critical component of long-term food security and environmental conservation. This article examines how sustainable farming practices can contribute to the stability of food systems by improving soil health, increasing productivity, reducing reliance on chemical inputs, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. The study highlights key strategies such as crop diversification, organic farming, agroforestry, and water conservation techniques.

This article analyzes the mechanisms for enhancing the transmission of monetary policy in Uzbekistan. It examines the Central Bank’s reforms—particularly interest rate policy, development of the interbank market, and the adoption of inflation targeting - as critical tools to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy on economic dynamics. Drawing on statistical data, the paper explores existing challenges and proposes strategic directions to strengthen monetary instruments and foster sustainable economic growth.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the energy sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of the transition to a green economy. A review of scientific research on the topic of sustainable development is presented, and macroeconomic trends in the country’s energy sector for the period 2016–2023 are examined, including the growth of electricity production, investments in infrastructure, and the development of renewable energy sources. Particular attention is paid to achievements in diversifying the energy balance, reducing the carbon intensity of the economy, and expanding private sector participation in the energy sector. The obtained results make it possible to conclude that there is a positive dynamic in Uzbekistan’s transition toward a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system.

The Syrdarya region of Uzbekistan holds significant potential for economic growth, driven by its geographic location, human capital, and emerging infrastructure. However, institutional inefficiencies remain a critical barrier to attracting sustainable investment. This paper analyzes the current state of the institutional environment in the Syrdarya region, identifies key challenges facing investors, and offers evidence-based recommendations for policy reform. Using a combination of qualitative interviews with regional stakeholders and secondary data analysis, the study reveals that improving governance transparency, reducing bureaucratic red tape, and enhancing legal certainty are essential for fostering a more favorable investment climate. Comparative insights from other regions and countries are also used to contextualize the findings. The paper concludes with a roadmap for institutional reform to unlock the region’s investment potential.

This study examines the crucial role of institutional and organizational-economic factors in ensuring sustainable and effective economic growth. It explores how well-functioning institutions, good governance, regulatory quality, and efficient organizational structures contribute to economic performance. Special attention is given to the impact of institutional reforms, public sector efficiency, and private sector development on long-term growth. The paper also analyzes international experiences and provides policy recommendations for strengthening institutional frameworks to support inclusive and green economic development, with particular relevance to developing and transition economies.

Digital transformation (DT) is fundamentally reshaping the telecommunications industry by introducing new business models, services, and infrastructure paradigms. This paper explores the scope, drivers, and outcomes of DT within telecom through a mixed-methods study incorporating case analyses, industry data, and expert interviews. Results show that technologies like 5G, AI, and cloud computing are at the forefront of enabling telecom innovation. DT improves network performance, enhances customer experience, and drives revenue diversification. However, it also presents challenges such as legacy systems, skills gaps, and regulatory constraints. The paper concludes by outlining strategic recommendations for telecom operators aiming to thrive in the digital era.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the psychological mechanisms behind the development of concentration in university students. Core aspects such as attention stability, distractibility, acuity, and dynamics are examined as central variables. Attention-enhancing training methods, psychocorrectional approaches, technological tools, and motivational influences are evaluated through psychological experimentation. The findings emphasize the significance of individualized strategies and consistent practice in fostering student concentration.

Machining processes, including turning, milling, and grinding, are vital to modern manufacturing, ensuring precision and adaptability in producing high-quality components. However, traditional teaching methods often fail to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical skills, limiting students' understanding and engagement. This study investigates the impact of interactive and gamified learning tools on enhancing students' comprehension of machining processes in a mechanical engineering course.  Using a mixed-methods research design, the study assessed the outcomes of innovative pedagogical strategies, including project-based learning, flipped classrooms, and virtual simulation labs, compared to traditional lecture-based instruction. A quasi-experimental approach with pre-test and post-test assessments was conducted on 150 undergraduate students, divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group utilized interactive tools and real-world case studies, while the control group followed conventional methods.  

Findings revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge acquisition, engagement, and satisfaction compared to the control group. Gamified and interactive tools effectively bridged theoretical-practical gaps, fostering deeper cognitive, emotional, and behavioral involvement in the learning process. These results underscore the potential of active learning methodologies to enhance educational outcomes in machining processes, preparing students to meet the demands of advanced manufacturing industries. The study highlights the need for integrating innovative tools into engineering curricula to foster a balanced and comprehensive understanding of machining principles. 

This article explores the formation of a system of mathematical terms, their systematic classification, semantic relations, and didactic significance from a scientific and theoretical perspective. Within the principle of systemicity, the structural features of mathematical terminology, linguistic and cultural factors, and interdisciplinary integration aspects are analyzed. Moreover, proposals are developed to improve the effectiveness of the terminological system in modern mathematics education. This study contributes to ongoing research in mathematical terminology from both linguistic and methodological perspectives.

This study investigates the impact of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) on the development of speaking skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners at the secondary school level. TBLT emphasizes meaningful communication through real-life tasks rather than isolated language exercises. A four-week intervention was conducted with 40 EFL students divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received instruction through TBLT activities, while the control group followed traditional grammar-based instruction. Pre- and post-tests assessed speaking performance, focusing on fluency, accuracy, and lexical resource. The results revealed that the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement in speaking fluency and vocabulary use. The study supports the use of TBLT as an effective methodology to enhance oral communication in EFL settings.

 This article explores the role of linguistic competence in the context of intensive English language teaching. It examines how a learner's mastery of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics contributes to language proficiency in a high-intensity learning environment. The study discusses strategies for enhancing linguistic competence, including focused grammar instruction, pronunciation training, and communicative activities. The findings highlight the importance of integrating all components of linguistic competence to ensure effective and accelerated language acquisition in intensive programs.

This study investigates the adsorption properties of activated carbon derived from fruit pit waste, specifically walnut, apricot, and peach pits. Activation was conducted at 800–850°C using both thermal and thermochemical methods, including steam treatment and chemical agents such as 10% ZnCl₂ and H₂SO₄ solutions. Benzene vapor was used as the adsorbate to evaluate the adsorption efficiency of the produced carbon adsorbents. Key parameters such as monolayer capacity (αₘ), saturation volume (Vs), specific surface area (S), micropore volume (W₀), and mesopore volume (Wme) were calculated using BET theory and micropore volume filling equations.

The results revealed that thermochemical activation significantly enhances the structural and adsorption characteristics compared to thermal activation. For instance, FC-WP-136 showed a 3.2-fold increase in pore volume under thermochemical conditions, with surface area reaching up to 1397.11 m²/g. Adsorption isotherms were classified as Type I, indicating microporous structures with high initial benzene uptake. The average pore radius was found to decrease with increased microporosity.

These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing agricultural waste as a raw material for producing high-performance, selective carbon adsorbents. The study supports the development of cost-effective, import-substituting technologies for environmental purification and industrial applications.

This article explores the role of pragmatics in radio discourse, focusing on how contextual factors influence meaning, interpretation, and communicative effectiveness in spoken media. Drawing upon theories of speech acts, implicature, politeness, and discourse analysis, the study analyzes the unique features of radio as a medium where communication relies heavily on voice, tone, and inferred meaning rather than visual cues. Examples from various radio programs are examined to illustrate how pragmatic strategies are employed to manage audience engagement, express attitudes, and construct social relationships. The research highlights the importance of understanding pragmatics for enhancing media literacy and improving communicative competence in audio-based platforms.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the quality indicators of flour used in croissant production, the research methodology employed, and the laboratory test results of two different flour samples. Among the samples analyzed, one was found to be suitable for croissant preparation, while the other negatively affected the dough structure, leading to issues such as loss of shape, poor lamination, and reduced baking quality.

The study focuses on key quality parameters of flour—including moisture content, gluten percentage, gluten quality (measured by the IDK index), and enzymatic activity—and examines how these factors influence the elasticity, stability, and lamination properties of the dough. The analysis also includes visual comparisons of the baked croissants made from both samples, highlighting structural differences such as porosity, crumb texture, and layer definition.

The results demonstrate that optimal flour characteristics are crucial for achieving light, airy, and well-laminated croissants. The article concludes that not only the quantity of gluten but also its quality plays a vital role in forming a dough that can withstand the stress of lamination and proofing while maintaining structural integrity during baking..

This article explores the semantic shifts that occur in loan translations of English scientific terms into Uzbek and Russian. It investigates how borrowed terminology undergoes changes in meaning, usage, and contextual interpretation within the target scientific discourses. The study focuses on a comparative analysis of selected terms from the fields of information technology, economics, and education, highlighting semantic narrowing, broadening, and modulation. Through corpus-based data and contextual examples, the paper reveals how linguistic and cultural factors contribute to these shifts, potentially affecting comprehension and academic communication. The findings underscore the importance of consistent terminological adaptation to maintain clarity and coherence in scientific texts.

This article explores the theoretical foundations and pedagogical implications of using authentic materials in English language classrooms. It begins by defining authentic materials and highlighting their value in creating real-world communicative contexts that enhance learners’ language competence. The discussion covers essential criteria for selecting appropriate materials, methods of adapting them to suit learners’ proficiency levels, and strategies for maximizing their effectiveness in instruction. The study emphasizes how authentic materials contribute to the integrated development of listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills. Furthermore, the article provides practical recommendations and innovative approaches for incorporating authentic content into various teaching scenarios to promote student-centered, engaging, and meaningful learning experiences.

As a result of the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the number of products (texts, images, inventions, etc.) created using SI is increasing. In traditional legal systems, there are uncertainties about copyright and the legal status of such products. This article proposes a model of integrated conditional legal protection (IShHH) in order to strengthen the legal protection of products created by Si. The model, based on the principles of ”conditional legal status“ and ”creative management", assumes the division of SI products according to the degree of human participation into auxiliary, semi-autonomous and fully autonomous types. For each type, the appropriate legal status is proportionally determined and innovative legal protection mechanisms are introduced through the institute of “creative curator”, a special registry, as well as arbitration mechanisms.

In the section "The Book of Marriage" of "Fatavoi Khodjandi", the issues related to the conditions of marriage, its legal implications, and the circumstances under which a marriage may be annulled are discussed. This section provides a detailed analysis of the necessary conditions for marriage, the legal relations between husband and wife, the preservation and modification of the marriage, as well as matters related to divorce (talaq). Additionally, the section includes legal decisions and fatwas that help understand family relations. The significance of the "Book of Marriage" in the context of Islamic law, its uniqueness, and the Hanafi madhhab's approach are explored. This scholarly work analyzes the key issues in the "Book of Marriage" section and their practical relevance.

This article analyzes the role and functional significance of metonymy in scientific discourse. Metonymy is a language tool based on expressing a concept or object through another name that is close to or related to it. In scientific texts, this stylistic device serves to express thoughts concisely and clearly, to convey scientific thinking and concepts in a simple form. With the help of metonymy, the author expresses objects, institutions, means, or scientific processes through their sign, result, or location. This semantically enriches scientific communication and strengthens the cognitive approach. The article analyzes the forms of use of metonymic units based on examples of scientific speech in the Uzbek language and highlights their stylistic and pragmatic features.

In this article, the interconnection between nature and humans, the impact of humans on nature, and the necessity of protecting the environment are discussed. The article examines environmental problems and the influence of human activity on the environment, emphasizing the importance of sustainable development and environmental conservation. In addition, the article expresses thoughts on living in harmony with nature and its role in improving the quality of human life.

This article analyzes the concept of the cultural studies approach and its role in the education system, its educational, moral, social and ideological significance, especially its role in the formation of national and spiritual values ​​​​in young people. It also provides analytical information on the integration of cultural studies elements in modern educational policy, their compatibility with national education, intercultural dialogue, and innovative pedagogical approaches. The approach and interdisciplinary integration of cultural studies in primary education, its role in the formation of national and universal values ​​​​in the younger generation are highlighted.

The characteristics of modality in literary text is being observed in the following article. The aim of the research is to determine specific peculiarities of modality as it shows the attitude of writer to the situation and modal markers, types of modal meanings and its usage in context. The types of modality are overviewed with the help of analytical and descriptive methods by analysis of the novel “David Copperfield” by Ch. Dickens. The results of the analysis indicate that modality can be expressed with different modal markers like: modal verbs, adjectives while author describes the action or hero, stylistic devices, with hidden or direct definitions. All in all, the usage of the types of modality: subjective and objective, explicit and implicit, epistemic, dynamic and others are explored deeply in given context.

This article explores ideologically and artistically the verses of the poet Asqar Mahkam, who evokes the heart and conscience with the products of creativity, the ground where he was born and grew up, the village, permeated with the tones of nostalgia.

This article will consider the current state of music and vocal lessons in Uzbek school education, their impact on students, existing problems and ways of development. Through practical experiments, pedagogical approaches and advanced methods, the possibilities of modernizing music education are analyzed. It also reflects on the role of vocal training in the speech, emotional and creative development of children.

This article explores the artistic integration of folklore traditions in modern Uzbek prose, focusing on mythopoetic motifs in Omon Muxtor’s novel Aflotun. Drawing from Uzbek oral literature–such as fairy tales, legends, and myths – the novel constructs a symbolic narrative grounded in national spirituality. The motif of descending into a well, commonly found in both local folklore and Islamic legends, is analyzed as a metaphoric passage between the material and spiritual worlds. The study examines how folkloric images, linguistic expressions, and epic exaggerations serve both poetic and philosophical functions in the novel. Ultimately, the article argues that Aflotun represents a unique synthesis of ancient tradition and contemporary literary expression, reaffirming the continuing relevance of myth in shaping national identity and artistic thought.

This article examines the probability of risk occurrence within the banking sector and analyzes their potential impact on the financial performance and stability of banks. A comprehensive approach to risk assessment is proposed, including detailed mechanisms and tools for evaluating various types of risks—such as credit, market, operational, and liquidity risks. Particular attention is given to the development stages of a risk assessment matrix, which serves as a strategic instrument for identifying, categorizing, and prioritizing risks based on their likelihood and potential consequences. Moreover, the study addresses the essential aspects of continuous risk monitoring and control processes, emphasizing the importance of timely detection and effective management to mitigate adverse effects on banking operations. The findings are intended to enhance risk management practices and support the development of more resilient and sustainable banking systems.

In the article The results of the analysis of the transition of plant development stages, growth intensity and productivity depend on the living conditions.

Tourism significantly affects local communities economically, socially, and environmentally. Tourist guides, acting as intermediaries between visitors and locals, observe these impacts firsthand and play a critical role in shaping tourism’s outcomes. This article explores tourism’s positive and negative effects on local populations from the perspective of tourist guides. It highlights guides’ contributions to sustainable tourism, cultural preservation, and community empowerment, while addressing challenges such as cultural commodification and environmental degradation. The paper underscores the importance of guide training and community collaboration to maximize tourism benefits and mitigate adverse effects.

In the era of large-scale reforms being carried out in our country, measures are being taken to radically develop and improve each sphere, to form a system that raises the interests and values of the population to a high level. At the same time, the legal position of arbitration courts, mediation and arbitration courts in the field of alternative dispute resolution is increasingly expanding. In particular, it is very important to eliminate existing problems in arbitration courts and regulate the mechanism of their activities in accordance with world standards. Because arbitration proceedings are a legal institution created to quickly and effectively resolve existing disputes and other similar problems in civil and economic activities. Therefore, today, in our country, in the context of further deepening democratic reforms and the formation of civil society, it is extremely important to widely develop the institution of arbitration courts. This scientific article is devoted to the existing problems in the formation of the composition of the arbitration court in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the need to implement measures to improve their correct formation, the knowledge and skills of arbitration court judges in the field, and to provide proposals and additions to eliminate the existing needs in the legislation. The study provides a detailed analysis of the functions of arbitration courts, the methods and techniques necessary for their development, and the measures taken by the state in this regard.

This study explores at the financial analysis techniques used on insolvent businesses in different countries, using Russia as an example. It finds significant deficiencies in the current regulatory structure put in place by the government. Even though business bankruptcy is uncommon, the economic effects on different stakeholders make a thorough analytical approach to evaluating financial distress necessary. The study highlights the outdated nature of the current financial analysis rules and their inconsistency with modern financial reporting standards. In terms of insolvency, it examines the specifics of examining both accounting and tax reporting. In order to improve decision-making in bankruptcy procedures, the article promotes a more thorough methodology that incorporates dynamic analysis and predictive modeling by assessing coefficient analysis methodologies and the informational potential of tax reporting.

This article analyzes the negative impact of industrial activity, which is one of the main sources of air pollution in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It highlights the harmful substances emitted into the air by large enterprises in the oil and gas, chemical, and metallurgical industries, as well as their dangerous consequences for the environment and health. The most polluted areas, the environmental measures taken by the government, and their effectiveness were also discussed. The article emphasizes the need to maintain an important balance between industrial development and ecological balance.

This article presents an analysis of technologies and technical means for tillage of sloping fields. According to it, technologies and technical means for soil erosion control are presented.

 Folk applied art, particularly embroidery, is an integral part of our national culture. Embroidery is not only a decorative art but also a significant form of cultural heritage that reflects the customs, values, and history of our people. This article provides a scholarly analysis of the origins of embroidery, its role in society, and its adaptation to the modern era.

This study investigates and compares the chemical makeup, degree of mineralization, and concentrations of primary anions and cations (Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, CO₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺) found in surface water (irrigation canals) and groundwater (wells) in the Kogon district of the Bukhara region. Laboratory analyses revealed that both water types exhibit elevated hardness and mineralization levels, making them unsuitable for direct use in drinking and industrial applications. Notably, groundwater demonstrated higher salinity. Prolonged consumption or agricultural use of such water could negatively affect both human health and soil productivity. The paper also provides recommendations for assessing, purifying, and safeguarding the ecological safety of local water sources.

This article presents information about the Sarmishsoy rock petroglyphs—one of the historical monuments left from ancient times in our land, which is one of the cradles of ancient civilization. It also discusses the history of their study.

This article examines the rapidly expanding role of artificial intelligence (AI) in financial management, focusing on how it reshapes corporate finance practices globally and in emerging markets such as Uzbekistan. Through a detailed analysis of AI applications—ranging from risk management to investment strategy—the paper identifies both transformative advantages and inherent challenges. Case studies from international corporations and Uzbekistan’s banking and fintech sectors illustrate AI’s impact on productivity, decision-making, and governance. The article concludes with policy recommendations to ensure sustainable and ethical adoption of AI in corporate finance environments.

This article explores the integration of the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) approach in the education of gifted students within the Finnish school system. The study highlights how Finland’s holistic, inclusive, and creativity-driven model fosters the intellectual and emotional development of high-ability learners. Drawing from classroom practices, curriculum analysis, and teacher interviews, the article examines how Finnish educators use interdisciplinary projects, inquiry-based learning, and art-infused scientific exploration to engage gifted students. The research also investigates the role of teacher autonomy and student-centered learning in adapting STEAM principles to different learning profiles. The article concludes with practical implications for applying STEAM-based strategies in other educational contexts, particularly in countries seeking to modernize gifted education through creative and inclusive pedagogies.

This article explores the dual impact of digitalization on productivity and employment across OECD countries. Using panel data from 2005 to 2022, it analyzes how digital indicators—such as ICT investment, broadband penetration, and digital skills—affect labor productivity and employment rates. The results reveal that digitalization significantly enhances productivity but has a mixed impact on employment. While high digital skills improve labor market outcomes, automation-related ICT investment may reduce demand for certain job categories. The findings highlight the importance of complementary policies, particularly in education and workforce reskilling, to ensure inclusive growth in the digital era.

This article examines the evolution of digital pedagogy as a transformative force in the landscape of 21st-century higher education. As educational systems worldwide pivot towards more flexible, inclusive, and technology-enhanced models, digital pedagogy emerges as a strategic response to modern academic demands. The paper explores theoretical foundations, pedagogical applications, and institutional readiness, with a focus on the Uzbek context. It identifies both opportunities — such as digital inclusion, personalized learning, and global access — and challenges including infrastructural gaps, faculty training, and student engagement. By integrating empirical data, analytical discussion, and visual representations, the study provides a holistic understanding of how digital pedagogy is redefining teaching and learning.

The article examines the linguistic and cultural comparison of the fantasy genre in the works of Ursula Le Guin. Ursula Le Guin’s works are analyzed and compared in terms of changes in the system of images of literary sources. Fantasy, in particular, is characterized by such features as the transfer of internal conflict to the external plane, the shift of emphasis from the personal changes of the characters to their adventures, and the change of the hero‘s journey based on the story.

When analyzing the linguistic and cultural comparison of the fantasy genre, the works intended for a wide audience are distinguished by their closeness to the average fantasy formula, which includes the specific features of this genre.

This article highlights the efforts made in the Qashqadaryo region to preserve and restore historical monuments in the period following Uzbekistan’s independence. It discusses legal and regulatory documents adopted by the state, initiatives taken by local government bodies, as well as collaborative projects with international organizations aimed at restoring, conserving, studying, and promoting historical monuments for tourism. The article also reflects on the restoration of architectural monuments located in Qarshi, Kitob, and Shahrisabz, and their role in cultural and spiritual life. Special attention is given to the involvement of local communities in the preservation process and the importance of educating the younger generation in respect for national heritage. This research contributes to a deeper analysis of the preservation and sustainable development of tangible cultural heritage in Qashqadaryo.

In the conducted research, the effect of the use of stimulators on the cotton yield of SP 1607 cotton variety with different irrigation.

This article investigates synchronization challenges in simultaneous interpretation (SI), emphasizing both global perspectives and Uzbekistan-specific contexts. Synchronization—the temporal alignment between the original speech and its translation—is among the most cognitively demanding aspects of SI. The study explores key cognitive processes such as anticipation, working memory, and executive control, alongside technical and cultural factors influencing synchronization.

Original contributions include the development of the Localized Synchronization Model (LSM), formulated based on a survey of professional interpreters in Uzbekistan and case studies from local and international events. The LSM provides targeted strategies for interpreter training, focusing on anticipation techniques, memory load management, and real-time cultural adaptation. By integrating global research with local fieldwork, this article offers actionable solutions to enhance interpreter performance in Uzbekistan and other multilingual settings.

This article examines effective strategies for reducing logistics costs in farm operations through the lens of real-world practices and technological advancements. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research analyzed three mid-sized farms across different regions to explore context-specific logistics solutions. The study identified key strategies such as transportation route optimization, cooperative storage usage, seasonal inventory planning, and the integration of digital tools.

This study explores innovative approaches to brand promotion employed by developed countries and evaluates the potential for adapting these strategies in the context of Uzbekistan. The findings reveal that successful branding in these nations hinges on the synergy between digital innovation and socio-cultural authenticity. The research further identifies emerging opportunities in Uzbekistan, including a digitally active youth population, growing public-private partnerships, and a rich cultural identity that can be leveraged for nation branding.

This article explores the application of innovative marketing technologies in the tourism industry, focusing on current trends and future prospects. The study is grounded in a qualitative analysis of recent academic publications and case studies, examining tools such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, virtual and augmented reality, chatbot systems, and social media marketing. Findings reveal that these technologies are increasingly integrated to create personalized and immersive travel experiences, improve operational efficiency, and enhance customer engagement.

This article explores the essence and structure of economic and production capacity, as well as their impact on the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. The author analyzes the key components of economic capacity, substantiating the importance of efficient utilization of production assets, implementation of modern technologies, and rational use of information resources. The article also examines the influence of production capacity on socio-economic development, its interrelation with scientific and technological progress, and the impact of digitalization processes on production efficiency.

This article explores the effectiveness of musical didactic games as a tool for enhancing children's speech development. The study highlights the importance of integrating music and play into early childhood education to foster language skills, enrich vocabulary, and improve pronunciation. By examining various methods and strategies, the article proposes innovative approaches to make speech development more engaging and effective for preschool-aged children. The research also emphasizes the role of interactive and creative learning environments in promoting cognitive and communicative abilities. The findings suggest that musical didactic games can significantly contribute to the overall speech and language development process.

The English literature that emerged in the Victorian era -1837-1901 is significant for its realism. In this regard, integrating the use of these literary samples in the processes of teaching the Uzbek language justifies the expected result. In the literature of this period, the development of large prose is observed rather than poetry. The article discusses the issues of integrating Victorian literature with Uzbek language teaching programs. Conclusions on the topic are presented.

This article describes the poetic art of antithesis, which belongs to the category of spiritual (figurative) literary devices, through examples from the lyrical works of the poet Omon Matjon.

 this article discusses the concept of respect for national values, boundless love for the native language, correct speech and thinking in this language. National etiquette is the unique historical heritage, art and literature of nations and peoples, as well as their customs and rituals, cultural attitudes and moral qualities, as well as spiritual values.

In this article, several points were made about the need for students of vocal science to improve their literacy in vocal science, to our students of musical theater acting. We tried to study a number of views in our article about the task of educators and the necessity of students in the process of mastering vocal science.

In different types of speech, the topic of modality occupies an important place in the fields of linguistics and speech science. Modality refers to how a word or phrase expresses an attitude in a sentence, meaning such as probability, necessity, permission, or obligation. Speech types, on the other hand, include different forms of communication, namely formal and informal, written and oral, forms of speech that occur in contexts such as scientific and artistic. The modes of expression and functions of modality are unique in each type of speech. This article will analyze in detail how modality manifests itself in different types of speech, its linguistic and communicative significance, as well as how modality tools differ depending on the context of speech.

This article emphasizes that a fine arts teacher must possess advanced technical skills in portrait drawing, particularly in pencil techniques, alongside a substantial understanding of psychological principles. The integration of psychological knowledge enhances the effectiveness of artistic education, supporting both the creative and pedagogical development of future artists.

In today’s rapidly evolving digital world, students’ ability to navigate technology has become essential for academic and professional success. This study explores how digital literacy influences students’ academic achievements and readiness for future careers, focusing on first-year students at Fergana State Technical University. Using a combination of surveys, digital skills assessments, and interviews with students, teachers, and employers, the research reveals a strong connection between digital literacy and academic results (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). The findings highlight the need for universities to provide structured digital literacy education to prepare students for the digital demands of the modern workplace. Key recommendations include embedding digital literacy into curricula, improving access to technology, and strengthening ties between universities and employers to align education with job market needs.

This article analyzes the role of commercial banks in financing the real sector of the economy through investment loans. It examines the sectoral impact of bank loans, particularly their contribution to the development of industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, small business, and services. The author substantiates the need to increase the efficiency of long-term loans issued by commercial banks by diversifying loan portfolios, liberalizing lending conditions, and improving monitoring systems. Additionally, proposals are developed to ensure the profitability of investment projects through modern banking technologies and risk management mechanisms.

In the issue of the composition and structure of indicators of the innovative potential of enterprises in the construction industry, it is advisable to provide the necessary and sufficient number of indicators that fully characterize the innovative growth potential of the enterprise. It is advisable to determine the ability of the enterprise to implement innovative activities, its scope and volume using such criteria as, first of all, the scientific and research level of the enterprise, the technical level of the enterprise, the level of innovation effectiveness, the impact of innovations on the standard of living and the level of potential innovative potential.

Digital management platforms set new management criteria for construction companies, foster competition , and create motivational ratings for participants. The integration of large data flows and processes allows for the application of algorithmic regulation and significantly simplifies the tasks of analyzing and synthesizing value chains.

The formation of management platforms based on the digitalization of the economy allows for the reorganization of the management process at all stages of socio-economic systems.

Economic to the potential economist scientists by theoretical associations diverse become their some of them brought let's go .

In the early 1950s , the development of management theory was greatly influenced by the "new" school. It is characterized by the introduction of methods and techniques of the exact sciences into management - mathematical modeling of decision-making, mathematical logic, programming, and mathematical modeling of economic processes.

Economic potential occupies a special place in the system of organization of the national economy as a means of forming the production process and its material basis. The level of economic potential characterizes the level of economic development, determines the competitiveness of the country, the level of capitalization of enterprises.

When studying the economic potential of construction industry enterprises, it is necessary to consider their current state and development opportunities. Because construction industry enterprises have different aspects from other industries, and these aspects play an important role in the development and effective operation of the enterprise.

Each of the construction industry enterprises, first of all, pursues its own financial interests, including the state, which has assumed the functions of regulating, enforcing and licensing the activities of the enterprise within the framework of legislation, primarily pursues financial interests by taxing a part of the enterprise's income.

As we know, according to the law of "diminishing marginal utility", the utility of all human actions during a period decreases, but in our opinion, in general, human interests have the property of increasing, unlike the decrease in utility. This is explained by the fact that when a person acquires some wealth, he is not limited by the amount of this wealth, but rather, he is driven to acquire more wealth.

Globalization and integration processes, tightening competition rules, geopolitical changes and redistribution of production and technological forces in the world economic space impose on all its participants the need to maintain and develop their positions.

 The article examines the key problems and challenges facing the higher education system in the context of the modern economy and labor market. Special attention is given to the need for training highly qualified specialists who possess both theoretical knowledge and practical skills that are in demand in the professional environment. The article highlights the insufficient alignment of the current educational system with the requirements of employers and innovative development, the shortage of qualified teaching staff, the weak material and technical base of universities, and the limited cooperation with the business sector. Specific measures are proposed to improve the personnel training system, including the reform of academic programs, the introduction of modern educational technologies, the strengthening of ties with international partners, and the enhancement of students’ independent work under the guidance of instructors.

 this article covers the existing shortcomings in the system of guarding categorized objects and proposals and methods for their improvement.

Language is a powerful medium through which societies express and preserve their cultural identity and values. Lexical items—words and phrases—are not merely tools for communication but are also carriers of national consciousness, worldviews, and societal norms. This article explores how national values are embedded in the English language, analyzing lexical choices and idiomatic expressions that reflect the cultural ethos of English-speaking societies, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. Examples are drawn from everyday vocabulary, idioms, proverbs, and socio-political terminology to illustrate the deep interconnection between national values and language.

The article studies consumer properties of silk fabrics from various fibrous compositions the indicators of the fabric structure and its hygienic properties were established. In addition, the The study showed that air permeability, vapor permeability and hygroscopicity of fabrics depend on both the structure of the fabric and the type of fibers used. Regression dependencies between influence of aesthetic characteristics on the perception of fabric quality by consumers was analyzed. The findings highlight the need to consider both hygienic and aesthetic factors when developing and producing fabrics, especially in dry and hot climates. Recommendations are given for the use of innovative technologies and expansion of the range of fabrics depending on climate conditions and consumer preferences.

This article describes the Global Knowledge Index as an indicator of country development. The article considers such issues as the importance of the index, its sub-indices. The world indicators (advanced, average and weak indicator) for 2022 are analyzed. A conclusion is made for 10 advanced countries.

Methods of sowing melons and their advantages, as well as methods for increasing their yield using new methods.

China’s tourism industry has undergone dynamic growth and strategic innovation from 2015 to 2024, marked by digital transformation, massive infrastructure investments, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) tourism corridors, and eco-tourism policies. In parallel, Uzbekistan’s tourism sector — especially after the 2016 political transition — has pursued rapid reforms, visa liberalization, and infrastructure development to boost its appeal. This study provides a comprehensive review of Chinese tourism development trends and strategies between 2015 and 2024, and analyzes how these strategies have influenced or could influence Uzbekistan’s tourism policy. Using a comparative approach, we examine areas where Uzbekistan has adapted Chinese practices, such as digitalization of tourist services and infrastructure investment, and identify opportunities for deeper integration. Case studies of Sino-Uzbek tourism cooperation, including bilateral agreements and BRI-related projects, illustrate practical collaboration. Data visualizations highlight key metrics: tourist arrivals in China and Uzbekistan, bilateral tourist flows, investment in tourism infrastructure, growth of digital tourism services, and the role of BRI in Uzbekistan’s tourism. The findings suggest that while Uzbekistan has made significant strides (e.g. simplifying visas and improving infrastructure) in line with global best practices exemplified by China, challenges remain in scaling these initiatives. We conclude that aligning Uzbekistan’s tourism development more closely with Chinese strategies offers substantial opportunities for growth, provided that policies are tailored to local context and potential obstacles — such as resource limitations and market differences — are managed. The article is structured as a scholarly work with sections on literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusion, and is supported by extensive citations from recent sources.

This article is devoted to the study of the causes of soil fertility decline, its consequences, and ways to solve this problem. The article analyzes the impact of various factors, such as agriculture, industry, and environmental factors, on soil fertility. In addition, recommendations for the preservation and restoration of soil fertility are given.

When corn is sown as repeated plant, it couses to heve abundant harvest by the help of wheat remains it provides with high productivity of unitizing watered crops.

This article examines the methodological foundations for organizing the activities of developmental centers in preschool education institutions. Such centers create a favorable environment for children's independent thinking, creative approaches, self-expression, communication, and personal development. The author highlights pedagogical conditions that affect the effective functioning of these centers, organizational stages, and methodological approaches based on play and practical activities. The article analyzes the functional types of developmental centers, opportunities to enrich educational content through them, and important aspects of the educator's role.

This article explores the methodological foundations of an integrative approach in developing writing skills among primary school students. The author discusses the stages of writing development, psychological and pedagogical characteristics of learners, effective methods of harmonizing language materials, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in curricula. The possibilities of improving students' literacy levels, activating their creative thinking, and contextually forming language knowledge and skills through an integrative approach are analyzed. This article provides descriptions of methodological models that integrate phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and stylistic aspects of the Uzbek language in the writing process, as well as practical recommendations for implementing integration with subjects such as visual arts, music, environmental studies, and computer science in writing lessons.

This article analyzes strategies for enhancing students' learning motivation through information and communication technologies (ICT). The author highlights the importance of digital tools in education, their impact on motivation, and the effectiveness of using interactive and innovative technologies in the classroom. The article methodologically substantiates the role of electronic resources, online platforms, multimedia tools, and gamification elements in strengthening students' interest in acquiring knowledge, encouraging independent research during the learning process, and forming an active attitude toward education. The article offers pedagogical recommendations and practical strategies for stimulating motivation.

This article examines the pedagogical role of social literacy in developing civic and information culture among adolescent students. The author scientifically reveals the essence of the concept of social literacy and its connection with civic education and skills for proper navigation in the information space. The article analyzes the importance of social literacy in adolescents' critical attitude toward information, understanding of digital security, legal awareness, and recognition of social responsibility. The article suggests methods and methodological approaches for developing this literacy in the modern educational environment.

This article examines contemporary methods of restaurant service development and develops recommendations.

This article focuses on the significance and role of medieval miniature painting and classical literature from the Muslim East within the context of global artistic culture. It examines the importance of miniature painting from the Middle and Near East, as well as Central Asia, in the realm of professional pedagogical education. The author highlights that between the 11th and 19th centuries, various artistic centers for miniatures emerged and evolved across a broad region that encompasses modern-day Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, the Arabian Peninsula, Northern India, and more. This development was marked by interaction and mutual influence, which shaped the similarities in their artistic techniques and compositional approaches.

The article examines the importance and relevance of green insurance. The problems of implementing a green insurance system in Uzbekistan are studied, and proposals and recommendations for developing a green insurance system based on modern international criteria are formulated.

This article focuses on the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), their major risk factors, and effective preventive measures. Based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), it emphasizes the importance of a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, proper nutrition, and avoidance of harmful habits in maintaining heart health. The article highlights both primary and secondary prevention strategies, results of scientific research, and provides practical advice for disease prevention, especially among youth. The importance of promoting cardiovascular health and the necessity of widespread awareness in society are thoroughly justified.

Atherosclerosis is a widespread and severe systemic disease and remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the antioxidant dibunol on the serum lipid profile in rabbits with experimentally induced atherosclerosis. The results demonstrated that dibunol significantly reduced serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and beta-lipoprotein levels, confirming its potential for atherosclerosis prevention and therapy.

This article presents a scientific overview of the agro-technical cultivation of Ferula assa-foetida, focusing on its natural habitat, ecological requirements, propagation techniques, seedling care, and the prospects of artificial cultivation. Special attention is given to seed viability, selection, and yield-increasing technologies.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the institutional foundations and economic impact of digital transformation within Uzbekistan’s banking sector. It explores how the integration of advanced digital technologiessuch as mobile banking platforms, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain and Big Data analyticshas reshaped the operational landscape of financial institutions in the country. The study highlights significant improvements in customer service delivery, transaction efficiency and financial product accessibility which have collectively enhanced financial inclusion, particularly among underserved populations. It also discusses the strategic role of public-private partnerships, including collaborations with fintech startups in accelerating innovation and expanding digital banking services.Furthermore, the article assesses the transition toward a cashless economy in Uzbekistan, emphasizing its implications for monetary policy and economic modernization.

The effective implementation of market relations in our republic, employment of the population and, thereby, socio-economic development, depends, first of all, on the effective use of existing labor resources. Labor resources play an important role in the processes of liberalization of the economy today, and their importance in socio-economic development can be seen at the micro, meso and macro levels. The importance of labor resources at the micro level is determined by their role in the activities of the enterprise (organization) and their participation in production. As is known, labor resources are the main factor of production, and all resources that create it are directly controlled by this factor.

This scientific article explores the concept of the green economy, focusing on its implementation in Uzbekistan. It also analyzes the advantages and shortcomings of international experiences in the transition toward a green economic system.

This article presents a poetic  and diachronic analysis of phraseologies created in the work of Alisher Navoi. The specific features of phrases in Navoi’s poetry are highlighted.

Chronic tonsillitis is a persistent inflammation of the palatine tonsils, frequently resulting from recurrent acute infections or ineffective treatment of primary tonsillitis. Clinically, the disease manifests in two primary forms: the simple form and the toxic-allergic form. This article reviews the distinguishing characteristics of each form, including symptomatic differences, systemic involvement, and laboratory findings. Particular attention is paid to the criteria used in differential diagnosis, which are essential for determining the appropriate therapeutic approach. Early recognition of the clinical form of chronic tonsillitis is crucial to prevent complications such as rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal and paranasal mucosa, characterized by persistent or recurrent symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks. Among its cardinal manifestations, facial pain or pressure, nasal obstruction, and nasal discharge are considered essential for clinical diagnosis. This study explores the diagnostic relevance of these symptoms, analyzing their frequency, severity, and correlation with radiological and endoscopic findings. The presence and intensity of each symptom vary across individuals, but a combination of nasal obstruction and purulent discharge strongly correlates with objective signs of sinus inflammation. Recognizing the diagnostic patterns of these symptoms is crucial for early detection, appropriate treatment, and prevention of complications in CRS patients.

The growth of yeast and mold fungi in bread and flour-based products poses significant challenges in food safety, shelf-life extension, and quality control. These microorganisms can thrive under various environmental conditions, including high humidity, elevated temperatures, and improper storage. Yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are often beneficial during fermentation; however, their uncontrolled growth post-baking can lead to spoilage. Molds like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus not only deteriorate product quality but may also produce mycotoxins harmful to human health. This study reviews the conditions promoting fungal contamination, common spoilage indicators, and effective preservation strategies, including the use of natural antifungals, modified atmosphere packaging, and good manufacturing practices (GMP). Understanding the ecological behavior of these fungi is essential for designing better preservation systems and ensuring microbial safety in bakery products.

Destructive bacterial inflammations represent a group of severe infections characterized by tissue necrosis, systemic inflammatory response, and often life-threatening complications. The present study investigates the etiological structure, evolving microbial spectrum, and the dynamics of antibiotic susceptibility in patients diagnosed with destructive infectious diseases. Microbiological analysis of clinical specimens from 400 patients revealed a dominance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, including MRSA, ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed a progressive decline in carbapenem effectiveness, with colistin and glycopeptides retaining relatively high activity. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous microbiological monitoring and personalized empirical therapy protocols based on local resistance patterns.

Pectus excavatum (PE), also known as funnel chest, is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior chest wall, characterized by a sunken sternum and adjacent costal cartilages. This article provides an in-depth clinical analysis of PE in children, examining its etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, modern diagnostic approaches, and preventive measures. Emphasis is placed on the role of early diagnosis through physical examination and imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), spirometry, and echocardiography (ECHO). The study also evaluates the impact of PE on cardiopulmonary function and psychosocial development, offering insights for pediatricians, thoracic surgeons, and orthopedists.

This article discusses the intellectual legacy and historical significance of Achille Guillard, the French scholar often hailed as the “Godfather of Demography.” It examines his contributions to the conceptual development of demography as a scientific discipline, evaluates his methodologies in the context of 19th-century positivism, and highlights his enduring influence on contemporary demographic research.

Within the framework of this study, the genre of tourism discourse is explored as one of the rapidly developing directions in contemporary linguistics. The research reveals the vast expressive and communicative potential embedded in speech acts related to tourism. The discussion is enriched with reflections on the scope and structure of the genre field.

The article discusses that after our country gained independence, the attitude towards great historical figures has fundamentally changed and objective views on the life and activities of the great Amir Temur have been formed, Amir Temur is presented  not only a great commander, but also a leader, a guide, , a possessor of unique qualities, intelligence, knowledge, wisdom, and and some views and information are provided regarding his governance of a vast state based on justice, impartiality, tolerance, morality, and ethics.

The article examines mythology, which arose as a separate stage of mankind, and related words (mythonyms). Unlike words denoting a religious concept, words denoting only a mythical concept (mythonyms) can be divided into words denoting both a mythical and a religious concept, as well as words denoting only a religious concept.

This article examines the role of 3D virtual laboratories in forming and developing students’ experimental skills. Through virtual labs, students can explore complex chemical and physical experiments in a safe, cost-effective, and visual manner. The paper highlights the educational value, practical implications, and contribution of such technologies to modern education.

This article considers the introduction of the individual educational trajectory as a navigational component in the system of social and humanitarian sciences and the educational value of the individual approach in the educational system. Individualization in education does not mean individual training by separating a person from others, but it means taking into account special conditions in the formation of certain characteristics of a person, understanding the individual psychological characteristics of each student based on science and experience.

This article explores the application of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching optics-related topics within the physics curriculum. It emphasizes the importance of interactive and visual teaching methods—such as the "Hook Method," "Fishbone Diagram," and "Venn Diagram"—to improve students' understanding of complex concepts like photometry, wave optics, and geometric optics. The integration of computer-based multimedia tools and innovative instructional strategies enhances student engagement, fosters critical and creative thinking, and improves learning outcomes. The article also discusses the pedagogical and psychological benefits of using such approaches, including sustained interest, independent learning, and the development of analytical skills. Additionally, the reduction of chromatic and monochromatic aberrations is highlighted as essential for understanding optical systems, thus bridging theory with practice.

This article explores effective strategies for integrating the four essential language skills—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—within university-level ESL instruction. Emphasizing a holistic approach to language learning, it outlines the theoretical rationale, practical classroom applications, and challenges associated with skill integration. The paper analyzes task-based learning, content-based instruction, and project-based methods as effective means to develop communicative competence and academic literacy. It also provides recommendations for curriculum design and teacher training to optimize skill integration in higher education contexts.

This article explores the evolving role and historical roots of the mahalla institution in Uzbekistan’s system of social governance from the early years of independence to the present era of "New Uzbekistan." The study analyzes the transformation of the mahalla from a traditional communal structure into a modern socio-administrative unit that actively participates in state policy implementation, particularly in social welfare, youth support, women’s empowerment, and local conflict resolution. Drawing on sociological data, legal reforms, and international comparisons, the research emphasizes the growing importance of mahallas in promoting civic engagement, ensuring inclusive development, and bridging the gap between citizens and the state.

For primary school students, the language learning process is important not only for mastering grammatical knowledge, but also for the formation of oral and written speech. This article analyzes in detail the issue of developing students' speech potential through working on the text.

The text is a didactic tool that serves as a basis for students' free expression of their oral and written thoughts, as well as for the construction of figurative and logical speech. Therefore, in the primary education system, working on the basis of the text is an integral component of the teaching process and plays a special role in developing students' speech.

The article also shows the importance of the criteria for selecting the text, namely, age appropriateness, vocabulary, artistic and moral content. By working on the basis of the text, students increase their language skills, consciously master grammatical units, and strive to express their thoughts independently. This develops their general thinking, analytical and critical thinking skills.

This in the article today's creativity works outbreak received one in the period new kind of construction materials, them working production, use, their advantage sides, price grades, external countries with partnerships about information is given.

This article provides a detailed examination of the importance, objectives, and core tasks of musical education in primary school. Musical upbringing is presented as a crucial tool for developing children's aesthetic taste, enhancing their creative abilities, fostering national values, and ensuring emotional stability. The article discusses effective pedagogical methods, the integration of national musical heritage into the educational process, and the use of modern technologies to increase the effectiveness of music education. Furthermore, the social and moral significance of musical education is emphasized. This work is intended to be beneficial for primary school teachers, methodologists, and specialists involved in musical education.

this article covers the role and importance of treatment culture in family relationships. The culture of treatment is the fact that an individual practically reflects social values such as moral qualities, etiquette in communication, respect, patience, tolerance, which is an important factor in the formation of stability, mutual trust and a healthy social environment not only in society, but also in the family. The article analyzes the psychological, moral, cultural and communicative aspects of treatment culture, justifying how important it is, especially in family communication.

This article discusses the integration of internet networks and educational platforms into the educational process, highlighting their advantages and challenges. It is projected that the traditional form of education will gradually transition into a new innovative model based on information and communication technologies. Additionally, the role and significance of the internet in this field, as well as the acceleration of the shift to online education due to the pandemic, are examined.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological condition in aging males, leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that significantly affect quality of life. Alpha-adrenergic blockers are the first-line pharmacological treatment for BPH. This study evaluates and compares the efficacy, tolerability, and side-effect profiles of three commonly used alpha-blockers: tamsulosin, alfuzosin, and silodosin. Our analysis reveals important differences in patient outcomes and provides guidance for individualized therapy.

This article analyzes the methodological foundations of applying cooperative pedagogy in the biology education process through interdisciplinary integration. It highlights the opportunities for developing students’ critical and systematic thinking skills and achieving a deeper understanding of biological concepts by integrating them with various other disciplines. As the research employed experimental, observational, and analytical methods, the findings demonstrate that cooperative pedagogy possesses significant methodological potential for effectively organizing biology education.

This article analyzes the condition of cotton seeds exiting the gin machine and their impact on cotton fiber quality within. During the research, quality indicators of fibers were studied based on factors such as surface smoothness of the seeds, deformation, and ejection speed. The analysis is supported by graphs and tables to determine optimal processing conditions.

This article analyzes the condition of cotton seeds exiting the gin machine and their impact on cotton fiber quality within. During the research, quality indicators of fibers were studied based on factors such as surface smoothness of the seeds, deformation, and ejection speed. The analysis is supported by graphs and tables to determine optimal processing conditions.

The article explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the process of foreign language learning. The methods and approaches through which AI contributes to optimizing the educational process are examined, along with its advantages and drawbacks. Specific examples of AI usage in foreign language education are highlighted. In conclusion, the article underscores the significance of a balanced approach to integrating AI into the educational process, taking into account its benefits and limitations.

This article explores the role of modern technologies in the teaching of music education. The study highlights various digital tools, software, and online platforms that enhance the teaching and learning experience in music classrooms. It also discusses the benefits and challenges of incorporating technology into traditional music pedagogy. The findings suggest that when used appropriately, modern technologies significantly improve student engagement, creativity, and understanding of musical concepts.

This article explores innovative methods for producing nonionic surface-active agents using locally sourced renewable feedstocks. Emphasizing sustainable chemistry, it reviews enzymatic synthesis from plant oils and sugars, chemical modification of lignocellulosic biomass, microbial fermentation, and green catalytic systems. The discussion highlights regional applications, benefits, and challenges, underscoring the potential for economic growth and environmental sustainability through the valorization of local agricultural and biomass resources. The article aims to provide insights for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers interested in green surfactant production.

This article discusses the fields and terms related to them that entered the Uzbek language during the period of independence. The article discusses the enrichment and development of all languages ​​​​in the world not only based on internal opportunities, but also due to external sources, that is, borrowing words from other languages. It also discusses terminology and terms. Information is provided about scientific research in various fields and issues in these fields. Examples of modern fields are given. Proposals are made for in-depth study of field terms and their adaptation to the language system.

Endurance is essential for competitive success in wrestling, particularly among adolescent female athletes who are experiencing critical phases of physical and hormonal development. This study aims to evaluate and enhance existing endurance training methods for young female wrestlers by integrating sport-specific conditioning, functional testing, and periodized load management. A 10-week intervention was carried out involving 28 athletes, comparing conventional endurance training with an optimized, multidimensional protocol. The findings support the use of tailored, stage-sensitive programs to achieve substantial improvements in aerobic capacity and match-related work efficiency without compromising athlete health.

this paper highlights, connection between formation of growing elements and pekularities havvest as aresult, this showed quality of crop

 This paper highlights chosen varities of pea for the purpose of planting it in cultivated lands as well as it’s effecsive growth in the laboratory and in land. Besides, we made an expeviment on the issens it’s tolerance to drough land and some desiese.

This in the article to drown deformation in the way determination about complete information given. To drown reasons, many constructions structure, land on the surface of the ground freezing depth, construction of the playground geological and hydrogeological conditions, water in their own of the ground washing depth, loads type and value and other factors together in consideration is taken. Hydraulics of the buildings bottom parts usually their foundation task In rivers, streams and canals​ under construction hydraulics in buildings, on the ground not washable special constructive solutions using provided​ Therefore, such​​ buildings foundation heel to lie down depth often constructive acceptance to be done about information gives.

This article explores the effectiveness of the process writing approach in improving students’ writing performance, particularly within the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning environment. The process writing model treats writing not as a one-time activity but as a cyclical process involving key stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Unlike traditional product-oriented methods that focus solely on the final written output, this approach encourages learners to reflect, collaborate, and refine their ideas over time. The research is grounded in both theoretical analysis and empirical classroom data, highlighting the role of peer and teacher feedback, self-assessment, and writing portfolios in enhancing learners’ skills. It was observed that students using the process approach exhibited improvements in organization, idea development, coherence, grammatical accuracy, and overall writing fluency. Furthermore, the model helped reduce writing anxiety and increased learners’ confidence in expressing their thoughts in written form. The study concludes that integrating the process writing method can significantly contribute to more learner-centered, interactive, and productive writing instruction in EFL contexts.

This article provides scientific information on the work to be done on the preservation and greening of  Uzbekistan's  ecology.

The article discusses the main content of teaching primary school students in the school physical education program in the physical education system: educating the movement qualities of primary school students: developing the correct physique, forming the muscles: educating spiritual qualities, raising the cultural level, arousing interest in independent performance of gymnastic exercises, and including physical exercises in the daily routine.

The article discusses exercises for the legs of primary school students, various initial positions - various sitting positions, side throws, shaking, half-sitting, walking on heels and walking with dance steps for the legs , studying the daily routine and educational load of primary school students, and the effect of quickly restoring the physiological balance in the body through the correct combination of various types of activity - rest, nutrition, sleep, etc. idea maintained .

This article discusses the concept of a healthy lifestyle, its main components, and its impact on human health from the perspective of modern medicine. Factors such as dietary habits, physical activity, mental well-being, sleep, and the rejection of harmful habits are analyzed in detail. Additionally, the historical roots of healthy living, traditional medical views, and their integration with modern scientific knowledge are examined.

The article examines the role of intelligent transport technologies (ITT) in improving road safety. It describes methods for collecting and analyzing data, predicting risks, and using video analysis systems and mobile applications. Particular attention is paid to cybersecurity in the transport sector and the prospects for the development of ITT. Examples of successful application of ITT in different countries are considered and ways to further improve these technologies are proposed, including an analysis of the situation on the roads of Uzbekistan and measures to implement ITT.

  In poetry, emotions give brilliance to the verse and breathe life into words. For feelings to be truly reflected in poetry, the poet must either be in that emotional state or have passed through it. “A poem is the fruit of the poet’s thoughts and experiences.” This is clearly evident in the works of Halima Khudoyberdiyeva, who, through her deep reflections, gives life to words. In reality, a poet does not choose a theme-the theme finds the poet.

This article explores the main challenges faced in teaching vocabulary in high schools and analyzes modern approaches aimed at improving vocabulary acquisition. It discusses psychological, methodological, and technological barriers, and suggests practical solutions including context-based learning, digital tools, and communicative techniques. The study highlights the importance of integrating modern technologies and learner-centered strategies for more effective vocabulary instruction.

Mazkur maqolada B1 darajasidagi o‘quvchilarning lug‘at boyligini oshirishda Pictionary o‘yini texnikasining samaradorligi tahlil qilingan. Pictionary texnikasi orqali so‘zlarni vizual tasvirlash, tasavvur qilish va kontekstda qo‘llash orqali o‘quvchilarda eslab qolish ko‘nikmalari shakllanadi. Tadqiqot davomida eksperimentlar o‘tkazilib, nazorat va tajriba guruhlari natijalari solishtirildi. Pictionary texnikasi lug‘at o‘zlashtirishda ijodkorlik, motivatsiya va eslab qolish darajasini oshirishi aniqlandi.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping educational systems globally. From adaptive learning systems to intelligent tutoring and automated grading, AI offers personalized, efficient, and scalable educational experiences. This paper explores the current applications of AI in education, evaluates its uses, and discusses its challenges and future implications. This scientific review provides important findings with an up-to-date investigation of AI from 2015 to 2024. The findings indicate that while AI can significantly enhance learning outcomes and accessibility, it also introduces ethical, technical, and pedagogical challenges. Through this scientific review, several areas in the existing body of research were found to be underexplored, especially in relation to how artificial intelligence is being integrated into educational settings. These gaps point to valuable opportunities for future researchers to explore new directions, particularly the use of emerging AI tools in teaching and learning.

the article notes the high relevance of the issue of psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality, briefly covers the history of the study of the issue, analyzes the most relevant ideas about the psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality, reflected in the scientific literature of the last sixty years, including the works of FN Gonobolin , VN Krutetsky , NV Kuzmina, ER Gorelova , defines key concepts and views on the issue of psychological characteristics of the teacher's personality, assesses their relevance for the present time.

This article explores the effectiveness of teaching descriptive geometry and technical drawing in an integrated manner to develop students' spatial thinking. Through practical examples and visual exercises, the study analyzes how the combination of these two subjects in the educational process influences students’ ability to perceive space, analyze drawings, and develop modeling skills.

This article analyzes modern methods of cost management in enterprises and examines their impact on profit indicators. In contemporary management practices, proper planning and control of expenses are key to increasing enterprise profitability. The article highlights the cost structure, analytical mechanisms, and optimization approaches based on the financial reports of industrial enterprises in Uzbekistan. Modern approaches such as Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Kaizen, and Lean management are discussed.

 This article explores the urbanization processes in Tashkent, the capital city of Uzbekistan. It examines its geographical location, demographic growth, spatial development dynamics, and modern urban planning trends. Special attention is paid to the socio-economic and environmental consequences of urbanization and to strategies for sustainable development of Tashkent.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of Uzbekistan’s main water sources— the transboundary Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers— and the mechanisms of regional water management and cooperation. It discusses Uzbekistan’s approach within the context of water diplomacy, international legal norms, the Aral Sea crisis, and water-energy balance. The current state and prospects of cooperation among Central Asian states for equitable water use, as well as the role of modern technologies, are also examined.

This article analyzes air pollution in cities of Uzbekistan, its main causes, and consequences. The study examines the concentrations of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and other pollutants in urban air. Additionally, sources of pollution, meteorological factors, and their effects on the environment and human health are investigated. Based on the results, recommendations for improving air quality are provided.

This article scientifically analyzes the pollution of atmospheric air by NOx gases (nitrogen oxides), their main sources, dispersion characteristics, and ecological risk levels. The study highlights the formation processes of NOx gases and their association with industrial, transportation, and energy sectors. It also discusses the adverse effects of these gases on human health and the environment, particularly their contribution to photochemical smog, acid rain, and climate change. The article substantiates the necessity for effective monitoring and environmental policies to combat NOx emissions.

this article explores the strategic and operational complexities of managing media projects in an increasingly digital and competitive environment. It evaluates key trends, challenges, and the evolving role of digital transformation in reshaping project workflows. Through a comparative case study analysis of media organizations with varying levels of digital maturity, the paper identifies how agile project management strategies enhance innovation and efficiency. The findings underscore the need for media managers to adopt adaptive, collaborative, and data-driven approaches. I conclude with recommendations for media organizations seeking to enhance project effectiveness and sustainability within the dynamic media landscape.

This article analyzes the role of literature in exposing oppressive politics and shaping critical thinking through the example of English writer George Orwell's work "Animal Farm." The work reveals through artistic expression the ideological control, manipulation, and restriction of human freedom, which are one of the main features of the totalitarian system. The article highlights the symbolic expression of the work, plot development, and how political oppression is depicted through the characters. Also, the importance of literature in encouraging society to be vigilant, reminding historical lessons, and forming political consciousness is considered on a scientific basis. The research results confirm the relevance of Orwell's work for today and the fact that literature is an influential tool in socio-political life.

 This article presents the history of the study of the Oghuz dialects and brief information about the history and traditions of the Oghuz dialectological population of the Pasdargam district of the Samarkand region.

This article explores the relationship between physical education and the socio-emotional development of preschool children. It emphasizes the importance of physical activity in fostering emotional regulation, social skills, and overall psychological well-being during early childhood. The study highlights modern pedagogical approaches and the role of integrated physical and emotional development in early education settings.

Accurate diagnostics are the cornerstone of successful dental implantology. The diagnostic phase ensures optimal treatment planning, long-term prognosis, and minimal complications. With the evolution of imaging techniques, digital tools, and interdisciplinary approaches, implant diagnostics has advanced significantly. This article explores contemporary methods and tools used in diagnostics in implant dentistry, emphasizing their importance in achieving functional and esthetic success.

This article highlights the clinical course of broncho-obstructive syndrome in newborns, particularly in those born via in vitro fertilization (IVF). Infants born through IVF often show underdeveloped respiratory systems, bronchial hyperreactivity, and a predisposition to pulmonary insufficiency syndromes. The article discusses the pathogenesis, clinical signs, and modern treatment approaches for broncho-obstructive syndrome.

In today’s globalized world, English proficiency is a crucial skill, especially for youth in developing countries like Uzbekistan. This article examines the current state of English learning among Uzbek students, focusing on the challenges they face, particularly in remote and underserved areas. Drawing from a three-month teaching internship and data collected through surveys and interviews with students, teachers, and parents, the study reveals that grammar difficulties, limited vocabulary, low motivation, outdated methods, and lack of exposure to native English are major obstacles. Furthermore, economic hardships and insufficient teacher training hinder progress. The article proposes realistic, experience-based solutions to address these problems, including the implementation of interactive learning tools, community-led education initiatives, and motivation-enhancing programs. It argues that with targeted support and modern pedagogical approaches, even students from disadvantaged backgrounds can achieve high levels of English proficiency, opening doors to academic and global opportunities.

This article examines the effects of innovative drip irrigation technology on the yield and growth quality of Nigella sativa. The advantages of drip irrigation in terms of irrigation efficiency, water resource conservation, and plant nutrition are analyzed. The study results confirm that this irrigation method positively influences the yield of Nigella sativa.

This article investigates the importance of cultural events in Uzbekistan's tourist promotion efforts. It examines how significant festivals such as Sharq Taronalari, Navruz, and the Silk and Spices Festival benefit the tourist industry by highlighting the country's unique cultural identity and past. The report also underlines the importance of festivals in improving Uzbekistan's worldwide image, encouraging cultural interaction, and assisting local communities. The findings are useful for developing tourist strategy and designing cultural policies.

This article considers the important role of attention in the emergence and perception of speech, and the fact that in preschool children whose speech is not fully developed, the division of attention between speech and practical action is a practically impossible task. Children's attention deficits are observed throughout the entire work process. They have difficulty switching attention, that is, switching from one thing to another, from one type of activity to another. One of the reasons for this is the presence or absence of a connection between the contents of the work being performed sequentially. If there is such a connection, attention shifts quickly and easily. Another reason for the ease or difficulty of switching attention lies in the children's relationship to the objects of attention and the work being performed. The difficulty of switching attention in children with speech disorders is also determined by their relationship to their own disorders. Some children are aware of their shortcomings and are ashamed of them, while others do not care about their shortcomings and do not seek to correct them. These factors prevent them from concentrating and overcoming speech defects.

Over the past few years, I’ve personally seen how adventure tourism has started to gain more attention in Uzbekistan. More and more travelers are now looking for real, hands-on experiences in nature rather than just sightseeing. This shift reflects a global trend, but in Uzbekistan, it also opens up big opportunities. I noticed beneficial improvements like eco-lodges and hiking trails while visiting the Tien-Shan and Nuratau mountains. But there are still issues, such as inadequate road access, a lack of public transport, and inadequate safety services. Additionally, there is a lack of international awareness of these areas, which suggests that more promotion is required. This essay addresses both the areas that require improvement and the current state of progress. Uzbekistan can establish itself as a premier adventure travel destination by making strategic investments in community involvement and infrastructure.

This article scientifically explores the possibilities of applying modern pedagogical technologies in teaching the works of Muhammad Yusuf, a prominent representative of Uzbek classical and modern literature. It is emphasized that the poet’s poetry should be studied deeply not only from an artistic and aesthetic perspective but also from a spiritual and educational viewpoint, playing an important role in the upbringing of the younger generation. The article highlights modern interactive methods, the use of information technologies, and methods aimed at increasing student engagement.

This article analyzes the poetic language, stylistic variety, and expressive richness found in the short stories of one of the prominent representatives of modern Uzbek literature—Khayriddin Sulton. The study focuses on his individual narrative style, use of artistic devices such as metaphors, epithets, and symbols, as well as the philosophical and lyrical-epic unity of his works. The article also highlights the author’s contribution to the genre of short stories, his approach to dialogue and character speech, and the national and spiritual depth present in his literary language. The analysis is based on Sulton's complete body of short stories, supplemented by scholarly critiques and literary studies.

This article provides a comparative typological analysis of subordinate clauses in French and Uzbek, examining their classification, syntactic and semantic roles, and modes of expression in each language. French, an Indo-European language, primarily uses subordinating conjunctions (e.g. que, si, parce que, bien que) and relative pronouns (e.g. qui, que) to introduce subordinate clauses, including complement clauses, relative clauses, and various adverbial clauses. Uzbek, a Turkic language, employs markedly different strategies: instead of a generalized complementizer like que, it relies on non-finite verb forms (participles, converbs, and nominalized verbs) and a set of subordinating elements (e.g. agar ‘if’, chunki ‘because’, garchi ‘although’) to convey subordinate relationships. The syntactic behavior and semantic functions of these structures are analyzed with illustrative examples. We discuss how certain French subordinators arose via grammaticalization of prepositional phrases, and how Uzbek connective strategies have been influenced by morphological processes and contact (e.g. Persian loans like agar, chunki. Cross-linguistic comparison reveals substantial differences that pose challenges for translation: for instance, a French clause introduced by que (“that”) may correspond to an Uzbek nominalized clause or participial phrase. By drawing on linguistic literature and examples, the article highlights how each language’s typological profile shapes its system of subordination and discusses implications for linguistic theory and translation practice.

The article presents the results of research on the hydrological and hydrochemical regimes of the Chirchik river. This research is devoted to a scientific or practical problem, such as insufficient effectiveness of existing monitoring. Factual data on the concentration of pollutants, most often exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations, are presented. An analysis of the study of the spatial distribution of pollutants (PV) along the river length is presented, which allows for the identification of the most polluted areas. The dependence of the concentration of pollutants on the water content of the year was considered.

Gender tolerance represents a critical psychological construct encompassing attitudes toward gender diversity and non-conforming expressions. This review examines contemporary psychological research on gender tolerance, analyzing theoretical frameworks and empirical findings from international studies including post-Soviet regions.A comprehensive literature review was conducted examining peer-reviewed articles published between 2018-2025 from international psychology journals and regional studies. Research reveals significant cultural variations, with Russia, Estonia and Ukraine leading gender research among post-Soviet states, while Central Asian countries show limited output. Gender tolerance is influenced by cultural values, education, urbanization, and exposure to diversity. Studies highlight the necessity for gender-sensitive mental health and culturally appropriate interventions. Gender tolerance requires culturally sensitive measurement approaches. Significant research gaps exist in Central Asian countries where traditional gender attitudes remain prevalent, indicating need for expanded cross-cultural studies.

This article explores the development of the concept of Orientalism in Western Europe and its interaction with Enlightenment-era political thought. Drawing upon the monographs of Alexander Bevilacqua and Noel Malcolm, it analyzes Europe's perception of the Islamic East, the study of Arabic sources, and how these shaped the evolution of European political ideas. The article also provides a critical reading of Edward Said’s "Orientalism" thesis within this historical context.

This article analyzes the topic of discourse and simultaneously discusses the importance of historical discourse. In the historical work, anthroponyms and toponyms, as well as their nominative and communicative features, are examined. The article also highlights the functions of anthroponyms within the scope of their use in literary works.

This article analyzes the grammatical differences between formal and informal style. Formal style is usually used in academic, legal, and business settings and requires clear, concise, and strict grammatical rules. Informal style, on the other hand, is used in everyday communication, conversations with friends, or on social media, and is more relaxed and personal in its expression. The article discusses the characteristics of both styles, including word choice, syntax, punctuation, and stylistic elements. While formal style tends to use more complex sentences, formal words, and terminology, informal style tends to use simpler, more understandable expressions, as well as metaphors and generally more emotional language.

This article discusses measures aimed at guaranteeing the rights of investors in our country in recent years, guarantees created for investors in our national legislation, and information about their importance.

This article examines the historical development of graphic systems in Uzbekistan, analyzing their evolution from the Arabic script to the Latin-based system used today. It investigates the sociopolitical and cultural factors that influenced these transitions, highlights current difficulties in education, communication, and digital integration, and discusses perspectives for the future development of Uzbek orthography. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the article sheds light on how script reforms reflect broader national identity, globalization pressures, and modernization goals. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of Uzbekistan's script reforms, examining the historical transition from Arabic to Latin and subsequently to Cyrillic script, before returning to a modified Latin alphabet in the post-Soviet era. Drawing upon government documents, linguistic surveys, and educational reports, the study investigates the sociopolitical motivations behind each script change and evaluates current challenges in implementing the latest Latin-based alphabet. Particular attention is given to generational divides in script competency, technological adaptation requirements, and comparative lessons from other Turkic-language nations. The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining archival analysis with contemporary sociolinguistic data.

This article explores the syntactic parallels and divergences among three prominent Altaic languages: Uzbek, Korean, and Japanese. Drawing on historical linguistics and structural typology, the study examines sentence order, subject-verb agreement, particle use, and honorific constructions. While the three languages share SOV (subject-object-verb) structure and agglutinative morphology, their grammar systems also display distinct features shaped by geography, contact, and cultural evolution. This comparative approach contributes to understanding how typologically similar languages evolved under different sociolinguistic conditions. This study provides a comprehensive syntactic comparison of three languages historically associated with the Altaic family: Uzbek (Turkic branch), Korean (isolate with Altaic features), and Japanese (Japonic with Altaic influences). Through contrastive analysis of sentence structure, morphological typology, and grammatical particles, the research identifies both shared features (SOV word order, agglutination) and divergent patterns (case marking, honorific systems). The findings challenge traditional Altaic classifications while revealing meaningful syntactic parallels that facilitate interlinguistic comprehension. Data is drawn from native speaker interviews, corpus analysis, and historical texts.

history of medicine, diagnostics, treatment methods, natural medicines, mental and physical diseases, religious beliefs, human anatomy, medical practice.

This article explores the integral connection between listening and speaking skills in the process of language acquisition. It highlights how active and conscious listening contributes to the development of accurate pronunciation, appropriate intonation, vocabulary expansion, and grammatical awareness. The paper discusses contemporary perspectives in language pedagogy and emphasizes listening as a foundational element for enhancing speaking fluency and communicative competence. Practical strategies and digital tools that aid in improving listening and, consequently, speaking abilities are also reviewed.

The article explores various aspects of forming competencies in physics lessons within a creative teaching process.

The article covers alalia, the causes of alalia, its effects on children's psychological development, breathing exercises, voice exercises, articulation exercises, speech production, the role of games in the correction of alalia, a comprehensive approach, and cooperation with parents. It also highlights methods used in speech therapy sessions with children suffering from alalia.

Pedagogy is a science that deals with the organization and management of the educational process, while psychology studies the mental state, behavior and development of a person. These two areas complement each other and provide the main elements necessary for success in the educational process.With the help of psychology, teachers can better understand the needs, motivation and self-awareness of students. This helps to organize the educational process more effectively.

The application of psychological theories and methods in the educational process helps to improve the individual characteristics, motivation and emotional development of students. Modern psychology also provides teachers with knowledge on how to effectively communicate with students and manage their behavior.

This article analyzes the role of psychological and pedagogical approaches in inclusive education. In the context of inclusive education, personalized and personality-oriented approaches that correspond to the needs of students become an integral part of the educational process. The study, based on theoretical sources, highlights the role of psychological approaches in emotional support, and the significance of pedagogical approaches in methodological adaptation. The author substantiates the positive influence of psychological and pedagogical integration on the quality of education.

The eclectic approach in language teaching has gained considerable attention for its flexible and learner-centered orientation. This paper aims to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the eclectic method by analyzing current literature and classroom practices. While the method promotes adaptability and the integration of various techniques to suit learners’ needs, it also raises concerns about consistency, teacher expertise, and pedagogical coherence. The study concludes that although the eclectic approach can be highly effective when applied strategically, it requires well-informed and reflective teaching practices to avoid random or disjointed instruction.

The article examines the relationship between the formation of tourism clusters and regional economic development using the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to quantitatively assess the impact of tourism clusters on the regional economy and analyze the dynamics of the sector's development. Descriptive statistics, methods of relative analysis, cluster development indicators and performance indices were used as the research methodology. The findings of the study confirmed the multifaceted positive impact of tourism clusters on regional economic development and specific recommendations for the future development of the sector were developed.

The development of volitional qualities in future physical education teachers is a crucial component in shaping competent and resilient specialists who can effectively perform pedagogical and athletic functions. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, psychological mechanisms, and pedagogical strategies essential for nurturing strong-willed character traits such as perseverance, self-discipline, emotional stability, and responsibility among physical education students. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of practical training, competitive environments, and self-regulatory practices as tools to enhance volitional development. The study also discusses the role of university curricula and the influence of physical and mental challenges in fostering personal and professional growth. Recommendations are provided for the design of targeted educational interventions aimed at reinforcing willpower and intrinsic motivation in prospective physical education teachers.

Evaluation and assessment are vital components in the realm of language education. This article explores the definitions, purposes, and methodologies of evaluation and assessment, emphasizing their impact on teaching and learning processes.

This study identifies the relationship between the rotational speed variations of a newly profiled saw and saw cylinder with the machine’s performance, seed damage, and fiber quality (impurity accumulation). The research was conducted on a DP-30 laboratory stand using cotton samples of the "Yoleta" and "R3" varieties. The input parameters considered were the saw tooth height, pitch, and rotational speed. Output parameters included fiber productivity, seed damage, and fiber impurity indicators. The study found that productivity increased with greater tooth size and rotational speed, while seed damage remained relatively stable.

Chronic otitis media (COM) is a prolonged inflammatory process involving the tissues of the middle ear cavity, often characterized by hearing loss, purulent discharge, and tympanic membrane damage. This article highlights modern conservative and surgical treatment methods for COM. Additionally, it examines therapeutic strategies for complicated cases such as labyrinthitis, intracranial infections, and facial nerve paralysis. Timely and comprehensive treatment not only reduces the consequences of the disease but also significantly improves the patient’s quality of life.

В данной статье анализируются возможности и перспективы реализации целей Стратегии «Узбекистан – 2030», направленной на увеличение объема ВВП до 160 миллиардов долларов к 2030 году, а также на достижение дохода на душу населения в размере 4 тысяч долларов. Исследование факторов экономического роста позволило определить ключевые предпосылки для достижения соответствующих макроэкономических показателей к 2023 году, включая снижение уровня инфляции, увеличение добавленной стоимости и изменение структуры ВВП по отраслям.. Проанализированы рост экономики в среднесрочной перспективе: действующая институциональная архитектура реформирования и модернизации национальной экономики, позитивные тенденции изменения валового накопления основного капитала предприятий и его структуры, объема привлеченных иностранных инвестиций, внешнеторгового оборота страны, комплексного и сбалансированного социально-экономического развития областей, районов и городов Узбекистана, сокращения диспропорций регионального развития. Раскрывается важность кардинального улучшения внутриполитической ситуации и экономического взаимодействия в Центральной Азии, предающего новый импульс активизации регионального сотрудничества.

            This article analyzes the impact of digital transformation on Uzbekistan’s economic development, with particular attention to structural reforms, sectoral digitization, and future prospects for inclusive growth. It examines how digital technologies—such as e-governance, fintech, and e-commerce—are altering traditional economic models, increasing productivity, and fostering transparency. Drawing on official statistics, policy documents, and expert assessments, the study highlights both achievements and limitations in Uzbekistan’s digital journey. The findings indicate that digitalization has spurred improvements in financial inclusion, public service delivery, and entrepreneurship, yet challenges remain regarding infrastructure disparities, digital literacy, and regulatory adaptation. The paper adopts a mixed-method approach combining quantitative analysis with comparative insights from global benchmarks. It concludes with strategic recommendations to accelerate Uzbekistan’s transition into a sustainable, knowledge-based digital economy while minimizing digital divides and institutional gaps.

            This article explores the multifaceted implications of using blockchain technology to manage financial transactions, focusing on both its advantages and associated risks. As decentralized, cryptographically secured systems, blockchains offer transformative potential for the financial sector by enhancing transaction transparency, reducing operational costs, and eliminating the need for intermediaries. The article examines the core features of blockchain, such as distributed ledger architecture, consensus mechanisms, and immutability, and evaluates their applicability to financial services, including payments, settlements, remittances, and smart contract execution. Simultaneously, the paper critically analyzes risks related to cybersecurity, regulatory uncertainty, scalability, and energy consumption. Drawing on global case studies, pilot projects, and scholarly research, the article highlights the trade-offs that financial institutions and policymakers must consider when integrating blockchain into mainstream financial systems. The conclusion provides policy and strategic recommendations for maximizing benefits while mitigating systemic and operational vulnerabilities.

This article discusses the role of pedagogical practice in the professional training of a future teacher and the formation of professional skills, qualifications and the tasks of pedagogical practice.

In this article, the content of the formation of social activity on the basis of the formation of basic competencies in students, the ability to overcome conflicts and problems that have arisen as a component of social activity, the contribution of students to the development of a worthy place in the future microsium, the analysis of important components of social activity, which are not always

This article is dedicated to the life and work of the famous poetess Guljamol Askarova, who grew up in the literary environment of Kattakurgan. The phonetic-phonological, lexical-semantic, morphological and syntactic features of her poems are highlighted in terms of linguopoetics. The article is written in a combination of biographical approach, literary and linguistic analysis.

Speech discourse plays a pivotal role in understanding human communication. This article investigates major thematic aspects of speech discourse within modern linguistics, emphasizing sociolinguistic, pragmatic, cognitive, and stylistic perspectives. Through analytical review and descriptive methods, the study outlines how discourse themes evolve and intersect with contemporary communication demands. Findings reveal a dynamic interaction between speaker intent, audience interpretation, and context, highlighting the relevance of speech discourse in education, media, and intercultural exchange.

This article analyzes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, modern diagnostic methods, effective prevention measures, and treatment protocols of vitamin D deficiency in children. Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, endocrine balance, and metabolic processes in the growing organism. If not detected early, deficiency can lead to rickets, growth retardation, and systemic disorders. The article is based on both Uzbek and international research and practical experiences.

Digital transformation has become essential for modernizing public services and governance systems. In Uzbekistan, e-government initiatives under the "Digital Uzbekistan 2030" framework signify a crucial step in improving transparency, efficiency, and service accessibility. The findings of this research reveal that Uzbekistan has made substantial progress in digitizing public services, particularly in urban areas, where platforms such as my.gov.uz have significantly streamlined bureaucratic processes and enhanced accessibility. However, critical challenges remain, including a pronounced digital divide between urban and rural areas, where limited infrastructure and internet access hinder e-government adoption. Cybersecurity measures are insufficient to fully protect sensitive public data, posing risks of breaches and undermining trust in digital platforms. Additionally, the lack of digital literacy among public sector employees and citizens significantly affects the effectiveness and sustainability of these initiatives. Using a qualitative approach, data were gathered from government reports, policy documents, academic literature, and interviews with IT professionals and government officials. The findings reveal significant progress in digitizing public services, especially in urban areas, but underscore persistent challenges such as rural infrastructure gaps, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and limited digital literacy. Addressing these issues through strategic investments and policy adjustments is critical to achieving a sustainable and inclusive digital transformation.

This article examines the social factors influencing the adoption and use of non-standard vocabulary within linguistic communities. It explores how variables such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and regional background contribute to the variation in language use, particularly in informal and digital communication contexts. The study delves into the concept of "covert prestige," where non-standard forms are employed to signal group identity and solidarity, often in opposition to standard language norms. Additionally, it discusses the role of linguistic insecurity, especially among lower middle-class speakers, who may overcorrect their speech to align with perceived prestige standards. The article also highlights how stylistic choices and the social context of interactions, including the race and dialect of interlocutors, influence the frequency and acceptance of non-standard vocabulary. Through a comprehensive analysis of sociolinguistic theories and empirical data, the article provides insights into the complex interplay between social identity and language variation.

Metaphor, as one of the most expressive and multifunctional stylistic devices, plays a vital role in enriching the aesthetic and semantic depth of literary texts. This article explores the stylistic functions of metaphor within selected literary works, focusing on how metaphors shape the tone, imagery, and thematic coherence of narratives. Through a comparative stylistic analysis, the paper highlights the cognitive, emotional, and evaluative dimensions of metaphorical language, offering a practical framework for literary interpretation. Additionally, the study provides a methodological guide for analyzing metaphor in both classical and contemporary texts, aiming to foster deeper engagement with figurative language in literary discourse. The findings suggest that metaphor is not merely a decorative element but a core mechanism of meaning construction in literature.

Mountainous areas of Qashqadarya region (especially Shahrisabz, Kitob, Dehqonobod, Qamashi, Yakkabog) possess rich cultural and natural tourism resources but have seen limited development. This study analyzes the tourism potential and five-year trends in these districts, reviews recent government decisions and programs to promote mountain tourism (e.g. 2019–2025 national tourism strategy, 2023 decrees), and examines current applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics in tourism (globally and in Uzbekistan). Notable examples (e.g. AI-driven marketing, chatbots, personalization) demonstrate how AI can improve operational efficiency, targeted promotion, and visitor experience. We discuss how such technologies could enhance Qashqadarya’s mountain tourism (e.g. through personalized services, data-driven planning, digital guides), and present strategic recommendations (including infrastructure development, AI-based marketing platforms, and sustainable management) to leverage these opportunities.  

The article presents opinions on the poetics and composition, genre composition and artistic characteristics of Bukhara children's play folklore samples .

Numerical and functional series play a pivotal role in modeling chemical processes and advancing image processing within chemical engineering. This study explores their application in the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Complex (AMMC) "Smart Mine" strategy, with a focus on shape recognition in binary images. Taylor series are employed to approximate shape boundaries in noisy images, Fourier descriptors model closed contours, and Zernike moments enhance shape classification. Through practical examples, a Python implementation, and a comprehensive literature review, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of these methods in ore classification and quality control.

This article presents the methodology of organizing extracurricular physics clubs for upper-grade students in general secondary schools. It describes the importance and role of physics in science and technology, and provides a one-hour lesson plan for the topic “Mechanical Work. The Relationship Between Mechanical Energy and Work” as part of the "Eureka" club. In addition, methodological recommendations for organizing and conducting extracurricular physics sessions are provided.

This paper investigates the “Tax Free” system in foreign countries and Uzbekistan, as well as its importance in the development of the country’s economy. Moreover, the paper highlights the prospects for the development of the “Tax Free” system in Uzbekistan based on foreign experience.

In the face of persistent global youth unemployment, the startup economy has emerged as a dynamic driver of inclusive economic growth and innovation. This article explores the transformative potential of youth engagement in startups as a strategy to reduce unemployment, foster digital entrepreneurship, and stimulate socio-economic resilience. Drawing on empirical insights and best practices, it analyzes both the enabling factors and the structural barriers that affect youth participation in entrepreneurial ecosystems. The paper concludes with strategic policy recommendations aimed at building a sustainable and inclusive startup environment where young people can thrive as innovators and change-makers.

The research is conducted within the framework of pragmatic discourse analysis to explore the satirical language used by selected Uzbek, Karakalpak, Russian, and English writers. The article aims to examine how satire functions as a communicative strategy to criticize social, political, and cultural realities across different linguistic and cultural contexts. Through the application of pragmatic tools such as speech acts, implicature, presupposition, and the irony, the study reveals how meaning is constructed and interpreted in satire. The findings highlight both the universal and culturally specific elements of satirical discourse, contributing to a deeper understanding of cross-cultural pragmatics in literary texts.

Psychological differences between men and women include the fact that women are more attentive to the people around them than men, women use more gestures and facial expressions during conversations, and women perform several tasks at the same time.

In the article, who is a father, who is a modern father, the term "big father", the formation of an internal father figure, the breadwinner, the head of the family, children rely on, follow, trust and are proud of their father. The modern father has a more difficult and long way to go.

In this article, the effect of planting standards and timings on the productivity of spring soft wheat varieties in the conditions of gray soils in Karshi district of Kashkadarya region is highlighted. It was stated that when the grain yield obtained as a result of conducting the research was subjected to mathematical statistical processing, the reliability of the experiment was very low.