INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 06,2025
Journal:
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SOMATIC CONCEPTUAL UNITS AND TRANSLATION ISSUES IN MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY (on the example of foot concept)
Mamadaliyeva Gulru Ravshanovna
PhD Student, Ferghana State University
Lecturer, Kokand University Andijan Branch
e-mail:
Abstract:
This article addresses the primary challenges encountered when translating English
medical terms into Uzbek, the methods and approaches used in their translation, as well as a
stylistic and semantic analysis of linguistic units within the framework of the "foot" concept. It
deeply analyzes translation issues based on conceptual analysis, translation theories, lexical,
and functional-stylistic approaches. Neurological abbreviations and their Uzbek translations,
along with issues of terminological standardization, are also examined. The findings are
beneficial for translators, medical professionals, and linguists.
Keywords:
medical translation, concept, stylistics, foot concept, translation theory, medical
terminology, linguistic units.
INTRODUCTION
Medical translation demands exceptional precision, distinct from translations in other
fields, because it directly affects human health. Errors in drug instructions or diagnostic terms
can endanger patients’ lives. Therefore, medical translation requires specialized knowledge
combined with linguistic skills. With rapid advancements in medicine, accurately translating
English medical terms into Uzbek remains crucial for medical practitioners, translators, medical
writers, and readers. This article thoroughly analyzes issues in medical term translation,
methodological approaches based on translation theories, and practical solutions to these
problems.
METHODS
The translation of medical terms is a specialized branch within general translation theory,
primarily employing scientific and technical translation methods. Renowned translation
theorists such as E. Nida, P. Newmark, L. Barkhudarov, and V. Komissarov emphasize
accuracy, standardization, and consistency as fundamental principles of scientific and technical
translation. P. Newmark suggests a 'semantic translation' approach, ensuring each term retains
its meaning within the original context. E. Nida proposes the equivalence theory, distinguishing
between “formal equivalence” and “dynamic equivalence”. Medical translation usually
emphasizes formal equivalence, ensuring precise medical meanings. For example, benign tumor
translates into Uzbek as yaxshi sifatli o‘simta, highlighting semantic accuracy, because benign
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 06,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 308
(soft, mild, gentle) in medical contexts significantly differs from its everyday usage, making
literal translations problematic.
The main problems in translation:
1. Lack of alternative terms in the Uzbek language; many modern medical terms have
not yet been standardized in the Uzbek language. For example: hypertension is translated as
yuqori qon bosimi, but this is not always the appropriate term in the scientific language. Stroke
is known as insult, but it is borrowed from Russian and is sometimes interpreted as miyada qon
aylanishining buzilishi.
2. Incorrect use of Latin or English terms, as well as terms such as “multiple sclerosis”
are translated as “ko‘p skleroz” in medical texts, but are poorly understood by the public. It is
necessary to develop understandable translation options. In many cases, medical texts use the
original language terms directly. This becomes incomprehensible to the general audience.
3. Translation of abbreviations. For example, complex medical terms like gastroenteritis
are sometimes left in their original Latin form, which is incomprehensible to an audience with a
low level of medical literacy.
In the translation of medical terms, diseases named using abbreviations occupy a special
place. Although most of them have been translated into Uzbek, some confusion and ambiguities
can be encountered in them. Neurological diseases usually named with abbreviations are
successfully translated directly through literal translation: ADHA- Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder - Синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности – Diqqat
Yetishmovchiligi Va Giperaktivlik Sindromi, PD- Parkinson’s disease- болезнь Паркинсона-
Parkinson kasalligi, CA- Cerebrovascular Accident- Инсулт-Insult, CP-Cerebral Palsy-
Детский церебральный паралич- Bolalar miyya falaji, FND-Functional Neurological
Disorder- Функциональное неврологическое расстройсво- Funksional nevrologik buzilish,
TBI- Traumatic Brain Injury- Черепно-мозговая травма- Bosh miyya shikastlanishi , etc.
However, there may be confusion and ambiguities in the translation of some terms: ALS -
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is translated in Uzbek as Amitrofik Lateral Skleroz, while in
Russian the exact translation is Боковой амитрофический склероз. Although the word
“lateral” in Latin is well understood by medical professionals, it may be incomprehensible to
the layperson. Therefore, we think it would be more appropriate to translate it into Uzbek as
“Yon taraflama amitrofik skleroz”. The next term is MS- Multiple Sclerosis- Рассеянный
склероз- Ko‘p skleroz. Since the word “multiple” means “many” in Uzbek, we recommend
calling this term “Tarqalgan
skleroz”. Let’s try translating the explanation “Breech
presentation”- Foetal buttocks present at pelvic inlet- using Google Translate. To get a more
accurate translation, first we will translate into Russian: “Ягодичное предлежания- ягодицы
плода присутствуют у входа в таз” and translate it into Uzbek. The translation “Breech
taqdimoti- рomila dumbasi tos suyagiga kirishda mavjud”” will appear. Our job is to carry out
this translation in a complete, understandable way. Breech presentation- Brich kelish- tos
suyagi kirish qismiga homilaning dumba bilan kelishi (teskari kelish). Synonym: Footling
presentation
.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 06,2025
Journal:
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The study of the functional-stylistic features of the linguistic units of the concept “Foot”,
which is the center of the research, is an important stage in determining the cognitive features
of the linguistic units of the concept. The archiseme “div part” of the lexeme foot indicates
that the descriptive expressions of this concept form an active lexical layer in the scientific, in
particular, medical field. The translation problems of the linguistic units of the conceptual field
“Foot” allow us to determine the allomorphic and isomorphic features of the concepts. In our
study, the method of lexical definitions, comparative analysis, and translation methods were
used. The UN Panda “Oxford Concise Dictionary of Medicine” dictionary was used as the
research material. 50 medical terms and word combinations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the Concise Dictionary of Medicine, we have seen that there are over 100 medical
terms with the word foot. We use equivalent translation, adequate translation and descriptive
translation methods in translating foot linguistic units which belong to medical terms. Below
are some examples:
1).
Descriptive translation
:
Abductor hallucis
- a muscle of the medial side of the foot
inserted into the base of the first metatarsal. Also called
musculus abductor hallucis
-
Abduktor hallusis
- birinchi metatarsal suyakning asosiga yopishgan, oyoqning medial
tomonidagi mushak,
muskulus abdaktor hallusis
ham deyiladi;
Ankle jerk
-plantar flexion of
foot due to contraction of calf musculature following a brisk tap to
Achilles tendon
- To‘piq
spazmi – To‘piq paiyi (Axilles tendon)ga keskin urishdan so‘ng boldir mushaklarining
qisqarishi tufayli oyoqning plantar egilishi.
Aponeurosis Plantar
- Connective tissue sheet
investing muscles of the sole of the foot fit- Aponevrozis Plantar - Oyoq kafti mushaklarini
biriktiruvchi to‘qima qatlami
. Footedness= dominant foot= motor lateralization-
insonda bir
oyoqning boshqasiga nisbatan ustunlik qilishi, ya’ni dominant oyoqqa ega bo‘lish holati;
Trench foot
- Okop (handaq) oyoq (sovuq, zah joylarda uzoq vaqt qolib ketish natijasida oyoq
teri to‘qimalarining qorayib, halok bo‘lishi.);
Clawfoot
- Excessively high longitudinal arch of
foot with dorsal contracture of toes- Tirnoqsimon oyoq - oyoq barmoqlarining dorsal
kontrakturasi bilan oyoqning haddan tashqari baland bo‘ylama yoyi.
Cleft foot
-A bipartite foot
resulting from failure of a digit and its corresponding metatarsal to develop- Yoriq oyoq - oyoq
barmog‘i va tegishli metatarsal suyakning rivojlanishining buzilishi tufayli yuzaga keladigan
ikkiga ajralgan oyoq.
Doctor bare foot
- a practitioner of traditional or native medicine in China
who have not attended any medical school- Doktor yalangoyoq- Xitoyda hech qanday tibbiyot
maktabida o‘qimagan an’anaviy yoki xalq tabobati bo‘yicha amaliyotchi.
2) Adequate translation: Arch longitudinal
The anteroposterior arch of the foot; the
medial portion is formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform and first three metatarsals
and the lateral portion by calcaneus, cuboid and 4th and fifth metatarsals-
Uzunasiga yoy
-
oyoqning anteroposterior yoyi; Medial qismini kalkaneus, talus, navikulyar, mixxatsimon va
birinchi uchta metatarsal suyaklar, lateral qismini esa kalkaneus, kubsimon va to‘rtinchi va
beshinchi metatarsal suyaklar hosil qiladi.
Arch transverse
- transverse arch of foot formed by
navicular, cuboid cuneiform and metatarsals-
Ko‘ndalang yoy
– ko‘ndalang oyoq yoyi
navikulyar, kubsimon suneform va metatarsallardan tashkil topgan.
Athlete’s foot
-fungus
infection of foot particularly in between toes
- Sportchi oyog‘i-
oyoq barmoqlari oralaridagi
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 06,2025
Journal:
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zamburug‘li infeksiya.
Foot drop=toedrop
- oyoq osilishi: boldirning old qismidagi muskullar
(dorsal flexors) falaj bo‘lganida yuzaga keladigan oyoqning oldinga osilib qolgan holati;
3) Tracing: Babinski’s reflex
- dorsiflexion of great toe and fanning out of other toes on
stimulation of lateral part of sole of foot is called positive Babinski’s reflex; commonly results
from pyramidal tract interruption; also positive in infants below 6 months (before myelination)-
Babinskiy refleksi- o
yoq tagining lateral qismi qoʻzgʻatilganda bosh barmogʻining
dorsifleksiyasi va boshqa barmoqlarning yelpigʻichsimon harakatlari musbat Babinski refleksi
deyiladi; odatda piramidal traktning uzilishi tufayli yuzaga keladi; 6 oygacha bo‘lgan
chaqaloqlarda ham ijobiy (miyelinatsiyadan oldin).
Bandage figure of eight
-bandage in which
turns cross each other like the figure 8. Used to fix and elevate the shoulders in fracture clavicle,
to fix splints for the foot or hand-
Sakkiz shaklidagi bandaj
– 8 raqamini hosil qiluvchi,
burilishlari kesishgan bint. Yelka suyagi singanida yelkani bog‘lash va ko‘tarish, oyoq yoki qo‘l
shinalarini mahkamlash uchun ishlatiladi.
Chaddock’s reflex
1. Extension of great toe when
outer edge of dorsum of foot is stroked. 2. Flexion of wrist and fanning of fingers when tendon
of palmaris longus is pressed; positive in corticospinal tract lesions-
Cheddok refleksi
-1. Oyoq
dorsumining tashqi chetini silash orqali bosh barmoqni yozish. 2. Bilakni bukish va
barmoqlarni uzun palmaris mushagining tendonini siqib chiqarish; kortikospinal traktning
shikastlanishlarida mavjud.
Diabetic foot
- (диабетическая стопа) Diabet tovoni (qandli
diabetning oyoqlarga asoratli ta’siri);
4) Equivalent translation: Foot injury
-Oyoq jaroxati;
Athlete’s foot
- Sportchi oyog‘i
(Oyoq epidermitofiyasi);
Club foot
-Tug‘ma qiyshiq oyoq;
Flat foot
- Yassi oyoq;
Blister foot
-
Oyoq qadog‘i;
Broad foot
- Keng oyoq (ko‘ndalang-tekis oyoq);
Cavus foot
- Chuqur kaftli
oyoq (baland kaftli oyoq);
CONCLUSION.
As can be seen above, various translation methods must be used when translating the medical
verbalizers of the foot concept into Uzbek. Among these, descriptive translation is the most
commonly used method. Translating medical terms from English into Uzbek is a complex and
responsible process. It requires scientific accuracy, linguistic subtlety, and a contextual
approach. By eliminating the problems that arise in translation, it is possible to achieve a wider
dissemination of medical knowledge among our people and more effective development of the
healthcare sector. In particular, specialists serving in the healthcare system, translators, and
authors of scientific literature should work together. Accuracy in translation not only ensures
scientific reliability, but also guarantees patient safety.
References:
1. Nida, E. A. (1964). Toward a Science of Translating. Brill Archive.
2. Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall.
3. Komissarov V.N. (1990). Theory of Translation (linguistic aspects). Higher School.
4. Barkhudarov L. S. (1975). Language and translation. Moscow: Mejdunarodnye otnosheniya.
5. List of official medical terms of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
