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THE FORMATION AND ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE UZBEKISTAN PEOPLE
Salimov Nuriddin Odil o‘g‘li
University of Science and Technology
1st year master's student in the field of "Social and
Humanistic Sciences Teaching Methodology(History).
Abstract:
This article discusses the formation of the Uzbek people as a people, their ethnic
history, and the periods and regions in which these processes occurred. It is worth noting that
the Uzbek people are a native people directly connected with the territory they currently live in
from ancient times, that their ethnic composition is mainly formed by our local Sogdian,
Khorezmian, Bokhtarian, Sakian, Proto-Turkic and Turkic ancestors, and that as a result of their
mixing with each other for many centuries, a new nation, the Uzbeks, emerged.
Keywords:
Uzbek, people, ethnic history, nation, national mentality, Turkic language.
INTRODUCTION
During the years of independence, the desire to understand our national identity has increased
among our people, and interest in our past, the glorious path of our ancestors and the rich
spiritual heritage has increased. Indeed, one of the most urgent and priority tasks facing
historians is to objectively study the history of the origin (ethnogenesis) of the Uzbek people. In
this article, we will briefly touch upon the scientific views and works of scientists who have
studied the process of the formation of the Uzbek people.
The term "Uzbek" means tribal chieftain, ruler. Like other peoples in the world, the formation
of the Uzbek people is the product of ethnic processes that have occurred over many years. The
Uzbeks are a separate ethnic unity, a people, formed in the western regions of Movarunnahr,
Khorezm, and the Seven Seas, partly in the western regions of East Turkestan. The Uzbek
people were formed by ethnic groups such as the local Sogdians, Bactrians, Khorezmians, Saks,
Fergana people, semi-pastoral tribes, and nomadic Sak-Massagets, who had long lived in the
territory of present-day Uzbekistan, engaged in irrigated agriculture, and crafts
LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
Historians have various, and even contradictory, opinions about the formation of the Uzbek
people. However, the research of Ahmadali Askarov, an academician of the Academy of
Sciences of Uzbekistan, who participated in important archaeological excavations in
Uzbekistan of various Stone Ages, and the author of the books “Ethnogenesis and Ethnic
History of the Uzbek People” and “History of the Origin of the Uzbek People”, is an important
historical material. Askarov believes that the complete formation of modern Uzbeks occurred in
antiquity. The antiquity period falls on the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD, and about a
hundred settlements of this period have been found in Uzbekistan.
"In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, Turkic-speaking people from Southern Siberia, Altai,
the Yenisei River, the steppes of South Kazakhstan, and the Tien Shan regions gradually
entered our territories through the Syrdarya River. They occupied the entire territory from the
Syrdarya to the Amu Darya. The Turkic-speaking people entering from Siberia spread
1
R.Shamsutdinov , X.Moʻminov. “Oʻzbekiston tarixi”. Toshkent. “Akademik nashr”. 2019.
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page 1745
throughout the entire territory of Uzbekistan. Therefore, we attribute the history of the origin of
the Uzbek people to two ethnic foundations: the first is the Sogdians, Khorezmians, and
Bactrians who spoke ancient Iranian languages; the second is our ancestors who spoke the
Turkic language. From the interaction of the two ethnic groups over 25 centuries, a new nation
emerged, which we call Uzbek," says Ahmadali Askarov
During the Bronze Age, as a result of the mass migration of Siberian Turks to the banks of the
Syrdarya and Amu Darya rivers, their number increased by 10-15 times compared to the
ancient Sogdian, Khorezmian, and Bactrian peoples. In such a situation, it is natural that the
language of the Turkic-speaking population that came from outside began to prevail. As a result,
the languages of the inhabitants of the banks of the Amu Darya disappeared in the 11th-12th
centuries. “The appearance of the Turkic peoples on the territory of Central Asia and
Uzbekistan occurred a thousand years before Afrosiab - in the Bronze Age. At that time, we had
a culture called Sopolli, and therefore, with the influx of Turkic-speaking populations from
outside (the so-called Andronova tribe), it began to be reflected in ceramic products,” says the
scientist.
DISCUSSION
The history of each nation is inextricably linked with its ethnogenesis and ethnic history.
Ethnogenesis and ethnic history are historical and ethnocultural processes that arise at certain
stages of the history of a people and continue until a certain ethnos is formed into a people, a
nation. Usually, without determining the ethnogenesis of a nation, the composition of its ethnic
layers, it is impossible to create any scientific idea about that nation, the territory of which it is
composed, and its statehood. According to the observations of academician K. Shoniyozov, in
the process of ethnogenesis, territorial, linguistic and ethnocultural unity, socio-economic and
economic, ethnic name (ethnonym) and unity of self-awareness, unity of political association,
common religion, and a number of other ethnic signs that determine the ethnos are of great
importance. Only when all these ethnic signs and characteristics occur, an ethnos-people is
formed, that is, the process of ethnogenesis is completed. But in practice, not all of these ethnic
characteristics could be present at a certain time or play a significant role in the process of
ethnogenesis. For example, if language played a leading role in the formation of a certain
people, then in the formation of another people, the economy was the leading factor, and in the
third, material culture was the leading factor. In this regard, Academician A. Askarov considers
ethnic characteristics to be ethnic characteristics and factors specific to an ethnos, and includes
territorial unity, socio-economic unity, ethnocultural unity, language unity, ethnic name unity,
unity of self-awareness, and finally political unity (political consolidation) among these
necessary social, economic and political factors and ethnic characteristics that organize an
ethnos. The scientist emphasizes that ethnic characteristics do not occur in a short period of
time, but are formed one after another during a long ethnogenetic process. As indicated in
special scientific literature, there are two methods of the ethnogenesis process. 1). The
rapprochement of indigenous (autochthonous) ethnic components, their integration and joint
development; 2). The integration of components that have migrated from other regions into the
formed or forming ethnic unity into the local population
.
RESULTS
2
Axmadali Asqarovning Kun.uz jurnalistiga bergan 11.03.2023 dagi intervyusidan.
3
Shoniyozov K. O`zbek xalqining shakllanish jarayoni. – T. 2001
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Today, there are various views and concepts regarding ethnogenesis. In particular, some experts
(L.N. Gumilyov) consider ethnos to be a biophysical reality and therefore consider the
ethnogenesis system to be associated with natural processes. According to this concept, ethnos,
being a component of the biosphere, is subject to its laws, while ethnogenesis is considered to
be part of the processes occurring in the biosphere.
Three large tribes of Dashti-Kipshak Uzbeks stood at the head of the three khanates formed in
the 18th century in the territories of present-day Uzbekistan. Under the influence of political
power, the psychology of the local Turks gradually began to awaken sympathy for the name
Uzbek.
Representatives of artistic creativity were also involved in giving the name Uzbek an ethnic
meaning. They were Abdulla Qodiriy, Gafur Gulom, Hamid Olimjon, Komil Yashin, Uygun
and Abdulla Qakhor. Due to the restoration of the national economy and the industrialization of
the country, the tribal and tribal separation in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, was
eliminated, and the achievement of the community and society in general operating on the
territory of the Republic was instilled in the people's consciousness that it was the achievement
of the Uzbek children. The process of the Uzbeks becoming a nation was completed in the mid-
1940s. Finally, with the formation of the Uzbek nation, its national character and the mentality
peculiar to the Uzbeks were formed. Most importantly, a sense of national identity arose among
the Uzbeks of the Republic, and the word Uzbek was recognized by everyone as their common
ethnic name. For example, if during the 1926 population census, 32,784 people living in the
Fergana Valley and Tashkent oasis called themselves Kipchaks, 50,078 people were Kuramas,
and 21,565 people were Turks, then in 1939 they all called themselves Uzbeks. In short, after
the national demarcation of 1924, the name Uzbek became the national name of the newly
formed Uzbek SSR. Thus, the newly formed Republic of Uzbekistan, its citizens, and the
Uzbek nation were reflected in the historical arena under the names of the Uzbek people and the
Uzbek nation
CONCLUSION
In general, the origin of the Uzbek people dates back to ancient times. Since those times, the
Uzbek people have developed and formed into the developed Uzbek people of the present day.
After all, “We are not a people that appeared on the world stage yesterday. Our nation, our
people have been living their own life, their own culture, their own history since the time when
“Avesta” appeared on the land of ancient Khorezm. It is known from historical data that the
name Uzbek is not the name of a tribe or clan. The name Uzbek is a people formed on the basis
of the centuries-old mixing of hundreds of Turkic tribes and peoples with Iranian-speaking
ethnic groups. Therefore, this name and the state named after this name appeared. Every citizen
of independent Uzbekistan should be proud of this.
Karimov.I.A. “We are building our future with our own hands. Answers to the questions of the
correspondent of the newspaper “Turkiston” Turkistan. February 2, 1999. At the same time, I.A.
Karimov recognized that the ancient historical roots of the Uzbeks are one with the Turkic
peoples, this unity is manifested in language, religion, traditions, values and culture, and said
that we are in favor of developing comprehensive relations with the Turkic peoples. “But,” our
Head of State indicated, “we have always felt ourselves to be an independent nation, the Uzbek
4
Халимбетов Ю.М. Миллий менталитетимиз-истиқболимиз таянчи. “Ӯзбек халқининг келиб чиқиши:
илмий-методологик ёндашувлар, этногенетик ва этник тарих” мавзусидаги Республика илмий-назарий
семинар материаллари. Тошкент 2007.
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people, and we are proud of this. We have historical, scientific, cultural foundations for this.
Today, the world community recognizes our great history and success, and today recognizes
and respects us by this name.” The nation that was called by this name was formed during its
independence period. And during the period of independence, with its own independent
domestic and foreign policy.
This indicates that it is developing rapidly. Karimov.I.A. “We will build our future with our
own hands.” Answers to questions posed by a reporter from the newspaper "Turkiston".
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