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MODERN INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE FIELDS OF MINE SURVEYING AND
GEODESY
Shodiyev Ramshid Muxtor o‘g‘li
Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnology
3
rd
year student
Tel:
+998-94-654-77-18
Xushvaqtov Asadbek Saydulla o‘g‘li
Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnology
3
rd
year student
Tel:
+998-88-842-79-82
Abstract. At present, lots of geodetic instruments and new geodetic technologies have been
created, which are fundamentally different from traditional ones. In previous years, each type of
measurement had its own type of instrument: for the angular measurements - the theodolite, for
high-altitude measurements - a level, for linear measurements - a tape measure and rangefinder.
Each device, depending on the intended use, had its own accuracy characteristics. Over time,
science is developing and technologies are moving forward, the devices used in the field of
engineering and geodetic works are improving. A modern geodetic instrument is a product of new
technologies that embodies the latest achievements in optics and modern satellite technologies.
This article provides a classification of devices according to their purpose and describes their
application.
Key words. Angular measurements, high-altitude measurements, linear measurements, accuracy
characteristics,underground structures, geodetic parameters,geodetic survey, total station, laser
scanners
Introduction
When providing the geodetic support for the construction of the airfield’s main elements, the
geodesist does the following types of work: updating the location of existing (previously laid)
utility services, setting out and monitoring of laid underground structures and utility services’
geodetic parameters, clarification of the characteristics of design (laid) utility services, surface
layout, as well as reinforcement placement, marking and sawing of the expansion joints, setting
out of drainage system, laying of cable ducts, checking the thickness of layers and surface slopes,
cable laying and installation of lighting equipment, etc. [1].
Geodetic surveying plays an important role in constructing roads and aerodromes:
- Geodetic expertise and surveying allow monitoring the level of subsidence and deformation of
roads and other traffic facilities.
- Topographic surveying is used to create topographic plans, maps, and to do the necessary
calculations.
Survey and design
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The survey and design of automobile roads and aerodromes include a range of works:
- Engineering and geodetic surveys, which are necessary for the correct assessment of the area
from the viewpoint of topographic relief and of linking the object to the existing infrastructure.
- Engineering-geological surveys, the task of which is to examine the engineering-geological
conditions of the site, to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of soils, and to make
the engineering-geological profiles in order to design the foundations and linear or point objects.
- Engineering and hydro-meteorological surveys, which help to assess the hydro-geological
conditions of the site, the presence of underground and surface water sources, as well as the
meteorological and climatic components of the design area.
- Environmental - engineering surveys, which are aimed at reducing the man-made impact on the
environment and at forecasting the influence of construction on environmental safety, in order to
minimize its harmful effects.
- Survey of construction materials and soils, as well as of water supply sources - underground
waters. This is a comprehensive laboratory analysis of materials, the identification of their
composition and physical-mechanical properties.
When analyzing international experience, we may make a conclusion that the quality of surveying
directly affects the service life, the quality of the work done, the consumption of materials, etc. [2,
3, 4]. All surveying activities begin with the choice of the most profitable engineering solutions
for the construction or reconstruction of the object, from technical, economic and environmental
points of view: interference in the economic activity of rural settlements, demolition of residential
areas, occupying valuable lands and resort areas, as well as deforestation of roadside hedgerows
and forests. First of all, such a survey is a collection of all the data necessary to create a design
project and an assessment of the construction investments taken into account in the summary cost
estimate. All the work is done in accordance with the established rules of surveying.
Modern geodetic equipment
Geodetic groups and cartographers, who do engineering and survey work, join in to help, with
their latest geodetic equipment, instead of outdated one, and they provide high-quality and efficient
performance. At present, the invention of new geodetic equipment is rapidly developing, and due
to this it is possible to carry out field observations much faster and more efficiently, with the lowest
standard error of the mean (SEM). SEM is minimized [5]. Among these innovations are the
following surveying devices: a total station (Figure 1), a GPS antenna and a 3D scanner. This
equipment, which has caused a real breakthrough in surveying, is a success, and it is continuing to
develop, speeding up the work at the construction site.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Figure 1 – Illustration of Leica Nova MS60 total station
Geodetic engineers conduct topographic surveying of the relief, in order to create new maps, if
there is such a need due to absence of plan maps and archival data [1]. Further, as a rule, all
collected information is passed over to the design team, in order to create project data. At the same
time, the geological and laboratory survey of soils is carried out, as well as the survey of their
physical and mechanical properties. Also at design stage the issue of environmental protection
during construction and installation works, with the lowest possible level of hazardous substance
exposure, is considered.
When solving many problems of engineering geodesy, electronic devices, optical precision zenith
plummets (ZP) are used. As a rule, they are used at objects associated with increasing the number
of stores in large scale development. Precise levels are used for creating unique nuclear energy
facilities and other corporate and secret facilities, special technological lines, etc. Also on
construction sites total stations, robotized total stations, laser range finders that have substituted
light range finders, GLONASS and GPS systems are widely used.
Let Us take a closer look at the total station, and at the use of satellite technologies and 3D scanning
in engineering geodesy and aero geodesy.
The total station is a high-precision and high-quality modern geodetic device that has greatly
simplified making geodetic measurements. In fact, the total station consists of the goniometric
part, the light range finder and the built-in computer. Thus, using the goniometric part, the
horizontal and vertical angles are determined, the light range finder determines the distances, and
the built-in computer solves various geodetic tasks, provides device control, management and
storage of measurement results. The measurement results can be downloaded into a PC and
processed using special programs.
Total stations can operate both in reflector mode (the observer takes measurements using special
devices-reflectors, prisms, reflecting marks) and in without reflector mode (the observations are
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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carried out directly on the observed object). There are also robotized total stations, allowing one
person to make observations; according to a given program, these devices themselves find the
position of the reflector and take measurements.
In order to obtain a three-dimensional image of the district space, necessary for creating digital
maps laser scanners are used (Figure 2).
Figure 2
. Laser scanner
Laser scanners are more complex apparatuses compared to total stations, although they have got
similar operation principles. A laser scanner scans the space within a fraction of a second, digitizes
the set of characteristics of the real surface, and then presents the result in the three-dimensional
coordinate system. Considering the technical side, it can be said that the laser scanner is a device
equipped with a reflectorless laser range finder and a system for changing the direction of the laser
beam - a special folding mirror.
The development of modern technologies for performing field engineering and geodetic works is
inextricably linked with global positioning systems (such as the American GPS (NAVSTAR) and
the Soviet GLONASS), which are actively used in space geodesy, and this helps to increase labor
productivity and improve measurement accuracy.
At present, satellite technologies have made significant progress, and are rapidly replacing
traditional geodetic methods for determining coordinate points, line lengths, angles and azimuths.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - is aircraft controlled remotely, without any crew on board.
More and more often, unmanned aerial vehicles are used in construction to fulfill tasks related to
geodesy (or cartography), for which aerial photography is required. To determine coordinate points
and flight-path speed, modern UAVs, as a rule, use satellite navigation receivers (GPS or
GLONASS). The orientation of the apparatus in space is determined by gyroscopes and
accelerometers.
Conclusion
As a result of
modern geodetic devices, hardware and software, the process of doing engineering
and geodetic works is becoming more and more accurate and easy year after year, which makes it
possible to fulfill complex geodetic tasks within shorter periods of time. The new technologies and
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07, 2025
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 333
tools introduced into geodetic devices facilitate accurate measurements and, in some cases,
eliminate errors made due to human factor.
References
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cadastre II Problems of entrepreneurial, investment and construction activity. Materials of the
XVII-th scientific - technical conferenc(St. Petersburg: ANO IPEV) pp 114-120
2. Stolbov Y V, Stolbova S V, Pronina L A and Uvarov A.I. 2018 The Accuracy Investigation of
the High Position of the Road Coverage Surface with the Different Geodesic Devices’ Application.
The Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 15(1) 97-105
3. Kamnev I S and Seredovich V A 2017 Current trends in the development of engineering and
geodetic surveys for linear structures Engineer surveys 2 20-27
4. Shodiyev Ramshid Muxtor o‘g‘li. “Ids georadar deep career boards application of ibis-arcsar
georadar technology and achieving economic efficiency (example of muruntov gold mine)”.
Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (giirj) ISSN (E): 2347-6915 Vol. 12, Issue
2, February (2024)
https://internationaljournals.co.in/index.php/giirj/article/view/5240/4921
