INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 08,2025
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THE PLACE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INCOMPLETE SENTENCES AND WORDS
IN A LITERATURE TEXT
Ibragimova Muqaddas
Teacher at Samarkand state institute of foreign languages, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Annotation:
This article comprehensively analyzes the linguistic, semantic-structural and
stylistic properties of phrases and incomplete sentences in Russian linguistics. Phrases appear
as independent predicative units in the speech process, morphologically invariable, often
formed on the basis of modal words, exclamations and short response units. Incomplete
sentences, despite the fact that they are syntactically devoid of some parts, are interpreted as
sentences that are fully understood through the general speech situation and context. The article
covers the theoretical interpretations of these units, the opinions of world and Russian linguists
about them, and the features of their use in practical speech. The role of phrases and incomplete
sentences in ensuring the expressiveness, conciseness and liveliness of speech is also
substantiated.
Key words:
Phrases, incomplete sentences, linguistic features, semantic-structural analysis,
stylistic possibilities, modal words, exclamations, elliptical sentences, predicative units, speech
economy, contextual reconstruction, world linguistics, Russian linguistics.
Introduction
In modern linguistics, the study of minimal forms of sentences, their structure and semantic
possibilities is taking shape as a separate scientific direction. In this regard, the issue of phrases
is currently being studied at the intersection of theoretical syntax and morphology. Among
simple sentences with various structures, phrases are unique in their inseparability, that is, in
their structure neither primary nor secondary parts of the sentence are separated. This feature
determines their syntactic essence and allows them to be distinguished from other simple
sentences.
The study of incomplete sentences has a long history, and the views expressed in this direction
and the proposed classifications are distinguished by their diversity. Various methods and
approaches to studying these constructions have been formed according to the initial point of
view of researchers, that is, their answers to the question of which criterion should underlie the
concepts of "completeness" and "incompleteness", whether it is a formal criterion or a semantic
criterion.
Another feature that ensures the uniqueness of sentences is their special
lexical-morphological
structure.
They are usually expressed by predicates, modal words and exclamations. These two
features - syntactic inseparability and special lexical-morphological structure - not only reveal
the essence of sentences, but also serve as the basis for classifying other types of simple
sentences.
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V.V. Babaytseva
notes that sentences, unlike other types of sentences, are used as independent
predicative units, but they cannot be expanded or their constituent parts can be determined. This
feature fundamentally distinguishes them from, for example, one-part sentences, the first part of
which is expressed by an exclamation. Although such sentences have been interpreted
differently by researchers (E.M. Galkina Fedoruk, N.S. Pospelov, A.N. Gvozdev, etc.),
according to the general conclusion, sentences should be distinguished as a separate type.
Thus, the syntactic and morphological features of phrases are closely related to each other: the
indivisibility of prepositions, modal words, and exclamations determines their use as phrases.
This, in turn, creates the basis for clearly defining and studying their difference from other
types of phrases.
Phrases interact with other language units at the syntagmatic and paradigmatic levels. They
often serve as a means of replacing the previous or subsequent phrase, that is, they perform a
substitution
function. Therefore, phrases are always context-dependent, have a high degree of
modality
and
emotionality
. One of the important aspects of phrases is their
combinatory
properties.
They can be used independently in speech or be combined in various ways with
other units: modal words, adverbs, pronouns, nouns, and sometimes with whole phrases or
clauses. This phenomenon demonstrates a high level of
syntactic flexibility
of words and
phrases. As a result, each combination option gives a new semantic or pragmatic meaning to the
word or phrase.
Research shows that words and phrases in speech mainly express
subjective modality.
In
dialogic speech, they often appear as the main means of expressing logical relations such as
affirmation/negation. Therefore, affirmative-negative modal units such as ja, nein, doch are
considered the core of the field of words and phrases. They express not only simple affirmation
or negation, but also various
emotional relations
- such as agreement, disapproval, doubt,
surprise, regret, gratitude, ironic assessment.
The semantic field of utterances is extremely wide-ranging:
– affirmation/denial;
– confidence or assumption;
– command, request, invitation;
– surprise, impression;
– regret or pity;
– phatic communication (continuation or termination of communication);
– adding a comment or clarification to the text.
Also, utterances have
a functional synthesis
: they can simultaneously perform communicative,
substitutional, phatic, pragmatic, syntactic, text-forming and metacommunicative functions.
Such multifaceted functionality indicates their synthesizing and economic nature. For the
speaker of the language, utterances serve as a short, concise, but rich pragmatic tool.
Sayings are studied not only as a separate part of the morphological-syntactic system of the
language, but they are also one of the tools that ensure the continuity, coherence, and even
emotional diversity of the text in the speech process.
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The role of words in the speech system is more clearly seen through their manifestation in
various transformation processes. In this regard, the Russian linguist Kovalev expresses the
following opinion in his research: Words are divided into four main transformation types:
derivational transformation, distributive transformation, non-verbal transformation and
combined transformation.
Each type of transformation expands the formal and semantic
properties of the word-speech and enriches its communicative and pragmatic capabilities. The
following are the characteristics of each type.
1. Derivational transformation.
In this type of transformation, the structural components of the word-speech change
morphologically. For example:
“Спасибо!” → “Спасибище!”
As a result of such a change,
the expressiveness of the word increases, and its semantic scope is given additional expressive
meaning.
2. Distributive transformation.
In this process, additional components are added to the structure of the word or phrase and it is
expanded. The added components can be of various types:
Pronouns:
“Ничего!” → “Ничего себе!”, “Вот ничего себе!”
Chastity:
“ничего ж себе!”, “да ничего ж себе!”
Adverbs:
“Нет!” → “просто нет”, “категорически нет”
Exclamations:
“Ну ничего себе!”, “Ай нет!”
Such expansion enhances the emotional and modal meaning of the utterance.
3. Nonverbal transformation.
Sometimes the content and expression of the utterance are enriched by means other than the
word itself. These include intonation, facial expressions, and gestures. For example, in Gogol's
"The Inspector General" (Ревизор):
“После? Вот новости — после! Я не хочу после… Мне только одно слово: что он,
полковник? А?”
In this case, the full meaning of the utterance is formed not only through the spoken words, but
also through nonverbal signals.
4. Combined transformation.
In this type of transformation, several of the above transformations are used together. For
example:
“Ну во-от, опя-ять, сколько мо-ожно!..”
In such cases, derivational or distributive change, combined with non-verbal means of
expression, further enhances the semantic and pragmatic load of the word-sentence.
As early as Smotritsky's grammar, it was noted that some words could be omitted from the
structure of a sentence. This situation was also mentioned in other grammars of that period. In
the grammar of N. Grech, published in 1827, a definition of an incomplete sentence is given
and a list of cases related to the omission of parts of a sentence is given. N. Grech, belonging to
the logical direction of Russian grammar, determines the structure of an ideal sentence by the
presence of the main parts of the sentence (subject, predicate, conjunction).
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The history of the study of incomplete sentences shows that many issues related to this type of
sentences were related to the initial views of researchers and their frequent confusion of
incomplete sentences with one-part sentences. At that time, some researchers did not take into
account the specific features of such constructions. For example, representatives of the logical-
grammatical direction - F.I. Buslaev, A.Kh. Vostokov, N.I. Grech - considered a sentence to be
equivalent to a sentence. Therefore, they included one-part sentences in the list of incomplete
sentences. Because, in their opinion, one of the main parts of the sentence (i.e., the sentence) is
missing. In their opinion, a sentence without a participle is impossible, for this reason, for
example, nominative sentences were interpreted by them not as a complete sentence, but as an
incomplete sentence.
According to
F.F. Fortunatov
, a sentence is a psychological judgment, which is a combination
of two representations (psychological subject and psychological participle). In incomplete
sentences, one of these representations may not have a verbal expression. For example: Pojar.
In the sentence the psychological subject is the representation of fire, smoke, and the
psychological participle includes the representation expressed by the word "pojar" (fire).
According to
A.G. Rudnev
, this is explained by Fortunatov's interpretation of the subject and
participle as a direct perception of the phenomenon and its expression through words. He also
distinguishes, for example, impersonal sentences: they do not have a subject and it is not
restored from the context of speech or the situation. This distinguishes them from incomplete
two-part sentences with a possessor omitted [Rudnev 1963: 364]
One of the important stages in the development of the theory of incomplete sentences is the
work of
A.A.Shakhmatov
entitled “Syntax of the Russian Language”, published in 1941. In
this work, the researcher considers monopart sentences as a separate type and analyzes their
types in detail. According to him, monopart sentences (definite personal, indefinite personal,
imperative and imperative sentences) are included in the category of complete sentences. It
should also be noted that A.A.Shakhmatov, like
A.M.Peshkovsky
, attached great importance to
intonation and recognized it as a grammatical factor.
Modern directions in the study of syntactic units in the language system are based on the
analysis of their structural, semantic and functional aspects in an inextricably linked manner. In
this sense, both phrases and incomplete sentences require special attention as active units of the
language, widely used in text and speech, with their own characteristics.
Phrases
are distinguished by their special lexical-morphological composition, speech means
such as modal words, exclamations, and loadings. They usually appear in the text as
independent syntactic devices, but may not have all the components of a complete sentence.
However, their pragmatic function is strong, enriching the emotional-expressive layer of the
text and serving to convey the author's communicative intentions.
Incomplete sentences
, in turn, arise in a structurally and semantically insufficient form, but in
the process of speech they are often supplemented by the context and do not violate the
coherence of meaning. Over the past century, scientists such as I.A.Popova, E.M.Galkina-
Fedoruk, A.P.Skovorodnikov, P.A.Lekant, A.L.Faktorovich, A.A.Chuvakin, E.N.Shiryaev,
L.V.Lisochenko have conducted in-depth studies of their structural schemes, paradigmatics and
syntagmatics. Nevertheless, even today the formal and semantic criteria of incompleteness,
their behavior in the text and discourse cannot be considered fully studied.
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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In the analysis of these units, the relationship between language and linguistic personality, the
individual style of the author and communicative goals are of great importance. Because in a
literary text, the semantic load of syntactic means is often hidden, but when used consciously,
they help create new conceptual meanings. If phrases increase the expressive power of a literary
text, then incomplete sentences create naturalness and liveliness in the dynamic construction of
speech.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the analysis of phrases and incomplete sentences is relevant not only from a
structural and semantic point of view, but also from a functional and pragmatic point of view. A
deep study of the features of their use in the text helps to understand the possibilities of
language more broadly, to reveal the individuality of the author's speech and the creative
possibilities of the language system.
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