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WAYS TO INCREASE THE NUTRITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER
WHEAT
T.T.Usmonov
Senior Lecturer (PhD) of Bukhara State University
Annatation:
In this article, mineral nutrition of winter wheat, the use of organic fertilizers, the
rate of mineral fertilizers, the method and timing of application of mineral fertilizers are
described in detail. When increasing the yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to take into
account the amount and ratio of nutrients in the soil.
Key words:
Irrigated soil, fertility, moisture capacity, soil moisture, varieties of winter wheat,
earing, mineral fertilizers.
Аннотация:
Ушбу мақолада кузги буғдойни минерал озиқлантириш, органик ўғитлардан
фойдаланиш, минерал ўғитлар меъёри, минерал ўғитларини қўллаш усули ва муддатлари
ҳақида батафсил баён қилинган. Кузги буғдой ҳосилдорлигини оширишда тупроқларда
озиқ элементлар миқдори ва нисбатини ҳисобга олиш лозим бўлади.
Калит сўзлар:
Суғориладиган тупроқ, серҳосил, нам сиғими, тупроқ намлиги, кузги
буғдойнинг навлари, бошоқлаши, минерал ўғитлар.
Аннотация.
В статье подробно рассмотрено минеральное питание озимой пшеницы,
применение органических удобрений, нормы минеральных удобрений, способы и сроки
внесения минеральных удобрений. При повышении урожайности озимой пшеницы
необходимо учитывать количество и соотношение элементов питания в почве.
Ключевые слова.
Орошаемая почва, плодородие, влагоемкость, влажность почвы, сорта
озимой пшеницы, колошение, минеральные удобрения.
Today, a number of measures are being developed to fully satisfy the needs of our country's
population in grain and grain products, achieve grain independence and ensure sustainability.
The tasks set include creating winter wheat varieties that are suitable for local conditions, high-
yielding, with high grain quality, and resistant to diseases and pests in the soil and climatic
conditions of our republic, developing seed production, and developing and introducing into
production agrotechnology for obtaining high and high-quality grain yields from winter wheat
varieties in various soil and climatic conditions.
According to international statistical data, the total wheat production in the world today is 772
million tons. The top 10 wheat-producing countries include the following countries: China,
India, Russia, the USA, France, Canada, Pakistan, Ukraine, Australia and Germany. In
Uzbekistan, over the past five years, grain yields have exceeded 55 centners per hectare, and the
total yield has reached 6.5-7.8 million tons. The most urgent tasks are the implementation of
intensive agrotechnology in the cultivation of winter wheat varieties, the effective use of
irrigated land, and the improvement of technological quality indicators of grain, along with
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increasing grain yield. The placement of wheat varieties grown in the irrigated areas of our
country, taking into account their biological characteristics, the preparation of land and seeds
for sowing, the method, norms and timing of sowing, fertilizing with organic and mineral
fertilizers, irrigation, the fight against weeds, diseases and pests, the introduction of innovative
technologies that ensure the efficient use of water and land resources, as well as the correct
selection of varieties and the planting of selected high-quality seeds are required to increase the
grain yield of winter wheat. In irrigated conditions, each region has its own soil and climatic
conditions, depending on its geographical location and regions. At the same time, a set of new
agro-technological measures for new promising varieties, developed based on the natural
conditions of the region and recommended to grain growers, will yield high results in the near
future. Use of organic fertilizers. Along with mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers are also of
great importance in producing high grain yields from wheat. One of the most important means
of increasing soil fertility is the effective use of manure and other organic fertilizers in crop
rotation. Especially today, when agriculture is developing intensively, the demand for organic
fertilizers is increasing. The effectiveness of organic fertilizers increases significantly when
they are used together with mineral fertilizers. Organic (local) fertilizers, along with increasing
soil fertility, also increase the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers. Regular use of organic
fertilizers, along with enriching the topsoil with nutrients, improves all its properties. At least
40% of the nutrient balance should be accounted for by organic fertilizers. The main organic
fertilizers used in grain growing include: manure, peat, various composts and green manures.
Organic fertilizers are often applied as the main fertilizer before plowing.
The most widespread and significant of mineral fertilizers are nitrogen fertilizers. Nitrogen
fertilizers play an important role in the production of high yields of wheat. Because nitrogen is
the main component of plant protein and is part of almost all compounds. Winter wheat needs
nitrogen at all stages of its development, from the initial stage of development. Nitrogen
fertilizers have a positive effect on the process of plant growth and development, increase the
immunity of the plant to the external environment, and improve the quality of the product. The
need for nitrogen is especially high during the formation of crop elements in the plant. Because
the amount of humus in gray soils is relatively low, nitrogen deficiency is observed in the soil.
One of the important factors for increasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers is the correct
consideration of the amount of nitrogen in the fertilizers. Wheat production contains 34% pure
nitrogen in the form of nitrate and ammonia. Urea contains 46% pure nitrogen in the form of
ammonia. One of the important tasks in grain farming is the correct use of nitrogen fertilizers,
the organization of proper nutrition during the growing season depending on the soil fertility
and the needs of the plant. Information on the amount of mineral fertilizers and nutrients
contained in them is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Mineral fertilizers and their nutrients
Т/р
Name
of
mineral
fertilizers
Amount of nutrients, %
Coefficient of complete
conversion of the norm
of nutrients, %
N
P
K
1.
Ammonium nitrate
34
2,94
2.
Ammonium sulfate
20,8
4,88
3.
Urea
46
2,17
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4.
Ammonia water
25
5
Superphosphate (20%)
19-20
5
6
Superphosphate (15%)
15
6,67
7
Ammonium
superphosphate
1,5-2,5
14-15
8
Potassium chloride
62
1,66
9
Potassium salt
40
2,5
10
Potassium sulfate
45
11
Nitrofos
23,5-24
14-17
12
Nitrofoska
11
10
11
13
Ammofos
9-12
42-50
2,17
Providing winter wheat with sufficient nitrogen in autumn, spring and during the earing period
has a positive effect on the good accumulation of the plant, the optimal course of growth and
development processes. With sufficient application of nitrogen fertilizers, wheat ears become
large, the number of ears and grains increases, and the grains are complete. Also, the weight of
1000 grains, the luster of the grain increases, the quality of the grains becomes high, and high-
quality flour is obtained from it. When the annual rate of nitrogen fertilizers in winter grain
crops is set at 180-200 kg per hectare in net form, it is advisable to apply 75-80 kg/ha of
nitrogen fertilizers during the accumulation period, 75-80 kg/ha at the beginning of the tillering
period, and 30-40 kg/ha during the earing period. In this case, it is advisable to start the initial
feeding work on light loamy soils with a mechanical structure, and then on the middle and
mountainous regions. In this case, the amount of nitrogen (25 kg) in the composition of
phosphorus fertilizers applied in the fall before or with sowing should be taken into account.
Mineral fertilizer rates. Good growth and development of winter wheat and high grain yields
depend on the regular supply of nutrients to the plant during the growing season. The
effectiveness of fertilizers is determined by the complete satisfaction of the plant's need for all
nutrients, that is, the use of fertilizers together. The organization of feeding on a scientific basis
is determined by soil fertility, varietal characteristics and the plant's need for nutrients. To
obtain high grain yields from wheat, it is recommended to apply mineral fertilizers in the
amount of N 180-210, P 125-150, K 90-105 kg. Method and timing of mineral fertilizer
application. In winter wheat cultivation, it is necessary to ensure that the mineral fertilizer rate
is correctly determined and applied at the appropriate time. It should be noted that the timing of
fertilizer application has a significant impact on grain quality. Mineral fertilizers are applied
under the plow, before sowing and during the growing season, during harrowing, threshing and
earing. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers with low mobility are applied as the main fertilizer
before sowing, while nitrogen fertilizers are used for feeding during the growing season. In
conclusion, it can be said that winter wheat feeding is carried out in 3 stages, paying attention to
the number and timing of feeding. Early spring feeding accelerates the harrowing and forms
more productive stems. To obtain a rich harvest of wheat, 450-600 ears should be formed per 1
sq. m. Timely and high-quality early spring feeding allows you to grow an additional 5-6 c of
grain per hectare.
Literature used:
1. Collection of 100 books prepared at the Agrobank JSCB. Wheat cultivation, book 1.
Agrobank JSCB 2021.
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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2. B.A. Sulaymonov, B.S. Boltaev, R.Sh. Tillyaev, Sh.Kh. Abdualimov Fundamentals of winter
wheat and cotton cultivation
3. Atabaeva H.N., Khudaykulov J.B. “Plant science”. “Science and technologies” publishing
house, Tashkent: 2018.
4. Atabaeva H.N., Azizov B.M. “Wheat”. Monograph, T. TashDAU, 2008, 10.5 p.t.
5. Sulaymonov B.A., Khaitov A.A., Khudaikulov J.B., Anorboev A.R. et al. Innovative
technologies and prospects for grain crops in Uzbekistan. Educational and methodological
manual for farmers. Tashkent: 2019, “Munis design group”, 3.25 pp., 47 p.
6. Utkir Rakhmat, Shogulomov R. et al. Grain of an independent country. Tashkent
“Uzbekistan” 2003. 5.66 pp. 136 p.
