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INTERNATIONALISMS OF ENGLISH ORIGIN AND THEIR
ASSIMILATION IN UZBEK
Baxodirova Mahliyo Ilhomovna
Student of Termiz State Pedagogical Institute
ABSTRACT:
Today in the globalization world all languages interrelate with others, in the result
of which they borrow elements of other languages. Borrowing is as one of the most productive
ways of enriching vocabulary. They come in the result of language contact, which is the social and
linguistic phenomenon by which users of different languages interact with one another, leading to
a transfer of linguistic features. In the results of language contacts of English and Uzbek languages
many English words, phrases, even suffixes were borrowed and is being borrowed. Most of them
are international words. In other words they denote same meaning in several languages. The given
work is dedicated to study the of international words of English origin, their etymology and
assimilation, their role in the development of English-Uzbek language contacts.
KEYWORDS:
language contacts, borrowings, international words, assimilation.
Penetration of borrowed elements to the vocabulary of a certain language depends upon the history
of recipient language, being conditioned by direct linguistic contacts and political, economic,
diplomatic and cultural ties between nations. In linguistics and scientific literature the terms
“borrowed words” and “loan-words” are used as synonyms. Today in the globalization world all
languages interrelate with others, in the result of which they can influence to the pronunciation,
vocabulary, writing and other aspects of the contacting languages. Uzbek language also was under
the influence of Arabic, Persian, Russian and other languages during its historical development.
Thousands of words were borrowed from those languages, and borrowing became as one of the
most productive ways of enriching vocabulary. The latest researches deeper study borrowings and
divide them into following groups: exotic words, barbarisms, internationalisms, foreign inclusions,
calques. Among other types of borrowings of English origin internationalisms or international
words play an important role in the development of English-Uzbek language contacts. is the social
and linguistic phenomenon by which users of Language contact different languages (or different
dialects of the same language) interact with one another, leading to a transfer of linguistic features.
Contact may occur between languages, which are genetically related or unrelated, speakers may
have similar or vastly different social structures, and patterns of multilingualism may also vary
greatly. The development of the contacts between nations and the dominance of English language
in the globalization era caused to borrowing of some lexical units into Uzbek. The penetration
history of English borrowings into Uzbek dates back to the end of XIX century and the beginning
of the XX century. The English borrowings partially touched in the works of following Uzbek
scholars: M.Mirzaev [7], R.Doniyorov [2], E.M.Davlyatova [1,11] and others. Most of them
included English borrowings in the group of Russian-international words and their researches
prove that the English words came into Uzbek through Russian. In linguistics, an internationalism
or international word is a loanword that occurs in several languages (that is, translingually) with
the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. At the end of XX century, especially, after
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 08, 2025
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page 481
the proclamation of Independence in Uzbekistan, many international words of English origin
directly entered into Uzbek vocabulary in the result of language contacts. For example, дилер
[Engl. dealer], бизнес маркази [Engl. Business center], брокер [Engl. broker]; бартер [Engl.
barter], демпинг [Engl. dumping], дефолт [Engl. default], лизинг[Engl. leasing], холдинг [Engl.
holding], форвардер [Engl. forwarder] and many others. In the first decade of the XXIst century
many anglisizms have appeared in the vocabulary of the Uzbek language. Analysis of official
business documents shows that the number of Anglicisms related to the spheres of economics,
science and technology is greater than in other areas. Many economic terms of English origin
хеджирлаш [Engl. Hedging], aссисмент [Engl. assessment], oнлайн [Engl. online], oфлайн
[Engl. offline], вайфай [Engl. Wi-fi] and many others penetrated into the Uzbek language in the
beginning of the XXIst century [4,5,8,9]. «Масофадан ўқитиш усуллари асосидаги такрорий
курсларда тингловчиларнинг ассисмент топшириқлари (жорий назорат) онлайн шаклида
ташкиллаштирилади» [14]. Most of them are international words or “internationalisms”.
Internationalisms are lexemes that function in many languages and are similar in external form
(taking into account phonetic and graphic correspondences) and meaning. For example: Uzb.
ассисмент/ Engl. Assessment. “International words” are words that have been borrowed from one
language and are used across multiple languages with similar meanings. These words often
originate from dominant or widely influential languages, such as English, and spread due to
globalization, technology, science, trade, and cultural influence. The layer of international
vocabulary of English origin is one of the most voluminous. The English language influences the
development of world culture, since the processes occurring in the language cannot be separated
from the main trends in the life of the nation. The globalization of the English language contributes
to the spread of moral values of English speaking countries [8,9,10,12]. The study of international
words existing in the vocabulary of Russian and Uzbek languages, actually important to
understand their modern conditions. Together with the synchronic studies of borrowings,
diachronic studies dedicated to their etymology and dynamic are also important, in order to possess
full imagination about borrowings. According to the etymological principle (the possibility or
impossibility of accurately establishing the time and source of borrowing, on the one hand, and
the area of the word in the vocabulary of modern languages, on the other hand), all borrowed words
belong to two groups: actually foreign borrowings and international vocabulary” [5]. Borrowings
of English origin came to Uzbek in the result of English- Uzbek language contacts. The term
“language contact” was forwarded first by U.Weinreich [13] and other scientists have developed
it. The studies carried out on language contacts permit to set the traces of a certain word. According
to studies every loan worn assimilates to the inner regulations of the recipient language. The
assimilation of English borrowings in the Uzbek language involves several linguistic processes
that allow foreign words to fit more naturally into Uzbekʻs phonetic, grammatical, and
orthographic systems. In many cases, borrowed English words are adapted to align with Uzbek
phonological rules. For example, complex consonant clusters or sounds that are not native to
Uzbek may be simplified or pronunciation is adjusted to match Uzbek phonotactics. Additionally,
morphological assimilation is observed when English nouns take on Uzbek grammatical endings.
Borrowed terms are often inflected with Uzbek suffixes to indicate case, number, or possession
(e.g., marketga – «to the market», with the Uzbek dative case suffix -ga). Orthographically, many
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 08, 2025
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English borrowings are transliterated using the Latin- based Uzbek alphabet, sometimes preserving
the original spelling partially or fully, depending on the context. For instance, terms like
kompyuter, internet, and brend appear in Uzbek texts with slight modifications to reflect local
spelling conventions. Over time, some borrowed words become fully integrated and no longer feel
foreign to native speakers, especially when they are widely used across media, education, and daily
life. Assimilation can also vary depending on the speakerʻs level of exposure to English or the
domain in which the borrowing is used. Technical and academic fields often retain English terms
with minimal changes, while in informal contexts, more localized adaptations are common. This
ongoing process reflects the dynamic nature of language and the balancing act between
maintaining linguistic identity and embracing global communication trends. The assimilation of
English borrowings is especially prominent in specialized domains such as information
technology, business, education, and media, where the pace of innovation and globalization
demands constant linguistic updates. In the field of information technology, Uzbek has
incorporated numerous English-derived terms such as kompyuter (computer), fayl (file), brauzer
(browser), server, and onlayn (online). These terms are not only adopted for practical use but are
also adapted to Uzbek pronunciation and spelling norms. Many are used without translation due
to the lack of exact Uzbek equivalents or because the English terms have become internationally
recognized standards. In business and economics, internationalisms like marketing, menedjment
(management), brend (brand), startup, and investitsiya (investment) are widely used in both
professional and academic contexts. These terms are often morphologically integrated into Uzbek
grammar — for example, investitsiyalar (investments, plural form), or marketing strategiyasi
(marketing strategy, with the possessive suffix -si). The educational sector has also seen an influx
of English borrowings, particularly with the spread of international programs and digital learning
platforms. Words such as kurs (course), test, grant, sertifikat, and onlayn darslar (online lessons)
have entered mainstream usage, often without full translation. These borrowings reflect changing
practices in teaching, assessment, and credentialing, especially in universities and private
education centers. In media and pop culture, the impact is equally noticeable. English words like
bloger (blogger), kontent (content), stream, like, and trend have become part of the everyday
vocabulary of younger generations, especially those active on social media platforms. Overall,
these domains illustrate how English borrowings are not only filling lexical gaps but also reshaping
how Uzbek speakers engage with modern concepts and global trends. The process of assimilation
continues as new English terms enter the language and adapt to Uzbek linguistic norms over time.
In the result of language contacts the quantity of English borrowings, especially, international
lexicon raising day by day. The growing influx of internationalisms of English origin is activating
purists who are trying to free their native language from the dominance of foreign elements. In it`s
turn, national languages have to struggle for the purity of the language, and find equivalents in
their inner sources.
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