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EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MAMMARY GLAND CELLS
AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER
Madaminov S.M., Fozilova Z.M.
Fergana medical Institute of Public Health
Abstract:
Breast cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases in women, and its
morphological changes during the disease are of great importance. The study observed the
cessation of growth and proliferation, apoptosis processes, as well as changes in the structure of
cells, the morphological spectrum of breast tumors, cell size and nuclear shape during
chemotherapy. Morphological changes occurring in organs, tissues, cells and subcellular
organelles after chemotherapy were analyzed. In particular, it was found that the inflammatory
process in atypical cells significantly decreased. The studied changes play an important role in
determining the effectiveness of treatment and serve as a basis for future treatment strategies.
INTRODUCTION.
Breast cancer is a global health problem and the most common disease among women in
Uzbekistan. One of the main types of breast cancer treatment is systemic chemotherapy[1,2,3].
Morphological changes in mammary gland cells during chemotherapy are important for
understanding the effectiveness of treatment for this disease. Breast cancer ranks first among
oncological diseases worldwide. Breast cancer accounts for 22.3% of all oncological diseases in
our republic, and 18.1% in the Fergana region. In recent years, breast cancer has become the
leading cause of death in women among other malignant tumors. Therefore, any methods of
treating breast cancer are becoming increasingly relevant. Every year, breast cancer is diagnosed
in approximately 1 million women (annual growth rate of 2%), of which more than 500,000 in
developed countries and more than 300,000 in developing countries suffer from this
disease[4,5,6]. At the same time, the mortality rate among breast cancer patients is also high. A
recent report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimates that the
incidence of breast, uterine, colorectal and lung cancer in women will almost double in all
countries over the next 20 years.
METHODOLOGY
For this study, 40 biopsy samples were taken from breast cancer patients at the Fergana branch
of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Oncology and
Radiology. Biopsies were taken before surgery and after chemotherapy. Hematoxylin and eosin
(H&E) staining was used to detect morphological changes[7,8]. This method was used to
perform microscopic analysis to assess cellular structures, apoptosis rates and growth factors.
The level of cancer cell proliferation was also studied by identifying specific markers (e.g. Ki-67)
using immunohistochemistry. The results were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
Patients who received chemotherapy showed positive changes in cell morphology. That is, a
decrease in the number of cancer cells and an increase in apoptotic processes were observed[9].
Negative changes also occurred in the cell. For example:
The process of apoptosis:
- Chemotherapeutic drugs such as Doxorubicin increased the process of apoptosis (self-
destruction) in tumor cells. This, in turn, prevented the growth of neoplasia.
Immune response:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 02,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 32
- Chemical drugs such as carboplatin changed the expression of cell surface proteins (MASP-2,
PD-L1), and also increased the activity of immune cells. This effect enhanced the ability of the
immune system to fight tumor cells.
Genetics and DNA damage:
For example, damage to the p53 gene led to the development of tumors and increased resistance.
Microecology around the tumor:
- The proliferation of fibroblasts and other neighboring cells during chemotherapy changed the
microecology of the tumor, creating favorable conditions for the nutrition and reproduction of
tumor cells.
DISCUSSION.
There are different opinions among scientists regarding the exact nature of these processes, the
mechanisms of drug action, and the changes in tumors. Some scientists believe that
chemotherapy increases cell growth and apoptosis, which reduces tumors. Others argue that
morphological changes are minimal in tumors with high drug resistance[10,11,12]. For example,
some studies show that changes occur in the neoplastic programs of tumor cells, while others
show that the drug effect is temporary and the changes are partially reversible. There are
different views among scientists regarding the effect of chemotherapy on morphological changes.
It is important that these discussions serve as a basis for further in-depth studies in the future and
lead to civilized discussions. Behind the competent work, the need to develop the interaction of
each study remains open
CONCLUSION.
In conclusion, various cellular changes after chemotherapy in breast tumors play an important
role in oncological treatment. Structural changes in cells also help to further improve the efficacy
and indications of drugs used in chemotherapy, predict the course of tumor treatment, and
facilitate the development of targeted therapy strategies. This article may create opportunities for
the development of new treatment strategies in the future.
References:
1. Jemal A., et al. "Cancer statistics, 2019." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.
2. Youlden D.R., et al. "The rising incidence of breast cancer: global and local perspectives."
Cancer Epidemiology.
3. Tharp G., et al. "Histological Changes in Breast Cancer Following Chemotherapy." Journal
of Cancer Research.
4. U. S, M. ., & D.V., T. . . (2023). Evaluation of Postoperative Outcomes in Elderly Women
with Breast Cancer. SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL AND MEDICAL
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from
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5. Zaynalov, A. (2019). Histology. Tashkent: Publishing House of the National University of
Uzbekistan.
6. Qasimov, M. (2020). Mammary glands and their pathology. Tashkent: Science Publishing
House.
7. Jones, L. & Smith, M. (2021). Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: Clinical Applications.
Elsevier.
8. Pilepich, M. et al. (2020). Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical
Outcomes. Wiley-Blackwell.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 02,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 33
9. Glaser, M. & Feinberg, J. (2019). Oncology: Current Approaches to Treatment. Oxford
University Press.
10. M. A. Tavassoli, Breast Pathology, 2017.
11. J. Smith, Chemotherapy Effects on Tumor Morphology, 2020.
12. K. Lee and A. Kumar, Molecular Changes in Breast Cancer Post-Chemotherapy, 2021. R. N.
M. W. Tayeb, Tumor Microenvironment and Prognosis, 2022.
