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STATE BUDGET AND WAYS TO IMPROVE IT
Umedova Ma’rifat Madiyarovna
Chief specialist of the Bukhara regional branch of the Higher School of Business and
Entrepreneurship under the Ministry of Economic Development and
Poverty Alleviation of the Republic of Uzbekistan
,
umedova marifat7@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article analyzes the formation of the state budget and ways to improve it. The
relevance of the topic, the methodology for solving the problem are discussed and practical
recommendations are offered. The scientific and practical contribution of the author is
emphasized.
Keywords:
state budget, budget system, financial management, budget reform, Uzbekistan,
budget deficit, budget efficiency.
The state budget is the main instrument of the state's financial policy, reflecting its
income and expenditure. Effective budget management contributes to sustainable economic
development and social stability. In the context of the dynamically developing economy of
Uzbekistan, the issue of improving the budget system is becoming especially relevant.
Table 1.
The main components of the state budget.
Income part
Expenditure part
Budget deficit
Budget surplus
Taxes and fees are the
main part of income
received
from
individuals and legal
entities.
Education and health
care - expenditure on
the development of
social programs and
support of national
services.
If expenditure exceeds
revenue, a budget
deficit arises, which
must be covered by
borrowing or cutting
expenditure.
This is a situation
where
income
exceeds
expenses,
which can lead to the
accumulation
of
reserves
or
the
redistribution
of
funds for needs that
were not taken into
account in advance.
Income from state
property - income
from privatization and
lease of state property.
Defense and security
are the means to
maintain the country's
defense capability.
Credits and loans are
sources of borrowed
funds for financing
Infrastructure
-
development
and
maintenance of road,
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the budget deficit.
transport, energy and
utilities infrastructure.
Grants and subsidies
are financial support
from
international
organizations,
other
countries or within the
country.
Public administration
- expenses for the
maintenance
of
government
bodies
and their work.
Debt obligations -
payment of interest
and
principal
on
loans.
The role of the state budget:
Economic regulation : The budget is used to redistribute financial resources to achieve social and
economic goals.
Stimulating economic activity: The budget can be a tool to stimulate economic growth, for
example through public investment in infrastructure or tax cuts.
Social support : The budget also supports social programs aimed at improving the quality of life
of citizens.
The process of formation and execution of the state budget:
The budget is formed by the government taking into account the projected revenues and needs of
the country, agreed upon by parliament or other legislative div, and then implemented through
various government agencies.
The budget also undergoes a process of control through audit and verification of the execution of
its articles at different levels.
In recent years, the state budget of Uzbekistan has undergone several changes in
connection with the transition to a market economy and the implementation of a number of
reforms. An important area is strengthening fiscal discipline, increasing tax revenues, combating
the shadow economy and increasing the transparency of budget spending.
The main problems of the state budget of Uzbekistan:
Dependence on oil and gas revenues : Although the country strives to diversify its economy,
most of its revenue still comes from oil and gas.
Lack of transparency : In some cases, limited access to information on budget expenditures
results in insufficient public reporting.
Budget deficit : Despite efforts to reduce it, sometimes the budget deficit remains significant,
requiring external and internal borrowing.
REVIEW LITERATURES
Various aspects of the formation and execution of the state budget are widely
discussed in economic literature. A number of studies are devoted to the analysis of the budget
policy of Uzbekistan in the post-Soviet period, including reforms of the tax system and inter-
budgetary relations. However, the need for further improvement of the budget process requires
a more in-depth study of modern approaches and methods of budget management.
Some opinions of scientists about the state budget and its management:
1.
L.L. Ivanova (economist):
"The state budget is not only an instrument for redistributing
income, but also a powerful regulator of economic activity. Its structure must be flexible
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and adaptive, taking into account changing external and internal economic conditions.
Effective budget management requires transparency, control and citizen participation in
the processes of its formation."
2.
S. A. Makarov (financier):
"Problems with the state budget are related to the deficit and
the government's inability to effectively redistribute resources. Radical changes are
needed in approaches to taxation and spending of public funds. The most important
measures are the introduction of digital technologies for managing and controlling
expenses, as well as integration into international financial systems."
3.
G. M. Fedorova (specialist in public administration):
"The main task for most
developing countries is to increase transparency in budgeting matters. It is through
openness and accessibility of information that it is possible to significantly increase
citizens' trust in government bodies and create a system that will be able to effectively
respond to economic challenges."
4.
Yu. A. Kuznetsov (economist and budget policy expert):
"State budgets need to update
forecasting methods in order to cope with the high risks of economic and financial
fluctuations. To do this, it is necessary to develop strategic planning tools that will allow
managing not only current income and expenses, but also the long-term economic
outlook."
5.
N. N. Surkov (social researcher):
"The role of the budget goes far beyond just financial
calculations. It is a political document that defines the priorities of the country's
development, including in the area of social policy. Sustainable development requires the
integration of economic, social and environmental aspects into budget planning."
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study uses methods of system analysis and comparative approach. The current
structure of the state budget of Uzbekistan was analyzed, the main problems and limitations were
identified. Comparative analysis with international experience allowed us to identify best
practices applicable in the conditions of Uzbekistan.
Several methodological approaches were used to study the topic:
1.
System analysis:
This method allows us to consider the budget as a complete system,
studying all components - revenue and expenditure parts, as well as their interaction.
Based on this approach, a graph was drawn up showing the relationship between budget
revenues and expenditures in recent years.
A diagram showing a hypothetical distribution of open and closed state budget
expenditures in 2024. In this example, 70% of expenditures are considered open and 30%
are considered closed.
Open expenditure : This is expenditure for which information is available for public
scrutiny, such as expenditure on education, health, infrastructure and social benefits.
Closed expenditures : These are expenditures for which information is limited, such as
defense expenditures, classified projects, or special funds.
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Chart
1. Relationship between revenues and expenditures of the state budget
(2019–2024)
2.
Comparative analysis:
This method was used to analyze budget systems of other
countries and their applicability to Uzbekistan. Key principles and approaches were
identified using the example of countries with developed budget systems.
3.
Forecasting:
Forecasting future changes in the budget is based on current trends in the
economy of Uzbekistan and international practice. An example of a forecast of changes
in the revenue side of the budget is shown in the graph below.
4.
1
By the author
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Chart
2. Projected changes in the revenue side of the state budget (2025–2030)
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The analysis showed that the existing problems in the budget system of Uzbekistan
include insufficient transparency of the budget process, limited efficiency of spending and a high
level of dependence on certain sources of income. To improve the situation, it is proposed to:
1.
Increasing budget transparency:
implementing modern information systems to track
budget flows and ensure public access to budget information.
2.
Optimization of the tax system:
reducing the tax burden on small and medium
businesses, expanding the tax base through the legalization of the shadow economy.
3.
Strengthening control over expenditure:
introduction of a system for assessing the
effectiveness of budget programs and projects, regular audit of the use of budget funds.
4.
Diversification of income sources:
development of new economic sectors, attraction of
foreign investment and support of exports.
An analysis of Uzbekistan’s budget system revealed several key issues that need to be
addressed to improve the functioning of the state budget:
Lack of transparency in the budget process: In the current budget system, not all expenditures
and revenues are open to the general public.
Limited efficiency of spending: Expenditures on social programs are often not properly
monitored, leading to inefficient use of resources. An example of this is the low share of
spending on infrastructure development, despite high demand from the population.
High level of dependence on specific sources of income: The budget revenue is largely
dependent on oil and gas revenues.
To solve these problems, it is proposed:
Implementation of electronic monitoring systems, which will make budget flows more
transparent.
Application of modern methods of cost control using analysis of the effectiveness of budget
programs.
Diversification of income sources through the development of new industries and stimulation of
private investment.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
State budget
— is the main financial category that reflects the state's income and
expenses, and also plans financial flows for a certain period, usually a year. It is the most
important instrument in the state's economic policy, reflecting both internal and external financial
strategies.
Improving the state budget requires a comprehensive approach, including institutional
reforms, the introduction of modern management technologies and the active participation of civil
society. The implementation of the proposed measures will improve the efficiency of the budget
system of Uzbekistan and ensure sustainable economic development of the country.
Ways to improve the state budget:
Increasing the tax base: Reducing the shadow economy and expanding the tax base.
Increasing transparency: Implementation of electronic platforms for monitoring budget
expenditure.
Investment promotion: Attracting private and foreign investors to diversify income sources.
2
By the author
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Optimization of government spending: Efficient distribution of funds, reduction of inefficient
spending.
The state budget is the most important instrument of public administration and socio-
economic policy, and its effective management directly affects the development of the country
and the quality of life of its citizens.
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