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NEOLOGISMS AND THEIR FORMATION
Abdijamilova Durdona Navruz kizi
Student at the University of Information Technology and Management, faculty of Philology
Abstract:
The article deals with the problem of studying of the main peculiar features of the
neologisms, the notion of the neologism, its types, functions and the translation issues of
neologisms.
Key words:
neologism, abbreviation, conversion.
Neologisms are considered as newly created words or combinations. In many cases, they
are known as neologisms when they are used as a dictionary. They are often encountered among
news items in the lexicon. The most important aspect of neologism is that it changes the word
and its formation. They are usually found in the fields of technology, culture, and science.
Words that were considered neologisms in a certain period become no longer so with the
passage of time. For example: airplane, atom, television, etc.
There are several ways to create neologisms, we will consider them below.
Word-forming tools available in the language: creating a new word using a suffix, prefix,
compound word. Examples of -ian, -ation, which are productive in creating neologisms:
musician – musiqa bo’yicha mutaxassis.
commodification – pulni sotish yoki boshqasiga ishlatish mumkin bo’lgan tovar yoki
xizmat.
-ship: craftmanship – mahorat, mohirlik.
-dom: bangdom – uyushgan banditlik
bogdom – hayotdagi to’siq
-ize: itemize – ro’yxat tuzmoq
institutionalize – qonunlashtirmoq
In English, neologisms are formed by adding words. For example:
Know-how – texnikani bilish, tushunish (know and understand technique);
Break-down – buzilib qolish;
Break-up – parchalanish, buzilib ketish;
Shut-down – yopilish;
Brain-drain – ziyoli va aqlli insonlarning mamlakatdan chiqib ketishi (the departure of
intelligent people from the country).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 02,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 322
Giving a new meaning to a word. In this case, another understood meaning of a word is
used in addition to its own meaning. But there is a certain similarity between them. For
example:
Egg (tuxum) – aviabomba;
Summit (baland nuqta) – oliy darajadagi uchrashuv;
Domino (o’yin) – organlarni almashtirish bo’yicha operatsiya.
Another word: color-blind, while this word previously meant a color-blind person who
cannot distinguish colors, in the last quarter of the 20th century, its meaning changed to a word
that means a person who does not distinguish people based on their race and nationality.
Formation of neologism by borrowing words from other languages. English stands out
as a language that lends itself to other languages, especially in business and finance (for example:
lag-kechikish, marketing, dealer). But in rare cases, neologisms are formed in English by
borrowing words from other languages. Some of these words have a place in English language
documents.
Khozraschot-sel supporting running – moliyaviy jihatdan o’zini o’zi ta’minlash;
Perestroyka-russian
Gai-ge- Chinese
Tranche- (france) kredit qismi, ulush;
Making a new word by abbreviation. Abbreviations are abbreviations, for example:
PC – personal computer (shaxsiy kompyuter);
An acronym is an abbreviation that reads like a word.
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
LISP (List processing);
Neologisms are often made in English by shortening a word or phrase. Such words are
considered acronyms, but may not be considered abbreviations:
Scuba – self-contained underwater breathing aratus
radar – radio detecting and ranging;
Types of abbreviation:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 02,2025
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1) Abbreviation; 2) syllabic shortening.
Benelux- Belgium, Netherland, Luxemburg
HI-FI – High Fidelity (ishonch);
Neologisms that attract attention in business:
Promotools – promotional tools (ko’rgazmali materiallar)
Showbiz – show business (shou biznes);
In English, the following abbreviations are used:
a) vowels are omitted for short writing:
ctr (centre)
fwd (forword)
jr (junior);
b) the beginning of the word is preserved:
libs (liberals)
dept (department)
nukes (nuclear weapons);
c) mixed abbreviations:
E-mail (electronic mail)
X -rays -rengen nurlari
H-bomb (hydrogen bomb)-vodorod bombasi;
A letter in a neologism can have its own meaning without being an abbreviation:
T-shirt – fudbolka (short sleeve T-shaped shirt)
U-turn (cars turn 180 degrees U-shaped)
Abbreviations equivalent to words or sentences:
B4U – before you
4U – for you
2B – to be;
And in conversion, a new word is formed by forming another word group through one word
group:
The gap is to be bridged in the near future.
Here, bridge (ko'prik) is forming a verb from the noun phrase.
When creating neologisms with metaphors and phrasal units, we can use the following
examples:
Dead-cut bounce – literal translation: a dead cat falling on its feet (o'lgan mushukning
oyoq bilan tushishi). Original meaning: Temporary restoration of share prices in the stock market.
Dutch-bargain - Dutch agreement;
The list of used literature:
1. Mo’minov O., Qo’ldosheva, Hoshimov O’. Ingliz tili darsligi (English for translators) – T.:
“Sharq” nashriyoti, 2005.
2. Muminov O.A. Guide to Simultaneous Translation – Tashkent, 2005.
3. Shavqiyeva M.S. Hozirgi o’zbek tili sintaktik aloqalarining lingvistik tahlili // Innovative
development in educational activites – 2003. – T.2. - №12 – C.128-132.
4. Shavqiyeva M.S. Sintaktik aloqalar hamda ularning lingvistik tahlili // Innovative
development in educational activites – 2003. – T.2. - №12 – С.124-127.
