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METHODS FOR CALCULATING SEISMIC EFFECTS IN SLOPE STABILITY
ASSESSMENT
Ismailov V.A., Avazov Sh.B., Yodgorov Sh.I., Yadigarov E.M.,
Khusomidinov A.S., Aktamov B.U., Mansurov A.F.,
Muhammadkulov N.M., Jumaev D.D.
Abstract:
This article provides general information on the methods for calculating the seismic
impact in assessing the stability of slopes and covers the main methods used in this area.
Methods for calculating the seismic impact in assessing the stability of slopes are of great
importance in modern construction and geotechnical engineering. These methods are used to
determine the movement of the soil during an earthquake and its effect on structures, as well as
to ensure the safety and strength of structures. The development and improvement of methods
for calculating the seismic impact will increase the safety of construction projects and create the
possibility of implementing them in complex natural conditions. This article discusses the
methods for calculating the seismic impact used in assessing the stability of slopes and their
practical significance. The results of the study are presented based on the H/V method, i.e. the
Response spectrum.
Introduction
Calculation of seismic impact and determination of slope stability, in turn, are of great
scientific and practical importance. Slope stability allows us to assess how the layers of the
earth's surface react to stress and shaking and how stable they are. This is necessary not only to
ensure the safety of construction sites, but also to maintain their strength in the long term. When
assessing slope stability, seismic impact calculation methods are used to determine the dynamic
properties of the soil, earthquake forces and their impact on structures.
The stability of the soil is understood as the ability of the soil to resist movement. This
property, in turn, depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, such as density,
moisture, composition and other parameters. Seismic impact refers to the static and dynamic
forces acting on the soil and structures during an earthquake. Using methods for calculating the
seismic impact, the movement of the soil during an earthquake and its effect on structures are
determined.
At this point, the methods and technologies used to calculate slope stability and seismic
effects are very wide and diverse. They are important not only for industry professionals, but
also for improving the construction process and increasing safety.
Materials and methods
There are several methods for calculating seismic impact. The most commonly used
methods are:
Static analysis method:
This method is one of the simplest and most widely used
methods for calculating seismic action in assessing the stability of slopes. In this method, the
seismic action is considered as a static load and the stability of the soil is assessed under static
conditions. In order to provide a complete overview of the characteristics, applications,
advantages and limitations of the static analysis method, a detailed analysis of this method is
presented.
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In the static analysis method, seismic action is modeled as static loads. In this method, the
dynamic forces acting on the ground and structures during an earthquake are replaced by static
equivalent loads. Static loads are used to assess the stability of the ground and are based on the
properties of the ground, the earthquake parameters, and the geometric characteristics of the
structure.
Seismic impact is considered as a static load. The stability of the soil is assessed under
static conditions. Static loads are based on soil properties and earthquake parameters.
The static analysis method is carried out in several stages
:
Data collection: The study is
based on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil (e.g., density, bond strength, angular
internal friction) and earthquake parameters (magnitude, distance from epicenter, earthquake
strength).
Static Load Determination: Seismic effects are modeled as static loads. These loads are
based on the soil properties and earthquake parameters. Static loads are used to assess the
stability of the soil. In this step, the soil resistance and the effect of the loads are compared. After
the soil stability is assessed, the results are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the safety
and strength of the structure.
This method is much simpler and faster to implement than dynamic analysis methods.
The static analysis method requires less resources and computing power. This method is widely
used in various construction projects and is recommended in many standards and manuals.
In this method, the seismic effect is considered as a static load, so not all aspects of the
dynamic effect are fully reflected.
Static analysis is a simple and effective method for calculating the seismic impact in
assessing the stability of slopes. The importance of this method in the field of construction and
geotechnical engineering is demonstrated by providing a complete description of its advantages,
limitations, and practical applications. By improving the static analysis method and integrating it
with dynamic analysis methods, it is possible to more accurately assess the stability of the soil
and ensure the safety of structures.
Dynamic analysis method:
In this method, the seismic effect is considered as a dynamic
load and the stability of the soil is evaluated under dynamic conditions. This method allows for a
more accurate representation of the ground motion during an earthquake.
Dynamic analysis is an important technical method used to assess the stability of
landslides and the risk of soil and rock movement, displacement, or collapse. This method is
widely used in civil engineering, geotechnical engineering, and mining. Dynamic analysis
determines the dynamic properties of the soil, how the soil behaves and maintains or loses its
stability under the influence of earthquake forces, water action, and other external forces.
Dynamic Properties of Soil: The dynamic properties of soil, such as the modulus of
elasticity, viscosity coefficient, and density, play a key role in dynamic analysis. These
parameters determine how the soil behaves under the influence of an earthquake or other
dynamic forces. Dynamic analysis studies the effect of earthquake waves on the soil and how the
soil responds to these forces. Earthquake forces can disrupt the stability of the ground and cause
landslides. The saturation of the soil with water has a significant effect on its stability. Water can
reduce the viscosity of the soil and cause subsidence. Dynamic analysis also takes into account
water pressure and the permeability of the soil.
Construction work, mining, or other structures can cause additional loads on the ground.
These loads can disrupt the stability of the ground and cause landslides.
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When applying the dynamic analysis method, data collection is carried out: physical and
mechanical properties of the soil, earthquake history, water effects, and other important
information are collected. Based on the collected data, a mathematical model of the soil is
created. Through this model, the dynamic movements and stability of the soil are simulated.
The model assesses how the soil will behave and maintain or lose its stability under
different conditions. It determines the level of risk of the soil under the influence of earthquakes,
water impact, and other external forces.
Based on the results of the analysis, necessary measures are recommended to ensure soil
stability. These measures may include soil reinforcement, creation of drainage systems, or
changes to the building design.
The dynamic analysis method allows for a more accurate assessment of ground motion.
The effects of various external forces (earthquake, water, loads) can be taken into account
simultaneously. Based on the analysis results, risks can be identified in advance and measures
can be taken to reduce them.
Numerical modeling methods: Modern computer technologies allow the creation of
numerical models to assess the stability of soil to seismic action. These methods determine the
movement of soil and its impact on structures under various scenarios. The dynamic properties
of soil are important in calculating seismic action. The dynamic modulus of soil, viscosity
coefficient, and other parameters determine how soil behaves under seismic action. These
parameters are measured in laboratory conditions and used in calculations.
Response Spectrum Method:
This method is a diagram showing the response at each
frequency versus the maximum displacement, velocity, or acceleration. The maximum response
at each frequency is found using the spectrum to determine how the system will respond to
seismic action.
Response Spectrum - shows the natural frequencies of a system, how it vibrates (or other
mechanical responses) when subjected to seismic forces. Spectra are usually plotted against the
maximum displacement and maximum velocity or maximum acceleration of the system.
In seismic impact calculations, seismic forces are presented as time - varying forces, but
the Response Spectrum Method calculates seismic forces simultaneously at all frequencies. For
each natural frequency of the system, the maximum values of the displacement, velocity, or
acceleration are taken from the spectrum and calculated for the system.
Dynamic analysis of a system determines its natural frequencies and modes. Once the
frequency and mode of vibration of the system are determined, the response to seismic action
can be calculated using the spectrum. The spectra are plotted against the highest displacement,
velocity, or acceleration for each frequency.
To calculate the effects of seismic forces, the spectral forces that occur during a seismic
event (e.g., earthquakes) are determined. These forces indicate how the system is affected at each
frequency. Using the information in the spectrum, the maximum displacements or forces for each
natural frequency of the system are calculated. By summing the responses from each model, the
overall response of the system to seismic forces is calculated. The results obtained are used to
calculate the forces and deformations of the system.
This method reduces the complexity of performing a full dynamic analysis of the system.
Instead of analyzing over time in the response spectrum method, it is possible to obtain fast and
efficient results by reading the spectrum. In this method, there is no need for time- based analysis,
so the calculations are simplified and accelerated. This method is especially widely used in
seismic analysis. It is very useful in assessing the seismic safety of buildings, bridges, reservoirs,
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slope stability and other structures. Due to its wide application, this method allows you to work
according to many standards and regulations. The ability to calculate the system response for
each natural frequency and model, as well as the system's response, helps to better understand
the dynamics of the system.
Research results
The H/V method is used to determine the seismic properties of the ground, and the
seismic response spectrum is mainly based on this method. This method helps to assess the
resonance properties of the soil, that is, the frequency and amplitude relationships. At the same
time, this method determines the seismic wave energy absorption properties of the soil.
Seismometric studies are based on synchronous recording of natural noises. Their amplitude-
frequency characteristics are analyzed and compared. Seismometric studies were carried out
using a CMG-6TD seismometer (Guralp, UK). Seismic analysis was carried out using the HVSR
(H/V spectral ratio) method. The Geopsy program was used for analysis. Using the soil response
spectrum, the damping law was determined depending on which frequency and amplitude the
soil corresponds to.
The damping law of the ground is determined using the following formula:
A=A
0
e
- ξ t
Here, A – vibration amplitude, A
0
– maximum vibration amplitude,
ξ –
damping coefficient, T – oscillation period, t – time, e – natural logarithm base (e=2.718).
In the law of decay, the oscillation frequency is expressed by the oscillation period to
determine the duration of the oscillation. In this case, a decay graph is constructed from
oscillation intervals with large amplitudes to small amplitude values over time.
The oscillation of a soil particle is equal to the sum of the periods of each oscillation
according to the law of increasing time.
t
n
= t
n-1
+T
n
Here, t
n
- the sum of the oscillation periods, T
n
- is the oscillation period, and n - the
number of corresponding values of frequency and amplitude.
Seismometric studies were used to determine the response spectrum of the soil to study the effect
of railway transport on the seismic properties of the soil. First, seismometric studies conducted
on the soil were interpreted with values measured in the absence of the influence of railway
transport (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Amplitude and frequency coupling spectrum in seismometric data measured in a
quiet state
In the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the soil (Fig. 1), the value of frequency
indicates that the resonance effects or vibrations in the soil are at their maximum. In the second
case, the data obtained under the influence of railway transport showed a decrease in frequency
and an increase in amplitude (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Amplitude and frequency coupling spectrum in seismometric data
measured under the influence of railway transport
The vibration properties of the soil under the influence of railway transport are expressed
in its increased vulnerability to seismic action. It turns out that the ability of the soil to absorb
seismic wave energy is greater than in its quiet state. This means that the dislocation properties
of the soil increase during an earthquake. An increase in the dislocation properties of the soil
indicates the emergence of new discontinuities, an increase in forces in the seismic or dynamic
direction.
The damping property in the response spectrum of the soil: The damping law of the soil
is determined from the amplitude and frequency relationship of the soil particles. The damping
coefficient determined for two cases in the soil showed that the ability of the soil to absorb
seismic energy increased (Fig. 3)
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Figure 3. Soil damping pattern in seismometric data measured in a quiescent state
Figure 4. Soil damping patterns in seismometric data measured under the influence of
railway transport
Analysis of the soil response spectrum showed that the absorption of seismic energy in a
quiescent state was ξ = 1%, and under the influence of railway transport
ξ = 1.5%. It can
be observed that the overloading of railway transport increases the seismic impact of the soil by
Δξ = 0.5% during an earthquake.
Railway transport imposes excessive loads on the landslide area. In modern geotechnical
and construction engineering, various software products are used to calculate seismic effects.
Among them are PLAXIS, GeoStudio, MIDAS and other programs. With the help of these
programs, it is possible to assess the stability of the soil to seismic effects and check the strength
of structures.
Methods for calculating seismic impact in assessing the stability of landslides are
developing. With the help of modern technologies, artificial intelligence and big data analysis, it
is possible to more accurately assess seismic impact and determine the stability of the soil with
high accuracy. This creates new opportunities in the field of construction and geotechnical
engineering.
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Conclusions
Changes in the vibration properties of the soil under the influence of railway transport
can lead to an increase in seismic energy. This is expressed in a decrease in frequency (from 5.5
Gs to 2.1 Gs) and an increase in amplitude (from 3.4 to 4.2). According to the results observed
through the seismic response spectrum of the soil, its reaction to seismic energy depends on the
physical properties of the soil, and additional loads under the influence of railway transport play
an important role in calculating the energy of the soil. The magnitude, epicenter and depth of the
earthquake play an important role in calculating the seismic impact. Earthquake forces lead to
soil movement and the emergence of dynamic loads affecting structures. Therefore, when
calculating the seismic impact, it is necessary to correctly assess the characteristics of the
earthquake. With the help of these methods, the strength and stability of structures during an
earthquake are assessed, as well as the stability of the soil to seismic action is determined.
Acknowledgements.
This work was funded by grants from the Academy of Sciences of
the Republic of Uzbekistan under the “Development of scientific foundations for assessing
various levels of seismic risk and reducing earthquake losses in seismically active areas” project
and the “Research of the compaction properties of dispersed soils during strong earthquakes in
laboratory and field conditions and development of its classification” project, as well as the
Agency for Innovation Development (nos. ALM202311142839, AL5822012294,
AL5822012298) under the following projects: Creation of a simulation digital model of the city
of Tashkent allowing to assess the level of economic damage from strong earthquakes,
Development of technology for predicting the risk of strong earthquakes, Create an electronic
database on seismological soil characteristics to replace Table 1.1 in the regulatory document:
seismological part of KMK- construction of seismic areas, and Regionally coordinated
assessment of earthquake and flood risks. We sincerely thankful of all the funding Organizations.
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