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TENDENCIES OF MODERNIZATION IN 21
ST
CENTURY LITERATURE
Khidirov Kholmurod Norimovich
Associate Professor, Uzbekistan State
World Languages University.
Aliyeva Nazira Mavlyud kizi
Final-year student at Uzbekistan
State World Languages University
Annotation:
This article analyzes the modernization of 21st-century literature based on
contemporary linguistic, semiotic, and cultural-humanitarian approaches. In the context of
globalization, it examines linguocultural phenomena, intertextual interactions, the factors
influencing the development of national and transnational literature, as well as the transformation
of language in intercultural communication. The study focuses on linguistic-semiotic innovations
in modern literary processes, code-switching, lexical and stylistic changes, and issues of cultural
identity. Additionally, the impact of digital culture on literature, linguistic models formed by
artificial intelligence, and new means of expression are explored. This article aims to identify
current literary trends by investigating the intrinsic connection between different languages and
cultures from both linguistic and literary perspectives.
Keywords:
21st-century literature, language and culture integration, linguacultural, semiotic
phenomena, intertextual influence, linguistic-semiotic innovations, code-switching, intercultural
communication, digital linguistics, postmodernism, globalization and language, artificial
intelligence and literature.
Language, culture, and literature are the fundamental components of human cognition,
developing in an inseparable relationship with one another. Language serves as a tool for human
thought, culture shapes the system of national memory and values, while literature stands as the
most vivid expression of this process. Through literature, national identity is manifested, cultural
codes are preserved, and they are transmitted to future generations. Therefore, analyzing literary
processes requires careful consideration of linguistic and cultural factors.
In the modern world, globalization, technological advancements, and intercultural
communication have intensified the interplay between language, culture, and literature. The
blending of linguistic codes, intertextual influence, the evolution of transnational literature, and
the integration of digital culture into literary processes have become pressing issues of our time.
Hence, this article explores the impact of language and culture on contemporary literature
through linguocultural and semiotic approaches.
1. Linguacultural and Literature: The Reflection of Language and Culture in Literary Works.
It is well known that the intrinsic connection between language, culture, and literature is
analyzed within the framework of linguoculturology. This field examines the relationship
between language and culture, focusing on how they are reflected in literary texts. Linguist V. A.
Maslova highlights this by stating, “Literary works are among the most vivid expressions of
national culture, transmitting cultural values from generation to generation through language”.
Literary works encapsulate a nation’s cultural codes, traditions, mentality, and historical
experiences. For example, in Uzbek literature, Alisher Navoi’s works vividly portray Eastern
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cultural values, Turkic-Persian linguistic influences, and Sufi thought. His Khamsa (Quintet)
reflects Eastern philosophy, worldview, moral principles, love, and intellectual freedom,
showcasing the cultural-aesthetic outlook of the people through literary language. Additionally,
Navoi’s poetry integrates Arabic and Persian elements with the expressive potential of the Turkic
language, significantly expanding its cultural and poetic functions.
In Russian literature, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s works are deeply connected to Orthodox
culture, Russian national mentality, and moral philosophy, while Leo Tolstoy’s novels explore
the relationships between different social classes in Russia, along with religious and ethical
dilemmas. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky linguistically expresses Russian religious
beliefs, Orthodox moral values, and the idea of spiritual redemption with great depth. Similarly,
English literature, particularly William Shakespeare’s works, embodies the metaphorical
richness of the language and Renaissance cultural values. His plays reflect the social, moral, and
political realities of his time, utilizing complex linguistic structures in monologues and dialogues
to offer profound psychological analysis. In Hamlet, themes of doubt, conscience, and moral
conflict are conveyed through powerful linguistic devices, making them strikingly expressive.
In contemporary times, linguacultural processes have become even more complex due to
globalization. National literatures increasingly influence each other, giving rise to new stylistic
trends, including transnational literature. Many late 20th and early 21st-century works
prominently feature themes of national identity and transnational cultural interactions. Notable
examples include the novels of Nigerian writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Japanese author
Haruki Murakami, and Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk, which exhibit a synthesis of multiple
cultures, making them significant from a linguacultural perspective.
Moreover, modern mass culture and technological advancements have profoundly
influenced the linguacultural dimension of literature. Digital and virtual literature is evolving,
transforming the ways language and culture are expressed. Particularly, the expansion of
intercultural communication via the internet is gradually eroding linguistic and cultural
boundaries, reshaping literary expression in unprecedented ways.
2. Intertextual Influence and Transnational Literature.
Since the second half of the 20th century, intertextual connections in literature have
intensified. This concept, introduced by the French scholar Julia Kristeva, refers to the
relationship between literary texts and their interaction with other texts. Intertextuality signifies
the dialogue between texts, creating new layers of meaning and enabling a multi-dimensional
interpretation of literary works. This idea is also linked to the theory of polyphonic texts
proposed by the Russian philosopher and literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, which analyzes the
deepening intertextual dialogues within literature.
Transnational literature, on the other hand, is a literary movement that reflects the
interaction between different cultures and can be considered a product of globalization. For
example, in the novels of Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk, the fusion of Turkish and Western
cultures is evident. His novel My Name is Red explores the contrast between Eastern miniature
art and Western realism, illustrating how literature serves as a medium for integrating artistic,
aesthetic, and historical perspectives. Similarly, the works of Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov
vividly depict the integration of Kyrgyz and Russian cultures. His novel The Day Lasts More
Than a Hundred Years presents a confrontation between Kyrgyz traditional culture and Soviet
ideology, making it a complex subject for comparative literary and linguistic analysis. His
novella Farewell, Gulsary! employs mythological elements to bridge ancient cultural traditions
with modern viewpoints. In Japanese literature, the works of Haruki Murakami merge Japanese
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and Western cultural elements. Murakami incorporates Western music and philosophy while
preserving traditional Japanese aesthetics, addressing universal existential dilemmas. His novel
Kafka on the Shore combines Japanese mythology, Buddhist philosophy, and Western
postmodernism, making Murakami’s literary style a unique representation of Japanese cultural
identity within the context of globalized literature. Furthermore, contemporary transnational
literature is represented by authors such as Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Bengali-American
writer Jhumpa Lahiri, and British novelist Kazuo Ishiguro, all of whom explore the impact of
cultural interactions in literature, introducing new stylistic trends and themes. Ishiguro’s novel
The Remains of the Day reflects a synthesis of British aristocratic traditions and Japanese
aesthetic sensibilities, while Lahiri’s works, written in English, portray the experience of the
Indian diaspora, highlighting cultural displacement and assimilation.
The phenomenon of transnational literature is not only important for writers but also for
readers. It allows readers to transcend their cultural boundaries, gaining insight into the lifestyles,
values, and historical experiences of other nations. At the same time, intertextual relationships
enrich literature by enabling new interpretations of texts and expanding their semantic depth.
In the modern literary landscape, intertextual interactions and transnational influences are
shaping a global cultural environment, extending beyond the confines of national literatures. The
interconnectedness of texts, the blending of cultural elements, and the increasing prominence of
transnational narratives have become an integral part of contemporary literature, making it more
intricate and diverse. Today, with the rapid expansion of digital culture and the internet, these
processes are accelerating, offering limitless opportunities for a new generation of writers and
readers.
3. Code-Switching and Linguosemiotic Innovations.
In contemporary literature, linguistic code-switching is a widespread phenomenon,
particularly noticeable in the works of multilingual writers. For example, in the works of
Nigerian poet and literary critic Chinua Achebe and renowned British writer Salman Rushdie,
English is used in combination with local languages. In Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart,
elements of the Igbo language are embedded in the English text, contributing to the preservation
of indigenous culture. Similarly, in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, words and phrases from
Hindi and Urdu are integrated into the English narrative, creating linguistic harmony and
enhancing the novel’s intertextual nature.
Code-switching is not limited to prose but is also observed in poetry. For instance, in the
works of American writer Junot Díaz, English and Spanish are interwoven, reflecting the
multilingual reality of Latin American immigrants. Code-switching plays a significant role in
postcolonial literature as well. Kenyan writer and playwright Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o initially wrote
in English but later transitioned to his native Gikuyu language, striving to strengthen the role of
indigenous languages in literary discourse.
Russian linguist S.G.Ter-Minasova writes: “As intercultural connections intensify in
modern literature, the mutual influence of languages is becoming increasingly evident in literary
texts”. In addition, the increasing prevalence of new lexical units, stylistic innovations, and
postmodernist techniques in literary texts is noteworthy. In postmodernist literature, code-
switching has evolved into a distinctive artistic style, adding multilayered and intertextual depth
to narratives. Moreover, with the advancement of digital literature and internet culture, new
linguosemiotic innovations are emerging. For instance, in fan fiction created by readers on social
media, multiple languages are often used, and elements such as emojis and internet slang are
gradually entering literary texts, shaping new linguistic trends. Japanese writer Sayaka Murata,
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in her novel Convenience Store Woman, illustrates how modern technologies and advertising
language function as a unique code within the literary text.
The emergence of code-switching, linguosemiotic innovations, and new literary styles
highlights the evolution of contemporary literature under globalization. These changes not only
influence writers’ creative techniques but also impact readers’ perception of texts. In the future,
linguistic code-switching and semiotic approaches are expected to play an even more significant
role in literature, as linguistic interactions continue to deepen in the process of globalization.
In conclusion, the intrinsic link between linguoculturology and literature is particularly
evident in literary texts. The literature of each nation serves as a primary source reflecting its
cultural identity, possessing both linguistic and spiritual significance. In the coming years, the
influence of linguoculturology on artistic literature is expected to expand further, giving rise to
new scholarly directions.
4. Digital Culture and the Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Literature
It can be said that digital technologies are currently revolutionizing the literary process.
Electronic literature, interactive novels, and stories generated by artificial intelligence have
become an integral part of today’s literary landscape. French philosopher and literary critic
Roland Barthes once remarked: “A text is an open system that is recreated by the reader”. The
ability of modern chatbots and GPT models to generate narratives confirms the validity of this
idea. Electronic literature (e-literature) is now developing as an independent genre. Here, the
reader does not merely consume the text but interacts with it in a dynamic way. For instance,
works in the genre of hypertext fiction allow readers to choose their own narrative paths,
determining how the story unfolds. Writers such as Mark Amerika and Shelley Jackson are
among the leading figures in electronic literature, challenging traditional storytelling structures
and making the reader’s participation an essential element of the narrative.
Additionally, the creation of literary texts by artificial intelligence is becoming
increasingly prevalent. The application of OpenAI’s GPT-3 and GPT-4 models in literary
experiments has sparked significant discussions. In Japan, a novel titled The Day a Computer
Writes a Novel was co-authored by artificial intelligence in 2016 and even participated in literary
competitions. This suggests that artificial intelligence may contribute to literature alongside
human authors in the future.
Another crucial aspect of digital literature is the integration of virtual reality (VR) and
augmented reality (AR) technologies into the reading experience. In VR literature, readers do not
simply engage with the text but become active participants in the story itself. These experimental
techniques are particularly popular in genres such as science fiction and cyberpunk. Furthermore,
social media and digital platforms (such as Wattpad and Medium) are reshaping the literary
landscape. Young writers are no longer dependent on traditional publishing houses; instead, they
can directly reach their audiences, leading to the democratization of the literary process. Thus,
artificial intelligence and digital technologies are playing an increasingly significant role in
shaping the literary world. In the future, these technologies may elevate the creative process to
new levels, foster deeper interactive engagement between readers and texts, and transform
literary traditions. The next phase of literature may be defined by creative collaboration between
humans and artificial intelligence.
To conclude and therefore, the modernization of literature in the 21st century is
accelerating under the influence of globalization and technological progress. Key phenomena
such as linguacultural transformations, intertextual connections, transnational literature, and
code-switching are shaping contemporary literary discourse. Looking ahead, artificial
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
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intelligence, digital innovations, and linguistic advancements are likely to propel literature into
an entirely new era.
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