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COMPARATIVE GRADE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTS CHILDREN
AT SUGAR DIABETES
Jo’rayeva Farangiza Erkinovna
Bukhara State Medical Institute
Resume:
IN given overview article presented analysis modern scientific data from Russian
and foreign studies on physical development in diabetes mellitus
.
Key words:
children, physical development, sugar diabetes
Relevance
diabetes mellitus,
- This group metabolic diseases, which characterized by chronic
hyperglycemia
caused by violations secretions insulin,
violated effects insulin or combination these violations [3].
In 2007, the world's total child population (0-14 years) reached 1.8 billion, of which 0.02%
(440,000) were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 70,000 new cases will be diagnosed
worldwide each year [10].
In children with diabetes mellitus, characteristic symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, visual
impairment, and weight loss are usually observed in combination with glucosuria and ketonuria
[3].
Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurs in more than 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus in children and
adolescents; the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is established in less than half of cases in
individuals under 15 years of age [133].
Criteriadiagnosticssugardiabetes[22, 23] is:
1.
Classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemic crisis in combination with
plasma glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL),
2.
Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL). The fasting state is defined as
no caloric intake for at least 8 hours.
3.
Glucose level 2 hours after exercise ≥11.1 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL) during OGTT.
Test must be carried out With using loads glucose, containing equivalent 75 g of anhydrous
glucose dissolved in water or at a dose of 1.75 g/kg div weight up to a maximum dose 75 g.
4.
HbA1c>6.5%**
The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method certified by the National
Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program ( National Glycohemoglobin Standardization
Program ) and standardized in accordance with the study control of diabetes and its complications
( Diabetes Controland Complications Trial )
Children and adolescents with diabetes can benefit from the same health and leisure benefits as
healthy individuals and should be given the same opportunities to participate in physical activity
[11].
Regular physical activity frequency can help lower blood glucose levels [9] and reduce
cardiovascular risks [13].
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In addition, it was found that intense exercise with breaks is less effective in reducing blood glucose
levels than continuous moderate-intensity physical exercise [5, 6].
Due to high blood glucose levels, some children experience higher levels of physical activity than
healthy peers [2].
Exercise should be regular and rhythmic [3] because insulin sensitivity in children with type 1
diabetes remains elevated during exercise [5]. Children who exercise only occasionally may
develop difficulty managing their basal insulin [9].
Consumption of protein-rich foods after exercise increases glucose utilization and improves
glucagon resynthesis [6], while dehydration will negatively affect physical performance [17]
When diagnosing children, the type of diabetes is determined based on the presenting symptoms,
but the possibility of clinical diagnosis is hampered by factors such as the increasing number of
overweight patients among children with diabetes [7, 8]
Differences Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as monogenic and other forms of diabetes, are
important both in therapy and in training. The following can help in diagnosis to determine the
type of diabetes:
diabetes-associated autoantibodies: the presence of autoantibodies to GAD ,
tyrosine phosphatase ( IA2 ), insulin ( IAA ), and/or zinc transporter ( ZnT8 ) confirms the
diagnosis of diabetes mellitus ( DM1), since both at least one from these species autoantibodies
is discovered V 85-90% cases at primary detection of fasting hyperglycemia [14];
An elevated fasting C-peptide level may help differentiate non-autoimmune
insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes in young adults from type 1 diabetes [4]. However, since
insulin and C-peptide levels may be similar in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the
first year after diagnosis, measuring C-peptide levels in the acute phase is not recommended. If
the patient is receiving insulin therapy, measuring C-peptide at glucose levels high enough to
stimulate it (>8 mmol/L) will help to understand whether endogenous insulin secretion is
occurring. This is rare after the end of remission (2-3 years) in children with type 1 diabetes.
As is known, type 1 diabetes is characterized by chronic, immune-mediated destruction of
pancreatic β -cells, which leads to partial or, in most cases, absolute insulin deficiency. This type
of diabetes (type 1A) is most often caused by autoimmune destruction β -cells pancreas glands
that is happening With different intensity and clinical symptoms of which appear when about 90%
of the β -cells of the pancreas are destroyed. The etiology of the disease is multifactorial, but the
specific role played by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, the immune system and β -
cells in the pathogenic processes underlying DM 1 remains unclear [3].
According to data from foreign countries, type 1 diabetes occurs in more than 90% of all cases of
diabetes in children and adolescents, and among all age groups, type 1 includes 5-10% of all
cases of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed annually in approximately 80,000 children under
15 years of age worldwide [7].
The prevalence of T1DM varies considerably between countries, within countries, and in different
populations. It is most common in Finland [5], the Nordic countries [27,] and Canada [8]. Among
Caucasians living in Europe, the frequency of occurrence has a 20-fold spread [8] and correlates
with the frequency of occurrence of HLA susceptibility genes in the population as a whole [7, 8].
Of the approximately 500,000 children with type 1 diabetes , about 26% are in Europe and 22%
are in North America and the Caribbean [7]. In Asia, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is very low:
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in Japan, it is approximately 2 on 100000 man[13], V China (Shanghai)-3.1 on 100000[14], on
Taiwan - near 5 per 100,000 [9], and there is a different, unique association with HLA compared
to the Caucasian race [7]. In addition, in Japan there is a special, slowly progressive form of DM I ,
which accounts for about a third of cases of this type of diabetes [13].
1 diabetes has been increasing worldwide in recent decades [3]. Studies in some countries have
documented a disproportionate increase in incidence in children under 5 years of age [6], as well
as in children in developing countries and countries that have undergone economic transformation
in recent decades [1]. There are also data that in some countries in recent years the incidence has
reached a plateau [3, 4, 5, 12]. The increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes occurs
simultaneously with an increase in the proportion of individuals with the low-risk HLA genotype
in some populations [5,7], which may indicate an increasing role of environmental factors in the
etiology of the disease.
Familial aggregation occurs in approximately 10% of cases of type I diabetes [6], and when
extended family history is taken into account, in 20%, however, no specific inheritance pattern can
be traced. The risk of developing diabetes in a patient's identical twin is less than 40% [8], for a
brother or sister this risk makes up approximately 4% To age 20 years [6, 12] And 9.6% to age 60
years [18] compared with 0.5% in the general population. The cumulative risk of diabetes by age
15 years is higher for twins with identical HLA haplotypes DR 3- DQ 4- DQ 8 (17 compared with
6% of twins with one or no haplotin)[5]. The risk is also higher in siblings of probands diagnosed
at an early age, in parents with young-onset diabetes in males, and in those with older parents[5].
I diabetes is 2-3 times more common in children of men with diabetes (3.6-8.5%) compared to
children of women With SD (1.3-3.6%) [8]. Cumulative risk SD I is equal to approximately 4%
For children , at whose parents, both mothers and fathers, fell ill T y p e I diabetes in adults (15–
39 years) [6].
The number of patients with diabetes mellitus increases annually in the world, which has led
WHO experts to consider diabetes mellitus an epidemic among non-communicable diseases.
According to the results of the study by A.P. Shepelkevich [1], which included 210 patients with
type 1 diabetes , a reliable decrease in BMD was noted in comparison with the control group in
the spine, proximal femur and total mineral component. Low bone mass was detected in 20% of
the examined patients with type 1 diabetes . The presence of nBMD in the SB ( F = 0.02; p =
0.008), PB ( F = 0.003; p = 0.002), in any examined area of the axial skeleton (x2 = 6.03; p = 0.01)
was established in a significantly larger number of individuals with type 1 diabetes than in the
control group.
Conclusion
A significant decrease in the levels of total and ionized calcium was noted among the examined
patients with type I diabetes , as well as the number of patients with low values of these
parameters. Hypocalcemia was detected in 50.6% of patients with type I diabetes .
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
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