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THE ROLE OF DRAMA GENRE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEATER ART
M. Umarov
State art of Uzbekistan and
Institute of Culture "Art Studies"
Ph.D., prpofessor of the department
Annotation:
article Aristotelian "Poetics" of the work, theory of literature, Ya. alphabet of the,
theater artistic development, drama genre development intensified, truth developed.
Keywords:
drama, tragedy, director, actor, literature, poetry, comedy, playwright.
The term "artistic" is derived from the Arabic words "bad'un" and "bade'a" - meaning to
innovate, create, create, invent, discover. This term refers to the most primary, leading concept
of art forms that follow the laws of beauty.
Artistry, as the main feature of art forms, means that reality is reflected on the basis of
unique images, and in a narrow sense, it means the criterion that determines the aesthetic
essence of any work of art.
Therefore, artistry is the only common feature that reflects and unites all types of art
through re-creative perception of reality based on its own means and capabilities. Art itself does
not exist and cannot exist without artistry. Therefore, artistry is considered the only criterion for
all types of art. That is why, when talking about the types of art, "artistic work", "artistic image",
"artistic generalization", "artistic principle", "artistic criterion", "artistic thinking", "artistic
vision", "artistic analysis", We use the terms "artistic interpretation", "artistic truth", "artistic
language", "artistic discourse", "artistic style" and so on.
Apart from the "artistic" qualifier in all of these compound terms, its essence,
emergence and historical development have not been specially studied in literary studies and
theater studies, nor in our linguistics. With this in mind, let's talk about what art is, its essence
and criteria, and how reality is illuminated in the example of speech art, which is the basis of
the directions of the performing arts.
As in all forms of art reality is reflected through images, it is not an exact copy of reality.
Aristotle says in "Poetics" that "tragedy, drama and comedy are nothing but the art of simile,
they re-emdiv reality, characters and passions through actions." Therefore, each image in a
work of art is an artistic fragment of reality that has passed through the emotional and
intellectual perception of a creative person. Since the reality in art has undergone creative
perception through the aesthetic views, principles and ideals of the artist, and has been changed
according to the purpose, we use the qualifier "artistic" in relation to it. Directly because of this
feature, works of art and artistic images in them affect human feelings and improve his
intelligence. So, the basis of the image and figurativeness in art is the emotional-mental
perception of reality and its re-creative embodiment of the creator.
Writers say that words are the main and only means of creating an artistic image. The
word is a tool that expresses a certain feeling, state and action, thought and experience in a
person to the extent that it affects the hearts and minds of others.
In tragedy, drama and comedy, which are types of spectacle art, as Aristotle pointed out,
it is the order of events, the characters of those who react to them, and the ability to convey
deep thoughts to the essence. And the speech of the characters is thinking through words. That's
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probably why Stanislavsky in 1911 in the analysis of the stage work, what is the difference
between the analysis of writers and us stage creators? - he asks.
In literature, the range of artistic words is extremely wide, and it includes all
the words in our vocabulary. If approached from the point of view of speech, it includes
words belonging to historical, artistic, scientific, official, professional and journalistic
style, different social classes or strata - slangs. Therefore, every word becomes an
artistic word only when it is chosen in such a way as to express the feelings, ideals, and
attitude of the creator, to serve his creative intentions, and is used in an artistic context.
But the word in the artistic work should be saturated with the feelings and experiences
of the creator and have an impact on others.
The essence of artistry is measured on two different levels. The first is the level of
artistry of the reality, content and idea expressed through this subject. We conditionally
refer to these as the real level of artistry (sobytiynyy uro¬ven).
The second is the formal level - plot, composition, pictorial and expressive means. The
essence of artistry is hidden in the content aspect of the work of art, and the manner and level of
its expression or description is embodied in the form of the work. So, the content and form of
the artistic work are two wings of art. Of course, the artistic form serves to express a certain
content. The purpose of writing is to say something to someone. Aristotle makes the above
short and concise and says that an idea is to prove that something exists or not. This idea refers
to the activity, changeability and determination of the content in relation to the artistic form.
This is probably why the great German poet I.V. Goethe wrote, "To say any good idea, think
not how to say it, but what to say.
"On the stage, it is important who said the thought and the essence of the content, that is,
how he said it. This means that starting from the literary analysis, determining the content of the
thought, it is necessary to pay attention to the form in which it is expressed or depicted. So, the
artistic level of a literary work is both in terms of content and form. it is effective only when it
is evaluated equally, otherwise, the conclusions will remain one-sided. The basis of art is the
image and imagery. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the terms "image"
and "imagery" correctly.
In all types of art, including the art of words, reality is reflected through the expression
of an artistic image. Speaking about the image, it is necessary to dwell on the origin of this term.
The explanation given to the word image at the bottom of the page of the book "Literary
Theory" - "The appearance of this word begins with "raz" (line). From "raz" comes "raziti" (to
draw, carve, carve), from "raziti" to "obraziti" (to draw, carve, carve, make a shape), and from
"obraziti" the term "image" in the sense of image in general was born. The conclusion that the
debates about the word "image" is derived not from the word "rezit" which means to cut, to cut,
but from the words "razit" and "obrazit" which means to create, depict is close to the truth. The
correctness of this interpretation is also evident from the fact that the meaning of the word
"bade'" in the Arabic language consists of such things as to appear, to create, to create. So, it is
true that the meaning of the word "image" is to create. The term "image" is not given an
etymological explanation in various dictionaries and dictionaries, but it is explained in the same
way that it is a means and a form of creating a new one based on the re-appropriation of reality
in art forms. The rise of human consciousness, the transition from "imitation" to the creative
process, the development of socio-artistic consciousness gradually led to a conscious perception
of reality. From this, a real conscious, artistic creation - creation of an artistic image, as a result,
first syncretic art, and later art forms arose. Man tried to reflect the essence of the world he lives
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in, the clan or tribe he belongs to, nations and peoples, as well as the relations between
individual people, thereby influencing reality and the human spirit.
Relatively talented persons among people created images and works expressing the
noble desires, pains and joys of the clan or tribe, people or nation to which they belonged. In
this, on the one hand, they creatively used myths and mythical images created by themselves
and passed on from mouth to mouth. They reworked them according to the demands and needs
of their times. In this way, universal, artistic values were created, which cannot be claimed by
any people, any nation as only my property, they serve the development of all mankind with
equal sincerity. In this sense, the following words of the great German poet I. V. Goethe are
very apt - "There is no patriotic art and no patriotic science." Both this and this belong to the
whole world as highness and goodness. Humanity has passed from polytheism to bitheism.
They were the gods of good and evil. People's creativity also had the idea that in evaluating
reality, the human spirit, there are two different evaluations that are contradictory to each other
- goodness-good or evil-bad. As a result, he saw reality, man and his life, soul as a constant
struggle of two different values. However, this situation does not allow us to conclude that the
artistic image is devoid of aesthetic legitimacy, such as the reflection or expression of reality
and its essence in people's behavior, language and mind. On the contrary, we value the artistic
image and imagination of the ancestors, who shine light on us from the depths of the ages and
encourage our mind and spirit to fly, as a priceless criterion.
Humanity's thinking has expanded and evolved from two Gods to monotheism. As a
result of the changes, enrichment and fulfillment in the nature of the artistic image, it became
clear that imagery, artistry is also a philosophical-aesthetic category in the historical movement.
Now the artistic image sought to reflect reality, the essence of the human spirit, its leading
features, from the point of view of the aesthetic ideal of the creator. The question of what level
he has reached in this direction is the so-called question of artistic skill, which remains a
constant problem of creative types.
According to researchers on the issue of aesthetic ideal, the artistic image is expressed in
the works created by the creator from the point of view of perfect beauty. This is a mostly
correct criterion. However, it should not be forgotten that there is a struggle between positive
and negative characters in stage works, so the aesthetic ideal is involved in the idea of this
spectacle.
The aesthetic ideal of the creator participates in this as a means of evaluating the
category of ugliness as a category of beauty. The level of grandeur and ugliness of the
characters involved in dramatic or comic works is evaluated and expressed through the measure
of the vital aesthetic ideal hidden in the creator's mind. These two criteria, which consist of
ugliness and beauty, are accepted and evaluated by the extent to which the appropriate pathos
exists in the viewer's mind. For example, there is not a single non-comic work of M.E.
Saltykov-shchedrin in Russian literature. That is why his contemporaries called him the
"prosecutor (accuser) of Russian social life".
Famous physiologist I.M. Sechenov speaking about the great diagnostician at the
anniversary of doctor S.P. Botkin, pointing to M.E. Saltykov-shchedrin, who was participating
in this round, said - "Gentlemen, you feel the great diagnostician in medicine. However, don't
forget that no less a great diagnostician is participating among us now. This is the diagnosis of
our social evils and vices, respected Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov for all of us," he assessed.
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The aesthetic ideal in comic works is evaluated through the laws of beauty hidden
behind the category of ugliness. In Uzbek literature, such a situation is visible in the works of
writers such as A. Qadiri, N. Hamza, A. Qahhor, S. Ahmad, N. Aminov, A. Obidjon.
Now let's talk about the comprehensiveness of the artistic image, covering the essence
of things and events in reality, thoughts, experiences and situations in the human spiritual world
with all their complexity. An artistic image is a very complex aesthetic category by its nature,
image power and characteristics. It is the result of the emotional and mental attitude of the
reader, listener or viewer to reality. As an example, let's take the image that appears in our
imagination under the influence of the word "flower". It brings joy to someone, someone
honors it as a symbol of beauty, someone can enjoy its fragrance and color to their heart's
content.
This is an impression made up of pure vital principles and tasks of the image. Now, if
we take the image of the "flower" as a means of artistic understanding and evaluation of reality,
it is a lover, a symbol of love in the mind of an art lover, if we approach this image from a
deeper mental state, it is a symbol of a loyal or unfaithful lover, a life that is alive today, but
tomorrow will inevitably pass. etc. gives rise to associations. So, in what direction and to what
extent the artistic image gives an idea of reality - "knowledge", creates passion, and to what
extent the artist's artistic skill in realizing the ideological-aesthetic goal is determined.
Accordingly, the level of aesthetic consciousness, pathos, and worldview of the reader and
viewer is determined. Therefore, each artistic image is perceived by others at different levels
and interpreted in different directions.
An artistic image is formed as a result of synthesizing various changes and experiences
in real existence, human psyche, through the creator's consciousness, worldview, aesthetic ideal,
ideological goal. Therefore, every new image created by the artist is a new diversity, a new
discovery. Therefore, images discovered in accordance with the purpose enrich the spiritual
world of a person and strengthen his soul. To create a new artistic image, first of all, you need
reality - yeast. Secondly, for the artistic representation of the selected life material, harmony
with the creator's desire and purpose, inspiration, talent and skill is necessary. Observing the
experience of creators shows that each writer enjoys moments of inspiration differently. That is
why most poets and writers wait for moments of inspiration with great affection and
anticipation. So, inspiration consists of the creative intention born in the artist, the matured
images and details, and the moments of quality acquisition.
Before Stanislavsky's system appeared, inspiration was understood as divine help.
Stanislavsky found an answer to the question of how an actor is a slave of inspiration, how to
subject him to stage discipline. Inspiration is the extra strength that comes when you believe
you've found the right solution, as a result of long research, denial of what has appeared,
persistent study to find a new solution. This power appears only when attention is properly
focused, when inner creative freedom appears, when imagination organizes its creations, when
it is believed that it will lead to a creative solution, and it is called inspiration.
An actor whose sense of creativity is properly nurtured is able to control his inspiration
and with its help he always gets to work with pleasure. In fact, the term "inspiration" itself is
derived from the Arabic word, which means to influence, to arouse excitement, and in literary
practice and theory, it means the moments when the creator enthusiastically engages in
creativity. Because in moments of inspiration, the desire to create something new in the creator
rises to the level of need. And the need is the midwife of a perfect and harmonious "child" in all
respects.
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They define the artistic image in different ways. For example, - "An artistic image
consists of a separate, uniquely generalized vision of reality, synthesized through the creator's
consciousness, aesthetic ideal, worldview, goal and idea." So, depicting reality through images,
expressing it in artistic integrity is called imagery. The image is essentially a reflection of
reality in action. A re-perceived image of reality in art is called an image. Consequently,
everything in reality is re-perceived in the mirror of the soul, event, state of mind, creator's
mind. Many scholars have expressed their opinions about the image in art and the process of its
creation from ancient times to the present.Марказий Осиёлик улкан аллома Абу
In short, only by feeling the artistry: the imagined concepts; certain metaphorical images;
concentrated; generalized; defined and evaluated in a unique way; it is possible to understand
the flow of emotions in the heart of the creator. They awaken feelings in hearts. It gives a great
opportunity to place the imaginations, ideas and visions that are lying in the mind of the artist in
the image, to express his subjective attitude to them.
B.I. Sarimsakov's scientific comments in the work "Essence of Art" are valuable because they
clarify concepts such as "artistic", "artistic", "image", "metaphor", "content", "inspiration" in
the imagination of theater artists. They serve as a theoretical resource for the reasoning of the
ideas on the following pages.
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