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UDK
631:4
ANALYSIS OF SOILS OF BUKHARA REGION, WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT
Nazarova Sevara Mustakimovna
Associate Professor of Bukhara State University. Ph.D. (PhD)
Avliyokulov Zarifjon Ramazon ugli
independent researcher
Annotatsiya:
Maqolada Buxoro vohasida tarqalgan asosiy sug‘oriladigan tuproqlarning tasnifi
jumladan, eskidan sug‘oriladigan botqoq-o‘tloqi, o‘tloqi taqir, taqirsimon, taqir, taqir-o‘tloqi,
qumli-cho‘l, bo‘z-jigarrang, bo‘z-jigarrang o‘tloqi tuproq tiplari atroflicha bayon qilingan.
Annotatsiya:
V state podrobno opisana klassifikatsiya osnovnыx oroshaemыx pochv,
rasprostranennыx v Buxarskom oazise, v tom chisle starooroshaemыe bolotno-lugovыe,
besplodnыe, besplodnыe, besplodno-lugovыe, peschano-pustыnnыe, sero-burыe, sero-burыe
lugovыe tipы pochv.
Annotation:
The article describes in detail the classification of the main irrigated soils
distributed in the Bukhara oasis, including old irrigated swamp-meadow, barren meadow,
barren, barren, barren-meadow, sandy-desert, gray-brown, gray-brown meadow soil types.
Tayanch so‘zlar:
o‘tloqi cho‘l va o‘tloqi taqir tuproqlar, o‘rta va engil qumoqli, agrofizika,
sizot suvlar, bo‘z jigarrang, gidromorf.
Klyuchevыe slova:
travyanistыe pustыnnыe i travyanistыe pustыnnыe pochvы, srednie i legkie
peski, agrofizika, filtratsionnыe vodы, sero-korichnevыe, gidromorfnыe.
Key words:
grassy desert and grassy barren soils, medium and light sand, agrophysics, seepage
waters, gray-brown, hydromorphic.
Bukhara region is located in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River. The entire oasis
consists of areas formed by wide and short river beds. In the wide part of the river, in the lower
reaches of Bukhara, the Karakul oases are located.
Irrigated meadow soils vary in salinity; from non-saline and weakly saline to strongly
saline. All this is reflected in the specific land reclamation conditions, i.e. the presence of
permeable and impermeable layers for the flow of runoff water and their depth, as well as the
provision of collector-drainage systems.
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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The upper part of the Bukhara oasis has better land reclamation conditions than the
middle and especially the upper reaches of the Zarafshan River tributary. The same can be said
about the Karakul oasis.
Irrigated meadow soils, especially alluvial soils, differ in their mechanical composition
across the entire width, as well as in vertical section.
The mechanical composition of the lands located near the irrigation sources is slightly
lighter, and becomes heavier as they move away from them. The surface of the old irrigated
meadow soils is covered with agroirrigation deposits, therefore their composition is the same.
The thickness of the agroirrigation deposits is up to 1-3 m. According to their mechanical
composition, they are usually medium and heavy loam.
Compared to other soils of the steppe zone, the content of humus (1.1-1.4%) and
nitrogen (0.08-0.12%) in the old irrigated and newly irrigated meadow soils is somewhat higher.
In soils formed on agroirrigation deposits, the slow and deep penetration of humus increases its
reserves in the soil section. All of these are the products of many years of farming. In poorly
cultivated and light mechanical soils, the organic matter content is low. Especially in meadow
soils formed in the surface layers of ancient irrigated alluvial and diluvial-proluvial deposits, its
content is low. Here, meadow soils were formed as a result of evolutionary changes in irrigated
sandy, gray-brown or barren soils with very low natural productivity. Irrigated meadow soils
contain a low content of phosphates (from 3 to 90 mg / kg) and are poorly and moderately
supplied with potassium. The content of gypsum in soils is very low (0.12 -0.25 %), therefore,
they cannot resist the development of salinization. Accordingly, in some cases, below the root
nutrition layer, salinization processes are manifested, and sodium and magnesium ions are
included in the absorption complex. Salinity reduces soil permeability, leading to soil erosion
after irrigation and other unpleasant conditions.
The carbonate content of the soils is uniform across the cross-section at 8.8-9.3%. In
general, irrigated meadow soils constitute a valuable land fund of the Bukhara region with high
productivity.
Within the meadow soils distributed in the ancient and modern tributaries of the
Zarafshan River and its coastal and first coastal terraces, small massifs of marsh-meadow soils
are found, most of which are irrigated. These soils are formed in lowlands with a depth of
seepage water of 0.5-1 m and under conditions of strong salinization. Therefore, these soils are
prone not only to waterlogging, but also to salinization.
Formerly irrigated marsh-meadow soils were found on the first coastal terrace and were
slightly saline, while the remaining irrigated marsh-meadow soils were moderately and strongly
saline.
These soils are heavy and medium loamy in terms of mechanical composition, but light
loamy - sandy loams are also found around the ancient Zarafshan tributary. The humus content
in the upper layers of swampy-meadow soils is about 3%, poor in total phosphorus and
potassium reserves.
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Thus, among irrigated meadow soils, as well as in marshy-meadows, there are some dry
abandoned lands on the outskirts of the oasis, where there are some strongly saline soils. They
occupy low-lying areas of the relief and are therefore located in difficult land reclamation
conditions. In the abandoned state, they are somewhat desalinated, but as a result of subsequent
irrigation and reuse, intensive salinization occurs. Salts mainly accumulate in the upper layer of
the cut. These soils are poor in humus (0.5 - 0.7%). According to their mechanical composition,
they vary: from heavy loam to sandy loam.
Grassland barren soils are distributed only in the upper reaches of the Zarafshan
tributary of the Bukhara region. They were formed in a slightly higher relief part of the
grassland soils, which are relatively poorly moistened by the influence of seepage water, its
depth is 3-4 (5) m. During the period of maximum irrigation and water use, seepage water can
temporarily rise to 1-2 m. All grassland barren soils of the Bukhara oasis have been irrigated for
a long time. The upper part of the cross-section of these soils is covered with agroirrigation
deposits up to 1-2 m, they are medium and heavy loam. In the areas located at higher elevations,
the flow of seepage water is relatively good, and the salinization process in grassland-barren
soils is weaker than in grassland soils. Therefore, they are less saline and washed out. Medium
and strongly saline soils occupy small areas. The salinity type is sulfate, rarely chloride-sulfate.
In the plow layer of previously irrigated meadow barren soils, the content of humus and
nitrogen may be 0.5 - 1.1% and 0.04 - 0.12%. Their content decreases downward along the
section. They are poorly and moderately supplied with mobile phosphorus and exchangeable
potassium. The content of gypsum in these soils is very low (0.08 - 0.42%). The content of
carbonates varies from 7.4 to 9.2%.
Barren soils are found on the border of the irrigated territory of the ancient alluvial and
proluvial plains. They are formed when the depth of their seepage water is more than 5 m.
Under natural conditions, a strong layer is formed on the surface of the soil section, under the
layer and a dense illuvial layer are separated. Below it is a layer of sediment that has not
changed much during soil formation.
Bald soils are the product of the development of hydromorphic soils at the end of the
evolutionary chain of their formation and desertification. The grasslands of the barren soils in
the recent past are considered barren. The presence of blue and rust spots in the cross-section of
barren soils indicates that they were previously in a hydromorphic state. Irrigated barren soils
differ from gray soils in the upper layer of the cross-section, mainly due to the fact that they
have not been exposed to agricultural crops for a long time, mainly due to their newly
developed and irrigated nature, that is, the presence of a plow layer does not significantly differ
from other irrigated and gray soils.
According to the mechanical composition, barren soils are mainly medium and heavy
loams. A layered layer is located downwards, and they are somewhat lighter in composition.
The humus content in the upper layer of barren soils is 0.6 - 0.8%. It indicates that it has passed
the hydromorphic stage of development. The nitrogen content is 0.05 - 0.07%. The amount of
carbonates varies depending on its mechanical composition and ranges from 8 to 13%. The
gypsum content in these soils is low (0.136 -2.286%).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 04,2025
Journal:
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Irrigated barren soils are mainly moderately gray-brown, strongly saline, with a salinity
type of sulfate and chlorite-sulfate. As a result of repeated irrigation, the depth of groundwater
increases to 3 - 5 m. This occurs either depending on the cytological and geomorphological
conditions or at the end of the development period (newly developed soils are.
The classification features of newly irrigated meadow gray-brown soils are as follows:
the surface of the plow layer is dry, the amount of sandy loam or light sandy loam skeletal
admixtures is from 20 to 40%. The amount of fine particles decreases, sand appears. A pebble
bed is formed from 1 meter below. A small amount of gypsum crystals and rust spots are found
in the cross section. The transition from one layer to another is not clear, the cross section is
formed with a mixture of loam, sand and gravel. The depth of the groundwater is 3-4 m. In the
plow layer of newly irrigated gray-brown soils, the nitrogen content is from 0.35 to 0.78%, and
the nitrogen content is from 0.036 to 0.087%. The humus content is often preserved downwards.
Poorly supplied with mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The content of
carbonates in the cross-section is 5-6%. The content of gypsum is from 0.23 to 0.74%. By
mechanical composition, newly irrigated gray-brown soils are mainly sandy and light sandy.
These soils consist of a small number of clay particles and a large number of fine sand particles.
These soils are distinguished by strong stonyness and skeletalness (up to 20-40%) starting from
the surface. Freshly irrigated meadow gray-brown soils with high soil permeability are slightly
saline, washed out in places. The distribution of salts in the cross-section is uniform. The type
of soil salinity is chloride-sulfate.
In conclusion, it can be said that the main part of the irrigated land in the Bukhara oasis
is made up of meadow soils, in addition to them, old irrigated swamp-meadow, meadow-barren,
barren-like, barren, barren-meadow, sandy-steppe, gray-brown, gray-brown meadow soil types
are widespread, which have different mechanical composition and different degrees of salinity.
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