Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
36
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
36-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
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OCLC
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ABSTRACT
This article discusses description of Central Asian Cities in the sources of Turkish Authors. The author notes that the
largest, populous, trading city after Khiva is New Urganch. It even gives information that it is ahead of Khiva in terms
of the development of trade, and trade caravans are constantly passing from the cities of Orenburg and Bukhara.
KEYWORDS
Description of Central Asian Cities, Turkish Authors, Khiva, New Urganch, development of trade, Orenburg and
Bukhara.
INTRODUCTION
Information about the history of political, economic
and cultural relations between the Central Asian
khanates and the Ottoman state has reached us
through a series of memoirs, travelogues, and scientific
studies. One of them is “Mirotul Mamolik” (Mirror of
Countries) by Seydi Ali Rais and “Journey from
Istanbul
to Central Asia” by Mehmed Amin Efandi. In these
works, the authors provide valuable information about
the cities of Samarkand and Khiva, which are of great
importance on the Great Silk Road.
Mahmud Amin Efandi’s “Journey from Istanbul to
Central
Asia” was published in Istanbul in 1295 AH (1878
AD). Mehmed Amin Efandi was originally from Central
Asia and left Istanbul in 1295 AH (1878 AD) to travel to
his native land. A tourist coming through the Black Sea
first comes to the Caucasus and then to Central Asia.
Research Article
DESCRIPTION OF CENTRAL ASIAN CITIES IN THE SOURCES OF TURKISH
AUTHORS
Submission Date:
November 05, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 15, 2022,
Published Date:
November 26, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume02Issue11-05
Zumrad Rahmonkulova
Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Professor Faculty Of History Department Of Source Studies And Archival
Studies National University Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
37
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
36-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.458
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The author writes down valuable information during
his travels to the Khanate of Khiva.
The main findings and results
The author notes that the largest, populous, trading
city after Khiva is New Urganch. It even gives
information that it is ahead of Khiva in terms of the
development of trade, and trade caravans are
constantly passing from the cities of Orenburg and
Bukhara. At this time, Urganch merchants had trading
partners in famous cities such as Orenburg and
Moscow, as well as in the countries of Iran and India.
Each merchant had his own special seals.
In New Urganch, houses are built very big. Each house
has a shop and storerooms. Also, each house has its
own mills. It is occasionally walked with a horse or a
donkey.
Seydi Ali Rais is a Turkish author who lived and created
in the 16th century. He arrived in Central Asia under the
name “Kotibi Rumi”. Seydi Ali Rais is also the author of
the work “Environment” on geography [10]. He also
translated Ali Kushchi’s works into Turkish.
Seydi Ali Rais is the founder, theoretician and famous
Turkish admiral of the navy of the Ottoman state. In
1548, he participated in the military campaigns of the
Ottoman sultan Sultan Suleyman the Righteous (1520-
1566) to Iran, and in 1552, he participated in the battles
of Cyprus. Due to the great military skills Seydi Ali Rais
showed in these battles, he deserved the immense
respect of Sultan Suleiman the Righteous, and later he
was appointed as the Sultan of Aleppo 6, P. 8 .
Seydi Ali Rais was appointed commander of Egypt and
sent to fight the Portuguese fleet in the Suez Canal. But
the Turkish fleet was defeated in the battle and went
to North India with the remaining ships. Seydi Ali Rais
was in India and met Humayun Mirza, the son of
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur[5, P. 185]. Seydi Ali Rais
traveled through Sindh, Punjab, Afghanistan, Central
Asia, Khorasan, Azerbaijan and Iran, after four years of
hardships, he reached his homeland in 1556 and wrote
the work “Mir’atul Mamolik”.
Seydi Ali Rais writes about his arrival in 1555 to
Choganiyan, over the Sangardak mountain to
Shahrisabz, and then to Samarkand in the section of his
work “The description of the events that happened in
the land of Turan, i.e. Mowaraunnahr”. The author
points out that on Sangardak mountain, drops of water
fall continuously as if it were raining and it forms a big
stream.
He also meets Navroz Ahmad Khan (Baraq Khan) and
presents his gifts. Navroz Ahmad Khan gives him a
horse as a gift. Navroz Ahmad Khan tells Seydi Ali Rais
that the Ottoman sultan, Sultan Suleyman the
Righteous, has sent some archers and cannons.
Seydi Ali Rais also talks about the political situation in
the country, the death of Abdulatif Khan, the struggle
for the throne of Bukhara, the capture of Samarkand,
Shahrisabz, Bukhara by Navroz Ahmad Khan, and the
death of several leaders of Turkish soldiers in the battle
in Shahrisabz. When Navroz Ahmad Khan returned to
Samarkand, part of the Turkish soldiers returned to
Rum with Ahmad Chovush. Some of the remaining
janissaries (Turkish soldiers) remained in Bukhara, and
about one hundred and fifty remained with Navroz
Ahmad Khan[11, B. 97-106]. Initially, there were three
hundred Turkish soldiers with Navroz Ahmad Khan[4,
P. 29; 6, P. 34].
In 1551, Sultan Suleyman sent a certain number of
archers and horsemen to Abdulatif Khan the Lawful
through Ahmad Chovush [1, P. 82]. When they arrived,
Navroz Ahmad Khan was ruling the country. When
Navroz Ahmad Khan gained power, he sent an
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
38
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
36-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.458
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ambassador to Sultan Suleiman Qonuni informing him
that Abdulatif Khan (1540-1551) had died and that 300
archers, artillerymen and cavalry had arrived from
Istanbul.
Novroz Ahmad Khan allows Seydi Ali Rais to leave and
sends with him Sadri Olam Sheikh, a descendant of
Ahmad Yassavi, as an ambassador. Later in 1556,
Navroz Ahmad Khan wrote about the capture of
Bukhara in a letter sent by his ambassador Qutlug Polat
and asked for help to march against the Safavids [7, P.
530]. But the Ottoman state says it cannot help
because it signed the Treaty of Amasia with the
Safavids in 1551. The Ottoman sultan declared that he
was against it even if the Safavids were to attack
Central Asia. Iranian-Ottoman relations remained
friendly until the death of Shah Tahmasp (1525-1576).
Seydi Ali Rais writes that he saw an old copy of the
Qur’an in Samarkand. He visits the graves of Abu
Mansur Motrudi, Shahi Zinda, and Khoja Ahror in
Samarkand. After crossing the Zarafshan river to
Karmana, he comes to Gijduvan, and after visiting the
grave of Abdukholiq Gijduvani, he comes to the city of
Bukhara. He will spend fifteen days in Bukhara visiting
the graves of Bahavuddin Naqshbandi, Chorbakr, Sayid
Mirkulol, Ismail Somani, Hazrat Ayyub, and in Khorezm
Pahlavon
Mahmud,
Najmuddin
Kubro,
and
Zamakhshari. Mehmed Amin Efandi’s “Journey f
rom
Istanbul to Central Asia” was published in Istanbul in
1878. It was published for the second time by Riza
Akdemir in Ankara in 1986.
Mehmed Amin Efandi left Istanbul in 1877 to travel. A
tourist coming through the Black Sea first comes to the
Caucasus
and then to Central Asia. From the author’s
book, we can know that it was in many European
countries.
The author describes Khorezm as a city known for its
beauty and wealth. The tourist writes that he started
his new day by seeing the high and famous minarets
and tombs of Ancient Urganch. “On the way to Ancient
Urganch, one of the passengers gave me his horse. I
was on the road for 25 days. He felt sorry for me. In this
case, I felt like I was walking in the rich and luxurious
Khorezm during the reign of Sultan Mahmud
Jaloluddin Khorezmshah” [3, P. 113].
Mehmed Amin Efandi writes that Khiva carpets
represent themselves as examples of fine art all over
the world. In the XIX century, striped gold and silver
patterned pieces, satin, adras and products made from
them, coracle leather, and carpets made in Bukhara
and Khiva could be found in the markets of Iran,
Turkey, and China 9, P. 51 .
The tourist will be a guest in one of the apartments in
Ancient Urganch. About this, he said that “these
people were open-handed people to such an extent
that no other people in the world can show the honor
and respect they show to their guests [3, P. 123]” he
writes. He insists that a sheep was slaughtered in his
honor, that he chose the best melons and put them on
the table, that Khiva does not know not only coffee,
but also its name, and tea imported from India is drunk.
During this period, Palampur blue tea, Bombay and
Calcutta black teas were brought from India to Central
Asia 7, P. 191 . During this period, wheat, rye, and
sesame were planted a lot in Khiva. People mainly used
sesame oil. The mulberry tree, which is the main food
of the silkworm, is also widely planted. Khiva
watermelon, soap was very popular in the review
countries. One Khiva watermelon was sold in the
markets of Baghdad for 700 dirhams 4, P. 91-92 .
The author notes that Urganch is the largest and most
populous city of Khiva Khanate after Khiva. Trade
caravans regularly traveled from Orenburg and
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
39
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
36-40
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.458
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Bukhara to Urganch, city merchants had many trade
partners in famous cities such as Orenburg, Moscow,
Iran, and India. The connections of Central Asia with
Iran were carried out by Marv and Mashhad or Khiva-
Mashhad road passing along the Caspian Sea. Since
the Mashhad-Marv road was dangerous, pilgrims from
Central Asia preferred the long, but safe route through
Orenburg-Astrakhan-Turkey on their way to Mecca.
Astrakhan has long been a convenient trade center in
foreign economic relations of Khiva. They went to
Astrakhan through the desert to Khiva, from there to
Mangishlaq, and went on ships to the Caspian 8, P.
165-166 .
Mehmed Amin Efandi said that horses were given great
importance in Khiva, nicknamed “Kitne Togas”, their
price is one hundred gold (two hundred and fifty lira)
he saw a horse, he writes that he was surprised to see
that horses are so expensive. In Istanbul during this
period, the most valuable horses were sold for fifteen
or twenty liras. Khiva writes that Kazakh and Yabu
horses are not like Istanbul horses, they are hardy and
fast even though they are small.
Mehmed Amin Efandi also met Khiva Khan Muhammad
Rahim Khan II (1865-1910). He said about Khan Khiva:
“He is tall, healthy, well
-
built, handsome, dignified. “He
is a king with an open hand, there is no fault in his
respect for the scholars”
. Muhammad Rahim Khan II
and Mehmed Amin Efandi talk about the political
situation in the world, technical inventions. The author
notes that there were sixteen mosques and two
madrasahs in Khiva at that time 3, P. 121 . The houses
are built of bricks in the Baghdadi style, and the doors
and walls of the house are decorated with exquisite
carvings.
At the end of Mehmed Amin Efandi’s work, he writes
that he went to Tashkent, Kokand and Kashgar in
addition to Khiva, passed through Afghanistan to India,
and then returned to Istanbul. The author says that he
will provide detailed information about the details of
these trips in his next book.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Seydi Ali Rais’s “Mir’otul Mamolik” and
Mehmed Amin Efandi’s “Travel from Istanbul to
Central A
sia” are important sources that provide
valuable information about political, economic,
diplomatic relations, geographical, ethnographic,
caravan and communication routes related to the
history of Central Asia in the XVI-XIX centuries.
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–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
02
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11
Pages:
36-40
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
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Oscar Publishing Services
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